英国核战略研究
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摘要
英国既是世界上第一个指出原子弹研制能够现实可行和第一个决定制造原子弹的国家,也是继美苏两个超级大国之后世界上第三个拥有核武器的国家。无论是核力量运行战略还是核武器发展战略,也不论是核力量规模布局还是核战略决策机制,英国的核战略都带有其自身的独有特征,在中等规模核国家中独树一帜。
     武器的发展促进战略理论的发展。英国早期的核武器研制,为英国核战略的起源播下了种子,为英国核战略的形成做了物质上和理论上的准备。
     英国独立核威慑政策的形成有其独特的国际背景和战略考量。首先,这是原子能国际控制政策失败的战略必然;其次,这是应对苏联威胁的战略需要;再次,这是栓住美国并与之维系“特殊关系”的战略考量;最后,这也是维护英国大国地位和安全利益的战略追求。
     英国核战略与美国始终联系在一起。由于国家实力的下降和英美“特殊关系”的影响,英国核战略一直在追求完全独立与摆脱对美依赖之间摇摆,但最终还是摆脱不了相当程度上依赖美国的命运。由此,以英美核关系作为基调来分析,1958年后的英国核战略可以分为三个阶段:1958年至1969年,是与美国走向相互依赖的阶段;1969年至1991年,是对美国依赖逐渐加深的阶段;后冷战时期的英国核战略是处于调整之中的阶段。
     “最低核威慑战略”是英国核战略的主体内容,是英国国家安全战略的基础。具体来看,以威慑求安全并以西方集体安全确保本土安全是英国核战略的指导思想。冷战期间主要以苏联及其华约集团为目标,冷战后无固定目标;冷战期间以摧毁敌方大城市等面目标、软目标为主,冷战后以点目标为主是英国核力量运用战略。坚持有限规模、有效威慑原则,注重单一战略核力量发展是其核力量发展战略。20世纪60年代以前以原殖民地为据点全球部署核力量,20世纪70年代以来以战略核潜艇为主体全球巡航是英国核力量部署战略。主张核裁军和原子能国际控制,积极参与国际多边核军控条约,努力促进美苏核裁军谈判是英国核军备控制政策的主要内容。
     跟世界上其他有核国家的核战略相比,英国的核战略有其自身的鲜明特点,主要体现在与美国不对称相互依赖性、注重防御性、强调结盟性、内容模糊性、倾向报复性等方面。这些特点反映了一个没落大国的战略追求和现实困境,深深地打上了自身民族文化、特别是战略文化的烙印。
     英国核决策机制也独具特色。在严酷的战争环境和东西方尖锐对阵的冷战早期,英国更是注重原子能决策的秘密性,首相及其心腹大臣组成人数极少的原子能顾问委员会构成了英国早期核决策的核心。从英国核决策的机构组成来看,首相与内阁是核心决策机构,议会是重要决策机构,财政部、国防部、外交及联邦事务部等相关部门也发挥重要作用,行政机构中的相关文职官员对包括核政策在内的整个政策制定都有重要影响。英国核决策也是其国家政治势力博弈和国家利益权衡的结果,受到国际环境的制约作用、政党政治的主导作用、经济条件的束缚作用、大众舆论的影响作用和战略文化的深层影响。
     英国的核战略自产生之日起就面临诸多困境,引起广泛争议。冷战结束后,英国国内民众和政治上层对于英国核战略究竟是保持“独立性”还是完全依赖于美国、英国核威慑的效果是否有效、苏格兰独立对英国核战略的影响、英国作为拥有核武器的安理会常任理事国究竟在核裁军中扮演怎样的角色等问题展开了广泛讨论,引起了广泛关注。这些问题的重新浮现反映了新时期英国核战略所面临的困境依然严峻,前景不明。
Britain was the first state that pointed out the realistic feasibility to develop atomic bomb and decided to make it.It was also the third state which possessed the nuclear weapons in the world. Britain's nuclear strategy has its own unique characteristics, outstanding among the medium nuclear states.
     The development of the weapons promotes the development of theory of strategy.The early development of British nuclear weapon has sown seeds for the British nuclear strategy,and made the physical and theoretical preparation. The formation of the British independent nuclear deterrent policy has its unique international background and strategic considerations. First of all, it was inevitable strategicly becauce the international control of atomic energy failed. Secondly, it was a strategic need in response to the Soviet threat. Thirdly, it was a strategic consideration to tie the United States and maintain the " special relationship" with the Americans. Finally, it was also to maintain the British status of great power and securety.
     The British nuclear strategy is always tied with the United States of America. Because of the decline of it's own state strength and the influence of Anglo-American "special relationship", the British nuclear strategy has been swing between the pursuit of complete independence and interdependence with the United States. But ultimately it could not escape the fate of depending heavily on the United States. Thus, according to the analysis of the Anglo-American nuclear relationship, British nuclear strategy can be divided into three stages after the1958:From1958to1969, the British and the United States went to rely on each other step by step;From1969to1991, the British nuclear strategy becoming more and more dependent on the United States; In the Post-Cold War era, British nuclear strategy is in an adjusting stage.
     "Minimum nuclear deterrence" is the main content of the British nuclear strategy and the foundation of national security strategy of the United Kingdom. Specificly,making use of it's own deterrence to seek safety and using collective security of the Western to ensure the local safety constitute the strategic guiding ideology of British nuclear strategy;Taking the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact as the operation target during the cold war and without a fixed target after the cold war, to destroy the enemy's surface and soft target during the cold war and to destroy single goal target mainly after the cold war,all those constitute the British nuclear power application strategy. Adhering to the limited scale, effective deterrent principles and focusing on a single strategic nuclear weapons development constitute the British nuclear power development strategy. Before the1960s to deploy nuclear weapons around the world with former colonies as strongholds,and to dispatch strategic nuclear submarine to cruise globally are the British nuclear power deployment strategy. Advocating nuclear disarmament and international control of atomic energy, participating actively in international multilateral nuclear arms control treaty and promoting nuclear disarmament and nuclear arms control between the United States and the Soviet Union are the main content of the British nuclear arms control policy.
     Compared with other nuclear nation's strategies in the world, the Britain's nuclear strategy has its own distinct characteristics, which mainly embodies in the asymmetric interdependence with the United States, paying attention to the defensiveness, emphasizing the alliance, having a tendency of retaliatory,having the fuzzy content etc.. These features reflect a strategic pursuitance of a declining power and its predicament in reality, affected deeply by its own national culture, especially culture strategy.
     The British nuclear decision-making mechanism is also unique. In the harsh environment of war and the early Cold War in which there were sharp hostilities between two blocs, Britain focused more on the secret of the atomic energy decision.The early British nuclear decision-making core were composed of prime minister and the Atomic Energy Advisory Committee formed by his very few ministers. The prime minister and cabinet is the core of decision mechanism, parliament is another important part of decision-making mechanism, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Defence, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and other relevant departments also play an important role, the relevant administrative civil severce has important influence on the whole policy,including nuclear policy. British nuclear decision-making is a result of the political power game and national interest balance, also influenced by the international environment, party politics, economic conditions, public opinion and strategic culture.
     The Britain's nuclear strategy has faced a lot of difficulties and caused widespread controversy even from the beginning. After the end of the cold war, the British people and political circles are discussing extensively and paying extensive attention to the following topics:to keep" independence" of the British nuclear strategy or to depend completely on the United States? is the Britain's nuclear deterrence effective? if the Scotland gets independence what will be the influence on British nuclear strategic? what is the role in nuclear disarmament for Britain as a nuclear power and a UN Permanent Member of the Security Council. These problem appear again and reflect that the British nuclear strategy still faces a griming dilemma.The Prospect of the British nuclear strategy is uncertain.
引文
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    ①刘华秋主编:《军备控制与裁军手册》,北京:国防工业出版社,2000年版,第147页。
    ①刘华秋主编:《军备控制与裁军手册》,北京:国防工业出版社,2000年版,第112页。
    ②陈崇北,寿晓松,梁晓秋著:《威慑战略》,北京:军事科学出版社,1989年版,第75页。
    ③参见孙向丽:《中国核战略与特点分析》,《世界经济与政治》,2006年第9期,第23页。也可见王仲春、夏立平:《美国核力量与核战略》,北京:国防大学出版社,1995年版,第77页。
    ④参见孙向丽:《中国核战略与特点分析》,《世界经济与政治》,2006年第9期,第24页,注释⑥。
    ⑤Alexander L.George and Richard Smoke. Deterrence in American Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice. New York:Columbia University Press,1974,pp.11-12.转引自孙向丽:《中国核战略与特点分析》,《世界经济与政治》,2006年第9期,第24页。
    ⑥刘华秋主编:《军备控制与裁军手册》,北京:国防工业出版社,2000年版,第113页。
    ① Andrew J. Pierre. Nuclear politics:the British experience with an independent strategic force,1939-1970. London:Oxford University Press,1972. p.9.
    ②Largaret Gowing. Britain, America and the Bomb. In David Dilks ed., Retreat from Power: Studies in Britain's
    Foreign Policy of the Twentieth Century (Volume 2,After 1939). London and Basingstoke:Macmillan Press LTD.,1981.p.121.
    ③杨建邺:《科学的双刃剑——诺贝尔奖和蘑菇云》,北京:商务印书馆,2008年版,第12页。
    ①安东尼·凯夫·布朗、查尔斯·B·麦克唐纳:《原子弹秘史》,董斯美等译,北京:原子能出版社,1986年版,第12-13页。
    ②詹姆斯·E·麦克莱伦第三、哈罗德·多恩:《世界史上的科学技术》,王鸣阳译,上海:上海科技教育出版社,2003年,第407页。
    ①李树宝、吴杰明:《神秘的蘑菇云:核武器发明史》,北京:解放军出版社,1999年版,第22页。
    ②杨建邺:《科学的双刃剑——诺贝尔奖和蘑菇云》,北京:商务印书馆,2008年版,第98页。
    ③eter Calvocoressi. The British Experience,1945-75.New York: Penguin Books Ltd.,1979.p.209
    ③此报告的影印件见:Peter Hennessy.Cabinets and the Bomb.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2007.pp.24-30.
    ⑤argaret Gowing. Britain and atomic energy,1939-1945. London:Macmillan,1964. P37.
    ④麦乔治·邦迪:《美国核战略》,北京:世界知识出版社,1991年,第36页。
    ⑤詹姆斯·E·麦克莱伦第三,哈罗德·多恩:《世界史上的科学技术》,王鸣阳译,上海:上海科技教育出版社,2003年,第427页。
    ⑧Andrew J. Pierre. Nuclear Politics:the British Experience with an Independent Strategic Force,1939-1970. London: Oxford University Press,1972.p.47.
    ①麦乔治·邦迪:《美国核战略》,北京:世界知识出版社,1991年,第34页。
    ②许多人误认为“莫德”这个极其重要的名称是“铀裂变在军事上的应用”的缩写,目的是为了保密。其实它本身毫无意义。“莫德”是来源于二战期间,丹麦被德国占领后,住在斯德哥尔摩的著名物理学家尼尔斯·玻尔(Niels Bohr)给她的外甥弗里施(Dr Frish)发的一封电报,其中有“告科克洛夫特(Cockcroft)及莫德·雷·肯(Maud Ray Kent)"等文字。战争期间,有人把莫德·雷·肯破译成“铀裂变”。战后,尼尔斯·玻尔才解释:莫德·雷·肯是指住在肯特的一位名叫莫德·雷的妇女,曾是尼尔斯·玻尔孩子家庭教师。但“莫德”却阴差阳错地成了英国核研制早期历史上著名组织的名称。见Margaret Gowing. Britain and Atomic Energy,1939-1945. London:Macmillan,1964.p.45.
    ③Margaret Gowing. Britain, America and the Bomb. In David Dilks ed., Retreat from Power: Studies in Britain's Foreign Policy of the Twentieth Century (Volume 2,After 1939). London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Press LTD.,1981.p.123.
    ④此报告的影印件见:Peter Hennessy. Cabinets and the Bomb. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2007.pp.31-34.
    ⑤“管合金”(Tube Alloy)计划是英国原子研究的代号,无实际意义。开始叫“坦克合金”(Tank Alloy)计划,但由于坦克对战争太重要,容易引起怀疑。故约翰·安德森改之。
    ⑥麦乔治·邦迪:《美国核战略》,北京:世界知识出版社,1991年,第40页。
    ①argaret Gowing.Britain and Atomic Energy,1939-1945. London:Macmillan,1964.p.109.
    ②ndrew J. Pierre.Nuclear Politics:the British Experience with an Independent Strategic Force,1939-1970. London Oxford University Press,1972.pp.46-47.
    ①麦乔治·邦迪:《美国核战略》,北京:世界知识出版社,1991年,第146页。
    ②贝特朗·戈尔德施密特:《原子竞争(1939—1966)》,高强等译,北京:原子能出版社,1984年版,第54页。
    ③贝特朗·戈尔德施密特:《原子竞争(1939—1966)》,高强等译,北京:原子能出版社,1984年版,第50-51页。
    ①约翰·纽豪斯.:《核时代的战争与和平》,军事科学院外国军事研究所译,北京:军事科学出版社,1989年。第42页。
    ②贝特朗·戈尔德施密特:《原子竞争(1939—1966)》,高强等译,北京:原子能出版社,1984年版,第53页。
    ③Margaret Gowing. Britain and Atomic Energy,1939-1945. New York:St.Martin's Press,1964.p.132.
    ①安东尼·凯夫·布朗、查尔斯·B·麦克唐纳:《原子弹秘史》,董斯美等译,北京:原子能出版社,1986年版,第262页。
    ②位于新墨西哥沙漠中的洛斯阿拉莫斯实验室,代号“Y计划”,这里既承担原子弹的总装任务,又负责原子弹的研制工作,是整个“曼哈顿工程”的核心和“总装车间”,由罗伯特·奥本海默负责。
    ③erenc Morton Szasz. British Scientists and the Manhattan Project: The Los Alamos Years. New York:St..Martin's Press,1992. p.xix.
    ④Ferenc Morton Szasz. British Scientists and the Manhattan Project: The Los Alamos Years. New York:St..Martin Press,1992. Appendix Ⅲ.pp.148-149.
    ①Ferenc Morton Szasz. British Scientists and the Manhattan Project: The Los Alamos Years. New York: St..Martin's Press,1992. Appendix III.pp.149-150.
    ②莱斯利·格罗夫斯:《现在可以说了》,钟毅等译,北京:原子能出版社,1978年版。第340页。
    ③eter Calvocoressi. The British Experience,1945-75. New York: Penguin Books Ltd.,1979.p.209.
    ④贝特朗·戈尔德施密特:《原子竞争(1939—1966)》,高强等译,北京:原子能出版社,1984年版,第53页。
    ⑤麦乔治·邦迪:《美国核战略》,北京:世界知识出版社,1991年,第148页。
    ①麦乔治·邦迪:《美国核战略》,北京:世界知识出版社,1991年,第626页。London:the Macmillan Press LTD.,1974. P456.
    ②Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(vo12:Plicy Execution). London:Oxford University Press,1972. P58.
    ③ndrew J. Pierre. Nuclear Politics:the British Experience with an Independent Strategic Force,1939-1970.
    ④ Andrew J. Pierre. Nuclear Politics:the British Experience with an Independent Strategic Force,1939-1970. London:Oxford University Press,1972. P56.
    ⑤ Andrew J. Pierre. Nuclear Politics:the British Experience with an Independent Strategic Force,1939-1970. London:Oxford University Press,1972. P57.
    ⑥argaret Gowing. Britain and Atomic Energy,1939-1945. London:Macmillan,1964.p.324.
    ⑦格温·戴尔:《战争》,李霄垅、吕志娟译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年版,第180页。
    ⑦cilla McLean. How Nuclear Weapons Decisions Are Made. London:The Macmillan Press LTD.,1986.p.137.
    ⑧argaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(vol1:Policy Making). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974.p.174.
    ①Sir M. Perrin, Who Was Present, The Listener,7 October 1982. Also quoted in Scilla McLean: How Nuclear Weapons Decisions are Made. Oxford:Oxford Research Group.1986, p.137.
    ②麦乔治·邦迪:《美国核战略》,北京:世界知识出版社,1991年,第628-629页。
    ③argaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(voll:Plicy Making,). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974. p.4.
    ①ublic Law 585,79th Congress, http://www.osti.gov/atomicenergyact.pdf;孙健:《<麦克马洪法>与战后初期英美核合作》,《国际论坛》,2004年第3期,第33页。
    ②rancis Williams. A Prime Minister Remembers: The War and Post-war Memoirs of the Rt.Hon.Earl Attlee. London: Heinemann,1961.p.118.
    ③obert H. Paterson. Britain's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent: From before the V-Bomber to beyond Trident. London: Frank Cass&Co.LTD.,1997.p.166. New York:St. Martin's Press,1974.pp.114-115.
    ④P.J.Madgwick, D. Steeds, L.J. Williams. Britain Since 1945. Tiptree: Anchor Brendon Ltd.,1982.p.271.
    ⑤Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(vol1:Plicy Making.). 1964.p.231.
    ⑥William Snyder, The Politics of British Defense Policy,1945-1962, Columbus: Ohio State University Press,
    ⑦P.J.Madgwick, D. Steeds, L.J. Williams. Britain Since 1945.Tiptree: Anchor Brendon Ltd.,1982.p.271. 1946-1958.The Historical Journal,Vol.38,1995(2):439-454.
    ⑧S. J.Ball. Military Nuclear Relations between the United States and Great Britain under the Terms ofthe McMahon Act,
    ①夏立平:《论英国核政策——兼与法国核战略比较》,《国际观察》,2009年第6期,第42页。
    ②Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(vol1:Plicy Making,). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974. p.212.
    ③Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(vol1:Plicy Making,). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974. p.216.
    ④Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(vol2:Plicy Execution). London:the Macmillan Press LTD.,1974. p.458.
    ⑤Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(vol2:Plicy Execution). London:the Macmillan Press LTD.,1974. pp.458-459.
    ⑥Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(vol2:Policy Execution). London:the Macmillan Press LTD.,1974. p.459.
    ①argaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(vol1:Plicy Making,). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974. p.210.
    ②Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(vol1:Plicy Making,). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974. p.224.
    ③argaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrennce: Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952[M].Volume I. New York: St.Martin's Press,1974.pp.266-272.
    ④argaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(vol1:Plicy Making,). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974. pp.229-230.
    ⑤转引自:倪学德:《英国研制原子弹内幕》,《历史教学》,2006年第3期,第68页。
    ⑥约翰·纽豪斯:《核时代的战争与和平》,军事科学院外国军事研究所译,北京:军事科学出版社,1989年版,第108页。
    ①郑大诚:《论英国核弹之发展》,《海陆空天,惯性世界》,2008年第6期,总第78期,第46页。
    ②Lorna Arnold, Mark Smith. Britain, Australia and the Bomb: the Nuclear Tests and Their Aftermath(2nd Edition). New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2006,pp.17-28.
    ③倪学德:《英国研制原子弹内幕》,《历史教学》2006年第3期,第70页。
    ④阿伦·斯克德,克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,北京:世界知识出版社,1985年版,第77页。
    ⑤倪学德:《英国研制原子弹内幕》,《历史教学》2006年第3期,第70页。
    liu5J .B. Poole. Independence and Interdependence:A Reader on British Nuclear Weapons Policy. London: Brassey's Ltd.,1990.p.34.
    ⑦阿伦·斯克德,克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,北京:世界知识出版社,1985年版,第77页。
    ⑧Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(vol1:Plicy Making,). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974. p.211.
    ⑧阿伦·斯克德,克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,北京:世界知识出版社,1985年版,第77页。
    ①Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(voll:Plicy Making,). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974. p.52.;倪学德:《英国研制原子弹内幕》,《历史教学》2006年第3期,第70页。
    ②转引自倪学德:《英国研制原子弹内幕》,《历史教学》2006年第3期,第70页。
    ③Peter Calvocoressi. The British Experience,1945-75. New York: Penguin Books Ltd.,1979.p.210.
    ④David Childs. Britain Since 1945:A Political History. London:Erest Benn Limited,1979.pp.78-79.
    ①其实,早在1952年,英国就做出了研制氢弹的决定。参见阿伦·斯克德、克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,北京:世界知识出版社1985年版,第101页。
    ①《英国辛酸的“独立核威慑”神话:前首相受美羞辱》http://www.ce.cn/culture/history/200703/26/t20070326_10823765_6.shtml
    ②Lorna Arnold. Britain and the H-Bomb. London: Palgrave,2001.p.151.
    ③资料来源:http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/nudb/datab15.asp [2011-02-07读取](美国自然资源保护委员会网站)。
    ①刘华秋主编:《军备控制与裁军手册》,北京:国防工业出版社,2000年版,第204-205页。
    ②Douglas Holdstock,Frank Barnaby et al. The British Nuclear Weapons Programme. London:Frank Cass,2003.p.148.
    ①刘华秋主编:《军备控制与裁军手册》,北京:国防工业出版社,2000年版,第107页。
    ②ohn Dumbrell. A Special Relationship:Anglo-American Relations in the Cold War and After.New York:St. Martin's Press,2001.p.126.
    ③ndrew J. Pierre. Nuclear Politics:the British Experience with an Independent Strategic Force,1939-1970. London:Oxford University Press,1972. p.86.
    ④obert H. Paterson. Britain's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent:From Before the V-bomber to Beyond Trident.London; Portland, OR:Frank Cass,1997.p.16.
    ⑤awrence Freedman. Britain and Nuclear Weapons.London:Macmillan,1980.p.5.
    ⑥刘善继等:《当代外国军事思想》,北京:解放军出版社,1988年版,第220页。
    ⑦陈崇北,寿晓松,梁晓秋著:《威慑战略》,北京:军事科学出版社,1989年版,第33页。
    ①S.J. Ball. The Bomber in British Strategy:Doctrine, Strategy, and Britain's World Role,1945-1960. Westview Press,1995. p.5.
    ②Andrew J. Pierre. Nuclear Politics:the British Experience with an Independent Strategic Force,1939-1970. London:Oxford University Press,1972. p.87.
    ③科拉尔·贝尔著,F.C.贝纳姆编:《国际事务概览·1954年》,上海:上海译文出版社,1984年,第138页。
    ④John Slessor. The Place of the Bomber in British Strategy. International Affairs.23,no.3[July 1953],pp.302-303.转引自彼得·帕特雷主编:《现代战略的缔造者:从马基雅维利到核时代》,北京:世界知识出版社,2006年版,第721页。
    ⑤亨利·基辛格:《核武器与对外政策》,北京:世界知识出版社,1959年,第253页。
    ①亨利·基辛格:《核武器与对外政策》,北京:世界知识出版社,1959年,第253页。
    ②科拉尔·贝尔著,F.C.贝纳姆编:《国际事务概览·1954年》,上海:上海译文出版社,1984年,第138页。
    ③Andrew J. Pierre. Nuclear Politics: the British Experience with an Independent Strategic Force,1939-1970. London: Oxford University Press,1972. p.96.
    ④劳伦斯·弗里德曼:《核战略的演变》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990年,第361页。
    ⑤Andrew J. Pierre. Nuclear Politics: the British Experience with an Independent Strategic Force,1939-1970. London: Oxford University Press,1972. p.108
    ⑥J.B. Poole. Independence and Interdependence:A Reader on British Nuclear Weapons Policy. London: Brassey's Ltd.,1990.p.166.
    ⑦J.B. Poole. Independence and Interdependence:A Reader on British Nuclear Weapons Policy. London:Brassey's Ltd.,1990. pp.166-167.
    ⑧转引自彼得·帕特雷主编:《现代战略的缔造者:从马基雅维利到核时代》,北京:世界知识出版社,2006年版,第763页。
    ①J.B.Poole. Independence and Interdependence: A Reader on British Nuclear Weapons Policy. London:Brassey's Ltd..1990.n.130.
    ②徐光裕:《核战略纵横》,北京:国防大学出版社,1987年版,第271页。
    ③Lawrence Freedman. Britain and Nuclear Weapons. London:Macmillan,1980.p.7.
    ④Ian Clark and Nicholas J. Wheeler. The British Origins of Nuclear Strategy,1945-1955.Oxford:Clarendon Press; New York:Oxford University Press (USA),1989.p.5.
    ⑤孙健:《<麦克马洪法>与战后初期英美核合作》,《国际论坛》,2004年第3期,第31页。
    ⑥劳伦斯·弗里德曼:《核战略的演变》,黄钟青译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990年,第55页。
    ①劳伦斯·弗里德曼:《核战略的演变》,黄钟青译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990年,第56页。
    ②Edward Spiers. The British Nuclear Deterrent: Problems and Possibilities. In David Dilks ed.,Retreat from Power: Studies in Britain's Foreign Policy of the Twentieth Century(Vol.2, After 1939).London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Press LTD.,1981.pp.154-155.
    ③Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(vol.1,Policy Making). New York,1974. p.72.;孙健:《<麦克马洪法>与战后初期英美核合作》,《国际论坛》,2004年第3期,第32页。
    ④Oliver Kamm: We Still Need Our Nuclear Badge. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2859394.ece
    ⑤[加]格温·戴尔:《战争》,李霄垅、吕志娟译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年版,第181页。
    ⑥Timothy J. Botti. The Long Wait:the Forging of the Anglo-American Nuclear Alliance,1945-1958. New York: Greenwood Press,1987.p.18.
    ⑦R.N. Rosecrance. Defense of the Realm:British Strategy in the Nuclear Epoch.New York:Columbia University Press,1968.p.77.
    ⑧Timothy J. Botti. The Long Wait:the Forging of the Anglo-American Nuclear Alliance,1945-1958. New York: Greenwood Press,1987.p.38.
    ⑨Ian Clark and Nicholas J. Wheeler. The British Origins of Nuclear Strategy,1945-1955.Oxford:Clarendon Press; New York:Oxford University Press (USA),1989.p.19.
    ①R.N. Rosecrance. Defense of the Realm:British Strategy in the Nuclear Epoch. New York:Columbia University Press,1968.p.93.
    ②R.N. Rosecrance. Defense of the Realm:British Strategy in the Nuclear Epoch. New York:Columbia University Press,1968.p.93.
    ③劳伦斯·弗里德曼:《核战略的演变》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990年,第360页。
    ④Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(vol.1,Policy Making). New York,1974. p.441;彼得·帕特雷主编:《现代战略的缔造者:从马基雅维利到核时代》,北京:世界知识出版社,2006年版,第721页。
    ⑤Andrew J. Pierre. Nuclear Politics:the British Experience with an Independent Strategic Force,1939-1970. London: Oxford University Press,1972.p.178;劳伦斯·弗里德曼:《核战略的演变》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990年,第363页。
    ⑥R.N. Rosecrance. Defense of the Realm:British Strategy in the Nuclear Epoch. New York:Columbia University Press,1968.p.40.
    ⑦David Childs. Britain Since 1945:A Political History. London: Erest Benn Limited,1979.p.79.
    ⑧劳伦斯·弗里德曼:《核战略的演变》,黄钟青译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990年,第366页。
    ⑨Beatrice Heuser. Nuclear Mentalities? Strategies and Beliefs in Britain, France and the FRG. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.,1998.p.28.
    ①Jeremy Stocker. The United Kingdom and Nuclear Deterrence. London: Routledge,2007.p.20.
    ②阿伦·斯克德,克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,北京:世界知识出版社,1985年版,第37页。
    ③J.B. Poole. Independence and Interdependence:A Reader on British Nuclear Weapons Policy. London: Brassey's Ltd.,1990.p.127.
    ④亨利·基辛格:《核武器与对外政策》,北京:世界知识出版社,1959年,第257页。
    ⑤高英:《独立与威慑》,第184页;劳伦斯·弗里德曼:《核战略的演变》,黄钟青译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990年,第99页。
    ⑥Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(vol. 1:Plicy Making,). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974. p.497.
    ⑦亨利·基辛格:《核武器与对外政策》,北京:世界知识出版社,1959年,第254页。
    ⑧亨利·基辛格:《核武器与对外政策》,北京:世界知识出版社,1959年,第253页。
    ⑨劳伦斯·弗里德曼:《核战略的演变》,黄钟青译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990年,第363页。
    ①eremy Stocker. The United Kingdom and Nuclear Deterrence. London:Routledge,2007.p.9.
    Relationship(1962-1982).Aldershot, Hampshire, England:Gower,1983.p.187.
    ②G.M. Dillon. Dependence and Deterrence: Success and Civility in the Anglo-American Special Nuclear
    ③刘善继等:《当代外国军事思想》,北京:解放军出版社,1988年版,第222页。
    ④劳伦斯·弗里德曼:《核战略的演变》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990年,第361页。
    ⑤Ritchie Ovendale. British Defence Policy since 1945.Manchester: Manchester University Press,1994,pp.577-597.
    ①FRUS,1952-1954, National Security Affairs (vol.2). Washington, DC:GPO,1972,pp.1256-1286.
    ②Peter Calvocoressi. The British Experience,1945-75. New York:Penguin Books Ltd.,1979.p210.
    ③Timothy J. Botti. The Long Wait:the Forging of the Anglo-American Nuclear Alliance,1945-1958. New York:
    Greenwood Press,1987,p.114.
    ④周琪,王国明主编:《战后西欧四大国外交》,北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1992年版,第57页。
    ⑤约翰·纽豪斯:《核时代的战争与和平》,军事科学院外国军事研究所译,北京:军事科学出版社,1989年版,第42页。
    ⑥John Baylis. Anglo-American Defence Relations 1939-1984:the Special Relationship(2nd Edition).London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.,1984.p.90.
    ⑦S. J. Ball. The Bomber in British Strategy:Doctrine, Strategy, and Britain's World Role,1945-1960. WestviewPress,1995.p.161.
    ⑥Ritchie Ovendale. British defence policy since 1945. Manchester:Manchester University Press,1994.p.11.
    ①S.J. Ball. The Bomber in British Strategy:Doctrine, Strategy,and Britain's World Role,1945-1960. Westview Press,1995.p.174.
    ②Peter Calvocoressi. The British Experience,1945-75. New York: Penguin Books Ltd.,1979.p.211.
    ③具体的事件原委,本文作者的一篇文章中有详细分析。见杨华文:《“空中闪电”危机与英国核战略的转向——兼论英美核关系的调整》,《历史教学》(下半月刊),2011年第1期,第49-54页。
    ④陈乐民,等:《战后英国外交史》,北京:世界知识出版社,1992年版,第115页。
    ①John Baylis. Anglo-American Defence Relations 1939-1984:the Special Relationship(2nd Edition).London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.,1984.pp.127-136.
    ②Eric J. Grove. Vanguard to Trident:British Naval Policy since World War Ⅱ. Annapolis, Md.:Naval Institute Pr 1987.p.243.
    ③Beatrice Heuser. Nuclear Mentalities? Strategies and Beliefs in Britain, France and the FRG. London: Macmillan Press Ltd,1998. p.38.
    ④Melvyn P. Leffler. A Preponderance of Power, National Security, the Truman Administrative.and the Cold War. Stanford: Stanford University Press,1992.p.62.转引自许海云:《锻造冷战联盟:美国大西洋联盟政策研究
    (1945-1955)》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007年版,第105页。
    ⑤麦克米伦:《麦克米伦回忆录之四:乘风破浪》北京:商务印书馆,1982年版,第241页。
    ⑥Christopher J. Bowie, Alan Platt.British nuclear policymaking. Santa Monica, CA:Rand,1984.p.26.
    ⑦麦克米伦:《麦克米伦回忆录之四:乘风破浪》北京:商务印书馆,1982年版,第246页。
    ⑧叶章蓉:《西欧军事安全战略》,北京:国防大学出版社,1988年版,第57页。
    ①周海明、周晨鸣:《退场:简评英国未来的核战略》,《海陆空天,惯性世界》,2010年6月号,总第90期,第53页。
    ②J.B. Poole. Independence and Interdependence: A Reader on British Nuclear Weapons Policy. London:Brassey's Ltd.,1990.p.85.
    ③J.B. Poole. Independence and Interdependence: A Reader on British Nuclear Weapons Policy. London: Brassey's Ltd.,1990.p.1.
    ④J.B. Poole. Independence and Interdependence: A Reader on British Nuclear Weapons Policy. London: Brassey's Ltd.,1990.p.107.
    ⑤Beatrice Heuser. Nuclear Mentalities? Strategies and Beliefs in Britain, France and the FRG. London: Macmillan Press Ltd,1998. p.38.
    ⑥FRUS,1952-1954, Vol.Ⅱ.Partl,p.592.
    ⑦Beatrice Heuser. Nuclear Mentalities? Strategies and Beliefs in Britain, France and the FRG. London: Macmillan Press Ltd,1998. pp.38-39.
    ⑧J.B. Poole. Independence and Interdependence:A Reader on British Nuclear Weapons Policy. London: Brassey's Ltd.,1990.p.154.
    ①J.B. Poole. Independence and Interdependence:A Reader on British Nuclear Weapons Policy. London: Brassey's Ltd.,1990.p.152.
    ②彼得·帕特雷主编:《现代战略的缔造者:从马基雅维利到核时代》,北京:世界知识出版社,2006年版,第751页。
    ③Jeremy Stocker. The United Kingdom and Nuclear Deterrence. London: Routledge,2007.p.21.
    ①Jeremy Stocker. The United Kingdom and Nuclear Deterrence. London: Routledge,2007.p.40.
    ②阿伦·斯克德,克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,北京:世界知识出版社,1985年版,第214页。
    ③Let's Go With Labour for the New Britain. London: Labour Party,1964.p.23. See John Callaghan. The Labour Party and Foreign Policy: A History. New York: Routledge,2007,p.251.
    ④按照规划,TSR.2是取代“堪培拉”轰炸机的后继飞机,是英国空基核威慑力量的未来之星。它具有远程低空突防和超音速性能,装有惯性导航设备并具备短距起飞和精确的核武器投放能力。为此英国维克斯公司和英国电气合并组成英国飞机公司(BAC),目的就是制造这种英国历史上最为复杂的飞机。1959年1月,英国飞机公司的竞标方案获得通过,并得到了制造20架原型机的拨款。随后在1963年英国飞机公司获得了生产30架飞机总额6.9亿英磅的合同,这当时是英国有史以来开支最大的一个国防项目。由于财政等原因,TSR.2项目于1965年4月6日被取消。
    ⑤Peter Hennessy. Cabinets and the Bomb. Oxford:Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 2007. p.167.Also see:Let's Go With Labour for the New Britain. London: Labour Party,1964.p.23. See John Callaghan. The Labour Party and Foreign Policy: A History. New York: Routledge,2007,p.251.
    ⑥周琪,王国明主编:《战后西欧四大国外交》,北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1992年版,第62页。
    ⑦转引自阿尔弗雷德·格罗塞:《战后欧美关系》,上海:上海译文出版社,1986年版,第206页。
    ⑧比尔·考克瑟,林顿·罗宾斯,罗伯特·里奇:《当代英国政治》(第四版),孔新峰、蒋鲲译,北京大学出版社,2009年版,第636页。
    ①John Dumbrell. A Special Relationship:Anglo-American Relations in the Cold War and After.New York:St. Martin's Press,2001.p.142.
    ②Christopher J. Bowie, Alan Platt. British Nuclear Policymaking. Santa Monica, CA:Rand,1984.p.13.
    ③John Dumbrell. A Special Relationship:Anglo-American Relations in the Cold War and After.New York:St. Martin's Press,2001.p.129.
    ④John Dumbrell. A Special Relationship:Anglo-American Relations in the Cold War and After.New York:St. Martin's Press,2001.p.144.
    ①Jeremy Stocker.The United Kingdom and Nuclear Deterrence.London: Routledge,2007.p.28.
    ②John Baylis. Anglo-American Relations since 1939:The Enduring Alliance. Manchester and New York:Manchester University Press,1997,p.199.
    ③Ritchie Ovendale. Documents in Contemporary History Series: British Defence Policy Since 1945.Manchester: Manchester University Press,1994.p.182.
    ④周琪,王国明主编:《战后西欧四大国外交》,北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1992年版,第111页。
    ①《每日电讯报》,1979年8月21日。
    ②黄正柏:《当代八国外交政策概要》,北京:人民出版社,2007年版,第275页。
    ③John Dumbrell. A Special Relationship: Anglo-American Relations in the Cold War and After.New York:St. Martin's Press,2001.p.127.
    ①Jeremy Stocker. The United Kingdom and Nuclear Deterrence. London: Routledge,2007.p.25.
    ②斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所:《SIPRI年鉴1999》,中国国际问题研究所译,北京:世界知识出版社,2000年版,第702页。
    ③Jeremy Stocker. The United Kingdom and Nuclear Deterrence. London: Routledge,2007.p.26.
    ④何奇松:《浅论冷战后英国核战略》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2008年第2期,第48页。
    ⑤何奇松:《浅论冷战后英国核战略》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2008年第2期,第48页。
    ⑥转引自胡豫闽:《独具特色的英国核战略》,载黎弘主编:《2012:国际军备控制与裁军》,北京:世界知识出版社,2012年版,第30页。
    ①夏立平:《论英国核政策——兼与法国核战略比较》,《国际观察》,2009年第6期,第43页。
    ②Bruce D. Larkin. Nuclear Designs: Great Britain, France, and China in the Global Governance of Nuclear Arms. London: Transaction Publishers,1996.pp.37-38.
    ①王仲春:《核国家的核武器与核战略研究》,中央党校,2000年,博士学位论文,第75-80页。
    ②Hans M. Kristensen and Robert S.Norris. British Nuclear Forces2011,Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,2011,vol.67(5),p.89.
    ③Jeffrey G Lewis. Minimum Deterrence. Bulleton of the Atomic Scientists, July/August 2008, p.126转引自夏立平:《论中国核战略的演进与构成》,《当代亚太》2010年第4期,第115-116页。
    ④Jeremy Stocker. The United Kingdom and Nuclear Deterrence. London: Routledge,2007. pp.55-56.
    ⑤关于英国“最低限度核威慑战略”的基本内容,国防大学著名战略学者王仲春先生有较完备的概括,此处参见了他的一些观点,特此致谢。详见王仲春:《核国家的核武器与核战略研究》,中央党校,2000年,博士学位论文,第109-110页。
    ①亨利·基辛格:《核武器与对外政策》,北京:世界知识出版社,1959年版,第125页。
    ②理查德·普里斯、尼娜·坦嫩瓦尔德:《规范和威慑:核武器和化学武器使用禁令》,见彼得·卡赞斯坦主编:
    《国家安全的文化--世界政治中的规范与认同》,宋伟、刘铁娃译,北京大学出版社2009年版,第114页。
    ③Jeremy Stocker. The United Kingdom and Nuclear Deterrence. London: Routledge,2007.p.43.
    ④Robert H. Paterson. Britain's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent: From before the V-Bomber to beyond Trident. London: Frank Cass&Co.LTD.,1997.p.16.
    ⑤J.B. Poole. Independence and Interdependence:A Reader on British Nuclear Weapons Policy. London: Brassey's Ltd.,1990.p.150.
    ⑥陈崇北,寿晓松,梁晓秋著:《威慑战略》,北京:军事科学出版社,1989年版,第34页。
    ⑦刘华秋主编:《军备控制与裁军手册》,北京:国防工业出版社,2000年版,第63页。
    ①Beatrice Heuser. Nuclear Mentalities? Strategies and Beliefs in Britain, France and the FRG. London:Macmillan Press Ltd,1998. p.39.
    ②S.J. Ball. The Bomber in British Strategy:Doctrine, Strategy, and Britain's World Role,1945-1960. Westview Press,1995.p.67.
    ③S.J. Ball. The Bomber in British Strategy:Doctrine, Strategy, and Britain's World Role,1945-1960. Westview Press,1995.p.69.
    ④叶章蓉:《西欧军事安全战略》,北京:国防大学出版社,1988年版,第182页。
    ①Jeremy Stocker. The United Kingdom and Nuclear Deterrence. London: Routledge,2007.p.9.
    ②转引自丛胜利、李秀娟著:《英国海上力量:海权鼻祖》,北京:海洋出版社,1999年版,第272页。
    ①转自朱明权:《国际安全与军备控制》,上海:上海人民出版社,2011年版,第242页。
    ②亨利·基辛格:《核武器与对外政策》,北京:世界知识出版社,1959年版,第252页。
    ①王仲春:《核国家的核武器与核战略研究》,中央党校,2000年,博士学位论文,第72页。
    ①转引自陈崇北等著:《威慑战略》,军事科学出版社,1989年版,第96页。
    ②[加]格温·戴尔:《战争》,李霄垅、吕志娟译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年版,第181页。
    ③Christopher J. Bowie, Alan Platt.British Nuclear Policymaking. Santa Monica, CA:Rand,1984. p.2.
    ①R.N. Rosecrance. Defense of the realm:British strategy in the nuclear epoch.New York:Columbia University Press, 1968.p.167.
    ②Andrew J. Pierre. Nuclear Politics:the British Experience with an Independent Strategic Force,1939-1970. London:Oxford University Press,1972. p.153.
    ③R.N. Rosecrance. Defense of the Realm:British Strategy in the Nuclear Epoch. New York:Columbia University Press,1968.p.167.
    ④Andrew J. Pierre. Nuclear politics:the British experience with an Independent Strategic Force,1939-1970. London:
    Oxford University Press,1972. p.96.
    ⑤Robert Jackson. V-force:Britain's Airborne Nuclear Deterrent. Shepperton:Ian Allan,2000. p.87.
    ⑥Robin Woolven. UK Civil Defence and Nuclear Weapons. UK Nuclear History Work Paper. No.3.p.2
    ⑦Robin Woolven. UK Civil Defence and Nuclear Weapons. UK Nuclear History Work Paper. No.3.p.2.
    ⑧亚历克西斯·特雷格恩查原著,王力编译:《60年代英国国家安全的支柱——约翰牛的核盾牌》,《国际展望》,2005年第11期,第44页。
    ⑨Robin Woolven. UK Civil Defence and Nuclear Weapons. UK Nuclear History Work Paper. No.3.pp.2-3.
    ①Richard Moore. The Royal Navy and Nuclear Weapons. London: Frank Cass Publishers,2001.pp.1-51.
    ②Eric J. Grove. Vanguard to Trident: British Naval Policy since World War Ⅱ. Maryland: Naval Institute Press,1987. p.32.
    ③Richard Moore. The Royal Navy and Nuclear Weapons. London: Frank Cass Publishers,2001.p.64
    ④Richard Moore. The Royal Navy and Nuclear Weapons.Portland, OR:Frank Cass,2001.p.79.
    ⑤李文盛:《英国核力量的发展及海外部署》,《环球军事》,2003年第3期,第23页。
    ⑥研制过程详见G M. Dillon. Dependence and Deterrence:Success and Civility in the Anglo-American Special Nuclear Relationship(1962-1982).Aldershot,:Gower Publishing Company Limited,1983.pp.45-74.
    ⑦劳伦斯·弗里德曼:《核战略的演变》,黄钟青译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990年,第362页。
    ⑧Robert H. Paterson. Britain's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent:From before the V-Bomber to beyond Trident. London: Frank Cass&Co.LTD.,1997.p.14.
    ①Robert H. Paterson. Britain's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent: From before the V-Bomber to beyond Trident. London: Frank Cass&Co.LTD.,1997.p.170.
    ②Robert H. Paterson. Britain's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent: From before the V-Bomber to beyond Trident. London: Frank Cass&Co.LTD.,1997.p.44.
    ①斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所:《IPRI年鉴2010:军备·裁军和国际安全》,中国军控与裁军协会译,时事出版社,2011年版,第470页。
    ②Eric J. Grove. Vanguard to Trident:British Naval Policy since World War Ⅱ. Annapolis, Md.:Naval Institute Press, 1987.p.244.
    ①李文盛:《英国核力量的发展及海外部署》,《环球军事》,2003年第3期,第23页。
    ②李文盛:《英国核力量的发展及海外部署》,《环球军事》,2003年第3期,第23页。
    ③李文盛:《英国核力量的发展及海外部署》,《环球军事》,2003年第3期,第23页。
    ①Richard Moore. The Royal Navy and Nuclear Weapons.Portland, OR:Frank Cass,2001.p.201.
    ②罗贝尔·克洛兹著:《欧洲有没有防务?——可以改变世界面貌的四十八小时》,施谋仁、韵文、王正瞳译,北京:商务印书馆,1979年版,第350页。
    ①J.P.G Freeman. Britain's Nuclear Arms Control Policy in the Context of Anglo-American Relations,1957-68. New York:St. Martin's Press,1986. p.12.
    ②汉斯·摩根索:《国家间政治:权力斗争与和平》,徐听等译,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年版,第446页。
    ①J.P.G. Freeman. Britain's Nuclear Arms Control Policy in the Context of Anglo-American Relations,1957-68. New York:St. Martin's Press,1986. p.xi.
    ②.P.G. Freeman. Britain's Nuclear Arms Control Policy in the Context of Anglo-American Relations,1957-68. New York:St. Martin's Press,1986. p.78.
    ①Joseph Cirincione, Jon B. Wolfsthal,Miriam Rajkumar, Dearly Arsenals: Nuclear,Biological,and Chemical,Washington D.C.:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,2005,p.198.
    ②Cm6994. The Future of the United Kingdom's Nuclear Deterrent. London:Crown,2006.pp.12-13.
    ③《英国2010年战略防务与安全评估报告》http://www.china.com.cn/military/txt/2010-12/06/content_21489402 3.htm
    ④Hans M. Kristensen and Robert S.Norris. British Nuclear forces2011,Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,2011,vol.67(5),p.91.
    ⑤第二次世界大战后,法国奉行独立自主的外交政策,推行一项颇具特色的军控和裁军政策。20世纪60和70年代,对国际上的军控和裁军活动采取抵制的政策,不参加任何有关军控、裁军、核禁试的国际谈判和会议。 直至1990年法国派出观察员出席《不扩散核武器条约》第四次审议会议,才打破了此“禁忌”。详见刘华秋主编:《军备控制与裁军手册》,北京:国防工业出版社,2000年版,第61-62页。
    ①刘华秋主编:《军备控制与裁军手册》,北京:国防工业出版社,2000年版,第91页。
    ②朱明权:《部分核禁试谈判过程中的“中国因素”——历史的回忆与思考》,《复旦学报》(社会科学版),1996年第6期。
    ③See Kendrick Oliver. Kennedy, Macmillan and the Nuclear Test-Ban,1963-63.London: King's College,1998.
    ①Jeremy Stocker. The United Kingdom and Nuclear Deterrence. London: Routledge,2007. p.66.
    ②见《英国2010年战略防务与安全评估报告》http://www.china.com.cn/military/txt/2010-12/06/content_21489402 4.htm
    ③Lawrence Freedman. Rritain and Nuclear Weannns London:Macmiilan,1980.n.96.
    ④Lawrence Freedman. Britain and Nuclear Weapons. London:Macmillan,1980.p.97.
    ①王振华主编:《撒切尔主义——80年代英国内外政策》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1992年版,第167-168页。
    ②玛格丽特·撒彻尔:《撒彻尔夫人回忆录——唐宁街岁月》,内蒙古:远方出版社,1997年版,第316页。参见黄正柏:《当代八国外交政策概要》,北京:人民出版社,2007年版,第262-263页。
    ①Jeremy Stocker. The United Kingdom and Nuclear Deterrence. London: Routledge,2007.p.34.
    ②斯蒂芬·沃尔特:《联盟的起源》,北京:北京大学出版社,2007年版,第43页。
    ③威廉·森默里:《缔造战略:统治者、国家与战争》,时殷弘等译,世界知识出版社,2004年版,第625页。
    ④Jeremy Stocker. The United Kingdom and Nuclear Deterrence. London: Routledge,2007.p.56.
    ⑤Jeremy Stocker. The United Kingdom and Nuclear Deterrence. London: Routledge,2007.p.83.
    ⑥汉斯·摩根索:《国家间政治:权力斗争与和平》(第7版),北京:北京大学出版社,2006年版,第223页。
    ①G.M. Dillon. Dependence and Deterrence: Success and Civility in the Anglo-American Special Nuclear Relationship(1962-1982).Aldershot, Hampshire, England:Gower,1983, p.67.
    ②转引自叶章蓉:《西欧军事安全战略》,北京:国防大学出版社,1988年版,第183页。
    ③劳伦斯·弗里德曼:《核战略的演变》,黄钟青译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990年版,第365页。
    ④转引自陈崇北等著:《威慑战略》,北京:军事科学出版社,1989年版,第97页。
    ⑤罗贝尔·克洛兹著:《欧洲有没有防务?——可以改变世界面貌的四十八小时》,施谋仁、韵文、王正瞳译,北京:商务印书馆,1979年版,第347页。
    ①哈里特,等著:《苏联的武装部队》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1984年版,第45页。转引自岳汉景:《苏联的核政策与国际核不扩散机制的演变》,《西伯利亚研究》,2010年第3期,第11页。
    ②劳伦斯·弗里德曼:《核战略的演变》,黄钟青译,中国社会科学出版社,1990年版,第58页。
    ③李彬:《中国核战略辨析》,《世界经济与政治》,2006年第9期,第17页。
    ④Greenpeace. The United Kingdom's Nuclear Deterrent: Current and Future Issues of Legality. [2012-08-06]http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/Multimedia Files/Live/Full Report/8072.pdf
    ①Douglas Holdstock,Frank Bamaby(edt).The British Nuclear Programme(1952-2002). London Frank Cass,2003,p.13.
    ②CAB 158/1. See Peter Hennessy. Cabinets and the Bomb. Oxford:Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press,2007.p.65.
    ③CAB 134/3121.See Peter Hennessy. Cabinets and the Bomb. Oxford:Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press,2007.p.245.
    ①劳伦斯·弗里德曼:《核战略的演变》,黄钟青译,中国社会科学出版社,1990年版,第359页。
    ②J.B. Poole. Independence and Interdependence:A Reader on British Nuclear Weapons Policy. London: Brassey's Ltd.,1990.p.40.
    ③罗贝尔·克洛兹著:《欧洲有没有防务?——可以改变世界面貌的四十八小时》,施谋仁、韵文、王正瞳译,北
    京:商务印书馆,1979年版,第346页。
    ④Lawrence Freedman. Britain and Nuclear Weapons.London:Macmillan,1980.p.26.
    ⑤侯小河、刘友春、张晖:《联盟战车——北约军事战略发展与现状》,北京:解放军出版社,2002年版,第177页。
    ⑥Beatrice Heuser. Nuclear Mentalities? Strategies and Beliefs in Britain, France and the FRG. London: Macmillan Press Ltd,1998. p.3.
    ⑦Jeremy Stocker. The United Kingdom and Nuclear Deterrence. London: Routledge,2007.p.57.
    ①Cm6994.p.18.See Jeremy Stocker. The United Kingdom and Nuclear Deterrence. London:Routledge,2007.p.54.
    ①《英国2010年战略防务与安全评估报告》http://www.china.com.cn/military/txt/2010-12/06/content_
    ②Jeremy Stocker. The United Kingdom and Nuclear Deterrence. London: Routledge,2007.p.57. 21489402 3.htm Ltd..1990. n.147.
    ③J.B. Poole. Independence and Interdependence:A Reader on British Nuclear Weapons Policy. London: Brassey's Ltd.,1990. p.173.
    ④J.B.Poole. Independence and Interdependence:A Reader on British Nuclear Weapons Policy. London: Brassey's
    ①亨利·基辛格:《核武器与对外政策》,北京:世界知识出版社,1959年,第257页。
    ②叶章蓉:《西欧军事安全战略》,北京:国防大学出版社,1988年版,第182页。
    ①本章的主体内容已经发表。见杨华文:《英国核决策机制:历史考察与分析》,《历史教学》(下半月刊),2012年第8期,第37-44页。
    ②"Decision-Making as an Approach to the Study of International Politics,"in Richard Snyder,H.W.Bruck,and Burton Sapin,eds.,Foreign Policy Decision-Making. New York: Free Press,1962.p.33.转引自罗伯特杰维斯:《国际政治中的知觉与错误知觉》,秦亚青译,北京:世界知识出版社,2003年版,第2-3页。
    ③徐思宁:《夯实国家安全基石——解读国家安全体制》,《解放军报》,2006年4月28日。
    ④汤姆·霍金斯:《立场与规模部署规定了英国核力量的发展》[2012-02-02]http://www.stnn.cc/glb_military/200611/t20061114_391645.html
    ⑤Christopher J. Bowie, Alan Platt.British nuclear policymaking. Santa Monica, CA:Rand,1984.p.14.
    ①Sheila Durie,Rob Edwards. Fuelling the Nuclear Arms Race: The Links between Power and Nuclear Weapons.
    London:Pluto Press,1982.p.84. ②Walter C. Ladwig Ⅲ. The Future of the British Nuclear Deterrent: A Assessment of Decision Factors. Strategic Insights. Vol.6, Nol(January 2007).p.33.
    ③Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(vol1:Policy Making). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974.p.5.
    ④Sheila Durie,Rob Edwards. Fuelling the Nuclear Arms Race: The Links between Power and Nuclear Weapo London:Pluto Press,1982.p.85.
    ①Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(voll:Policy Making). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974.p.26.
    ②Sheila Durie,Rob Edwards. Fuelling the Nuclear Arms Race: The Links between Power and Nuclear Weapons. London: Pluto Press,1982.p.85.
    ③Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(voll:Policy Making). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974.p.184.
    ④Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(voll:Policy Making). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974.p.5.
    ⑤Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(voll:Policy Making). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974.p.25.
    ⑥Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(voll:Policy Making). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974.p.28.
    ⑦Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(voll:Policy Making). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974.p.37.
    ⑧Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(voll:Policy Making). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974.pp.41-42.
    ①Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence:Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(vol 1:Policy Making). New York:St. Martin's Press,1974.p.31.
    ②PRO:CAB 131/3. See Stephen Robert Twigge. The Early Development Guided Weapons in the United Kingdom,1940-1960. Switzerland:Harwood Academic Publishers,1993.p.84.
    ③Stephen Robert Twigge. The Early Development Guided Weapons in the United Kingdom,1940-1960.Switzerland:Harwood Academic Publishers,1993.p.84.
    ④Source:PRO:DEFE 7/282. See Stephen Robert Twigge. The Early Development Guided Weapons in the United Kingdom,1940-1960.Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers,1993.p.84.
    ①Robert H. Paterson. Britain's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent: From before the V-Bomber to beyond Trident. London: Frank Cass&Co.LTD.,1997.p.117.
    ②Robert H. Paterson. Britain's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent: From before the V-Bomber to beyond Trident. London: Frank Cass&Co.LTD.,1997.p.117.
    ③Robert H. Paterson. Britain's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent: From before the V-Bomber to beyond Trident. London: Frank Cass&Co.LTD.,1997.pp.117-119.
    ④Sheila Durie,Rob Edwards. Fuelling the Nuclear Arms Race:The Links between Power and Nuclear Weapons. London:Pluto Press,1982.p.85.
    ①REM 11/297. See Peter Hennessy. Cabinets and the Bomb. Oxford:Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press,2007.p.78.
    ②heila Durie,Rob Edwards. Fuelling the Nuclear Arms Race: The Links between Power and Nuclear Weapo London:Pluto Press,1982.p.85.
    ③eter Hennessy. Cabinets and the Bomb. Oxford:Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 2007.p.85.
    ④AB 130/101.See Peter Hennessy. Cabinets and the Bomb. Oxford:Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press,2007.pp.92-95.
    ⑤eter Hennessy. Cabinets and the Bomb. Oxford:Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 2007.p.100.
    ⑥比尔·考克瑟,林顿·罗宾斯,罗伯特·里奇:《当代英国政治》(第四版),孔新峰、蒋鲲译,北京大学出版社,2009年版,第295页。
    ①hristopher J. Bowie, Alan Platt.British nuclear policymaking. Santa Monica, CA:Rand,1984. pp.28-37.
    ②比尔·考克瑟,林顿·罗宾斯,罗伯特·里奇:《当代英国政治》(第四版),孔新峰、蒋鲲译,北京大学出版社,2009年版。第309页。
    ②hristopher J. Bowie, Alan Platt.British nuclear policymaking. Santa Monica, CA:Rand,1984. p.28.
    ③cilla McLean. How Nuclear Weapons Decisions Are Made. London:The Macmillan Press LTD.,1986.p.92.
    ④.Bowie and A. Platt. British Nuclear Policy Making(Rand Publications Services, Jan.1984).R-3085-AF. See Scilla McLean. How Nuclear Weapons Decisions Are Made. London: The Macmillan Press LTD.,1986.p.94.
    ⑥比尔·考克瑟,林顿·罗宾斯,罗伯特·里奇:《当代英国政治》(第四版),孔新峰、蒋鲲译,北京大学出版社,2009年版,第306页。
    ⑦AB 128/37. Also see Peter Hennessy. Cabinets and the Bomb.Oxford:Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press,2007.pp.158-161.
    ①Scilla McLean. How Nuclear Weapons Decisions Are Made. London: The Macmillan Press LTD.,1986.p.86. 1987.p.236.
    ②ric J. Grove. Vanguard to Trident:British Naval Policy since World War Ⅱ. Annapolis, Md.:Naval Institute Press, Oxford University Press,2007.pp.206-208.
    ③CAB 148/18. Also see Peter Hennessy. Cabinets and the Bomb. Oxford:Published for the British Academy by 2007.D.167.
    ④Peter Hennessy. Cabinets and the Bomb. Oxford:Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press,
    ⑤cilla McLean. How Nuclear Weapons Decisions Are Made. London:The Macmillan Press LTD.,1986.p.86.
    ①比尔·考克瑟,林顿·罗宾斯,罗伯特·里奇:《当代英国政治》(第四版),孔新峰、蒋鲲译,北京大学出版社,2009年版,第358页。
    ②William P.Snyder.The Politics of British Defense Policy,1945-1962. Columbus:Ohio State University,1964.p.46.
    ③Scilla McLean.How Nuclear Weapons Decisions Are Made. London:The Macmillan Press LTD.,1986. p.88.
    ④Scilla McLean.How Nuclear Weapons Decisions Are Made. London:The Macmillan Press LTD.,1986. p.88.
    ⑤Scilla McLean.How Nuclear Weapons Decisions Are Made. London:The Macmillan Press LTD.,1986. pp.88-89
    ①现在是16个特别委员会。参见比尔·考克瑟,林顿·罗宾斯,罗伯特·里奇:《当代英国政治》(第四版),孔新峰、蒋鲲译,北京:北京大学出版社,2009年版,第375页。
    ②Scilla McLean.How Nuclear Weapons Decisions Are Made. London: The Macmillan Press LTD.,1986. p.89.
    ②Christopher J·Bowie,Alan Platt.British nuclear policymaking·Santa Monica,CA:Rand,1984·p.20·
    ④House of Commons 9th Report of the Committee of the Public Accounts, Chevaline Improve to the Polaris Missile System(HMSO,Mar.1982).
    ⑤See The Guardian,22 April 1982.
    ⑥Scilla McLean. How Nuclear Weapons Decisions Are Made. London: The Macmillan Press LTD.,1986.p.91.
    ⑦Christopher J. Bowie, Alan Platt.British Nuclear Policymaking. Santa Monica, CA:Rand,1984. p.29.
    ①Christopher J. Bowie, Alan Platt.British Nuclear Policymaking. Santa Monica, CA:Rand,1984. p.30.
    ②陈岳、倪海宁:《英国国防体制研究》,《外国军事学术》,2006年,第12期,第39页。
    ③Ministry of Defence.The Government's Expenditure Plans 2005-06 to 2007-08.London:Crown,2005.p.9.
    ①Christopher J. Bowie, Alan Platt. British Nuclear Policymaking. Santa Monica, CA:Rand,1984. p.31.
    ②Scilla McLean.How Nuclear Weapons Decisions Are Made. London:The Macmillan Press LTD.,1986. p.116.
    ③Scilla McLean.How Nuclear Weapons Decisions Are Made. London:The Macmillan Press LTD.,1986. p.104.
    ①Christopher J. Bowie, Alan Platt. British nuclear policymaking. Santa Monica, CA:Rand,1984. p.27.
    ②Scilla McLean. How Nuclear Weapons Decisions Are Made. London:The Macmillan Press LTD.,1986. p.94.
    ①hristopher J. Bowie. Alan Platt.British nuclear policvmakine. Santa Monica. CA:Rand.1984. n.22.
    ②cilla McLean. How Nuclear Weapons Decisions Are Made. London: The Macmillan Press LTD.,1986. pp.94-95.
    ③H. Macmillan. Pointing the Way. London: Macmillan Press,p.43.
    ①Scilla McLean.How Nuclear Weapons Decisions Are Made. London: The Macmillan Press LTD.,1986. p.99.
    ①丹尼斯·德鲁、唐纳德·斯诺:《国家安全战略的制定》,王辉青等译,北京:军事科学出版社,1991年版,第22页。
    ②cilla McLean.How Nuclear Weapons Decisions Are Made. London:The Macmillan Press LTD.,1986.p.85.
    ③Scilla McLean. How Nuclear Weapons Decisions Are Made. London:The Macmillan Press LTD..1986.p.137. Frank Cass&Co.LTD..1997.p.168.
    ④Robert H. Paterson. Britain's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent: From before the V-Bomber to beyond Trident. London:
    ②阿伦·斯克德,克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,北京:世界知识出版社,1985年版,第125页。
    ⑤Lawrence Freedman. Britain and Nuclear Weapons. London:Macmillan,1980.p.24.
    ①Margaret Gowing. Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy,1945-1952(vol1:Policy Making). New York: St. Martin's Press,1974.p.66.
    ②Andrew J. Pierre. Nuclear Politics:the British Experience with an Independent Strategic Force,1939-1970. London Oxford University Press,1972.p.202.
    ③叶章蓉等:《大国军事战略》,世界知识出版社,1989年版,第261页。
    ④Robert H. Paterson. Britain's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent: From before the V-Bomber to beyond Trident. London: Frank Cass&Co.LTD.,1997.p.130.
    ⑤麦乔治·邦迪:《美国核战略》,储广友等译,北京:世界知识出版社,1991年版,第629页。
    ⑥Christopher J. Bowie, Alan Platt.British Nuclear Policymaking. Santa Monica, CA:Rand,1984. P45.
    ⑦转引自劳伦斯·弗里德曼:《核战略的演变》,黄钟青译,中国社会科学出版社,1990年版,第203页。
    ⑥Ian Clark and Nicholas J. Wheeler. The British origins of nuclear strategy,1945-1955.Oxford:Clarendon Press; New York:Oxford University Press (USA),1989.p.27.
    ①Andrew J. Pierre. Nuclear Politics:the British Experience with an Independent Strategic Force,1939-1970. London:Oxford University Press,1972.p.86.
    ②WF.汉里德、G.P.奥顿:《西德、法国和英国的外交政策》,北京:商务印书馆,1989年版,第241页。
    ③Robert H. Paterson. Britain's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent:From before the V-Bomber to beyond Trident. London: Frank Cass&Co.LTD.,1997.p.16.
    ④劳伦斯·弗里德曼:《核战略的演变》,黄钟青译,中国社会科学出版社,1990年版,第99页。
    ⑤阿伦·斯克德,克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,北京:世界知识出版社,1985年版,第123-124页。
    ⑥杨华文:《“空中闪电”危机与英国核战略的转向——兼论英美核关系的调整》,《历史教学》(高校版),2011年第1期,第50页。
    ⑦Ian Clark and Nicholas J. Wheeler. The British origins of nuclear strategy,1945-1955.Oxford:Clarendon Press; New York:Oxford University Press (USA),1989.p.35.
    ⑧Robert H. Paterson. Britain's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent:From Before the V-bomber to Beyond Trident.London; Portland, OR:Frank Cass,1997.p.172.
    ①阿伦·斯克德,克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,北京:世界知识出版社,1985年版,第145页。
    ②猪口孝等著,林猛等译:《变动中的民主》,长春:吉林人民出版社1999年版,第5页。
    ③Robert H. Paterson. Britain's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent: From before the V-Bomber to beyond Trident. London: Frank Cass&Co.LTD.,1997.p.128.
    ④Andrew J. Pierre. Nuclear Politics:the British Experience with an Independent Strategic Force,1939-1970. London Oxford University Press,1972.p.181.
    ①Ken Booth. Strategy and Ethnocentrism. New York:Holmes&Meiei Publishers Inc.,1979.p.121.
    ②转引自李永成:《奥巴马无核世界倡议的战略文化解读》,《当代世界》,2009年第5期,第25页。
    ③李少军主编:《国际战略报告:理论体系、现实挑战与中国的选择》,北京,中国社会科学出版社,2005年版,第127页。
    ④乔治·哈钦森:《爱德华·希思》.上海:上海人民出版社,1973年版,第75页。转引自倪学德:《二战前后英
    国工党外交政策的转变》,《史学集刊》,2007年第6期,第55页。
    ①劳伦斯·弗里德曼:《核战略的演变》,黄钟青译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990年,第364页。
    ②Christopher J. Bowie, Alan Platt.British Nuclear Policymaking. Santa Monica, CA:Rand,1984. p.31.
    ①何奇松:《浅论冷战后英国核战略》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2008年第2期,第49页。
    ②阿伦·斯克德,克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,北京:世界知识出版社,1985年版,第148页。
    ①Malcolm Chalmers, William Walker. Uncharted Waters: The UK, Nuclear Weapons and The Scottish Question. Lancaster:Tuckwell Press,2001.p.10.
    ②《英国辛酸的“独立核威慑”神话》http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1003/3/7/3/100337308 3.html?coluid=70&kindid=1853&docid=1003373
    ③《英国核武器力量今已不如往昔,彻底沦为美国附庸》http://news.ifeng.com/world/special/heanquanfenghui/ziliao/201004/0409_9932_1599706.shtml
    ①《英国更新核武器计划》http://www.people.com.cn/GB/other3983/4037/4082/5132984.html
    ②《人民日报》,2006年12月6日,第7版。
    ③《三叉戟潜艇计划通过,英国保留最小核威慑》http://www.stnn.cc/glb_military/200703/t20070315_490241.html
    ①《英国核武更新“去美国化”,独立设计新弹头》http://news.sohu.com/20070325/n248948976.shtml
    ②Nicholas K.J. Witney. The British nuclear deterrent after the Cold war.Santa Monica, CA:RAND,1995.pp.64-78.
    ③亨利·基辛格:《核武器与对外政策》,北京:世界知识出版社,1959年版,第126-127页。
    ④蒂姆·D·Q·贝洛:《美国核威慑政策:奥巴马总统以身作则引领世界正当其时》http://www.defence.org.cn/article-13-101584.html
    ①托马斯·谢林:《军备及其影响》,毛瑞鹏译,上海:上海人民出版社,2011年版,第31页。
    ②劳伦斯·弗里德曼:《核战略的演变》,黄钟青译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990年版,第368页。
    ③P.J.Madgwick, D. Steeds, L.J. Williams. Britain Since 1945.Tiptree: Anchor Brendon Ltd.,1982.p.271.
    ④沃尔和佩吉特合编:《国会辩论记录》,1967年3月版。转引自罗贝尔·克洛兹著:《欧洲有没有防务?——可
    以改变世界面貌的四十八小时》,施谋仁、韵文、王正瞳译,北京:商务印书馆,1979年版,第111页。
    ⑤C.R.Hill, R.S.Pease,R.E.Peierls,and J.Rotblat. Does Britain Need Nuclear Weapons? London: Britain Pugwash Group,1995.
    ⑥Rebecca Johnson, Nicola Butler, Stephen Pullinger. Worse than Irrelevant? British Nuclear Weapons in the 21 st Century. London: Acronym Institute,2006. p.13.
    ①1945年8月6日,在日本广岛上空爆炸的原子弹威力约为1.5万吨TNT当量,它顷刻使城市成为一片火海、废墟。据统计,当天该市伤亡人数达13.6万人,几月内又相继死亡近2万人。
    ②一般来讲,核武器的大小以爆炸当量的多少来衡量,通常认为一万吨TNT当量以下的为小型核武器(俄罗斯的标准为1.5万吨TNT当量以下)。一般情况下,小型核武器的体积也较小。常见的有核炮弹、核深水炸弹、核炸弹、核钻地弹、核地雷、核鱼雷、舰舰核导弹、反潜核导弹等。
    ③何奇松:《浅论冷战后英国核战略》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2008年第2期,第50页。
    ④《英国追随美国秘密启动小型核武器研究》http://gb.cri.cn/3821/2004/07/05/561@219940.htm
    ⑤《英国辛酸的‘独立核威慑’神话:前首相受美羞辱》http://www.ce.cn/culture/history/200703/26/t20070326_10823765_2.shtml
    ①陈崇北,寿晓松,梁晓秋著:《威慑战略》,北京:军事科学出版社,1989年版,第78页。
    ②Jeremy Stocker. British Nuclear Strategy. See Mark Fitzpatrick,Alexander Nikitin Sergey Oznobishchev (ed.). Nuclear Doctrines and Strategies: National Politics and International Security.Oxford:IOS Press,2008.
    ①《英国历史上体积最大超级潜艇下水》http://news.sina.com.cn/w/2010-12-22/014721683051.shtml
    ②Nicholas K.J. Witney. The British nuclear deterrent after the Cold war.Santa Monica, CA:RAND,1995.p.119.
    ①Rebecca Johnson, Nicola Butler, Stephen Pullinger. Worse than Irrelevant? British Nuclear Weapons in the 21st
    ②何奇松:《浅论冷战后英国核战略》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2008年第2期,第50页。Century. London: Acronym Institute,2006. p.31.
    ③Malcolm Chalmers, William Walker. Uncharted Waters: The UK, Nuclear Weapons and The Scottish Question. Lancaster:Tuckwell Press,2001. p.l.
    ④Rebecca Johnson, Nicola Butler, Stephen Pullinger. Worse than Irrelevant? British Nuclear Weapons in the 21st Century. London: Acronym Institute,2006. p.31.
    ⑤Malcolm Chalmers, William Walker. Uncharted Waters: The UK, Nuclear Weapons and The Scottish Question. Lancaster:Tuckwell Press,2001.p.38.
    ①Malcolm Chalmers, William Walker. Uncharted Waters: The UK, Nuclear Weapons and The Scottish Question. Lancaster:Tuckwell Press,2001. pp.38-39.
    ②Malcolm Chalmers, William Walker. Uncharted Waters: The UK, Nuclear Weapons and The Scottish Question. Lancaster:Tuckwell Press,2001. p.39.
    ③Malcolm Chalmers, William Walker. Uncharted Waters: The UK, Nuclear Weapons and The Scottish Question. Lancaster:Tuckwell Press,2001. p.39.
    ④国际核保障措施作为国际核能的重要组成部分,目的是控制核能用于军事目的。国际原子能机构的国际核保障措施参见古祖雪、丁祥高:《国际原子能机构与核保障制度》,《厦门大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2008年第4期,第106-113页。
    ⑤Malcolm Chalmers, William Walker. Uncharted Waters: The UK, Nuclear Weapons and The Scottish Question. Lancaster:Tuckwell Press,2001.pp.178-179.
    ①《英国核潜艇基地曾发生放射性物质泄露等事故》http://news.sohu.com/20090429/n263682686.shtml
    ②《他要当苏格兰“国父”》http://news.sohu.com/20071212/n254002987.shtml
    ①《民调显示“苏格兰独立”在英支持度大增》http://news.hexun.com/2011-10-17/134269352.html
    ②何奇松:《浅论冷战后英国核战略》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2008年第2期,第50页。
    ③Malcolm Chalmers, William Walker. Uncharted Waters: The UK, Nuclear Weapons and The Scottish Question. Lancaster:Tuckwell Press,2001.p.99.
    ④何奇松:《浅论冷战后英国核战略》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2008年第2期,第50页。
    ①英国国民托管组织是私人捐款保护名胜古迹的民间组织,1895年由三位英国维多利亚慈善义工发起设立的。他们担心英国快速而无控制的工业化会对环境产生广泛的不良影响,因而成立国民信托,以扮演监护者的角色,协助国家保护受损的海岸线、乡村地区以及历史古迹。目前国民信托受托管理25万公顷的乡村土地;总长度700英里的海岸线:超过200个的花园与建筑物。作为民间公益组织,与政府部门完全不相关,其主要的运作支持来自于超过300万的会员以及其他的有关收入,在英国乃至世界上都有重要影响。
    ②《英国威尔士民党决议争取独立》http://news.chinesewings.com/cgi-bin/i. cgi?id=cb0921171261965
    ③何奇松:《浅论冷战后英国核战略》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2008年第2期,第50页。
    ④《Statement on the Defence Estimates 1996》,Seventh Report from the Defence Committee,1995-1996,p.101.
    ⑤《有艇缺钱:英国“机敏”级潜艇建造计划面临推迟》http://www.china.com.cn/military/txt/2011-12/24/content_24240577.htm
    ⑥《苏格兰若独立将影响英国核威慑能力20年》http://military.people.com.cn/n/2012/1026/c172467-19399299.html
    ①转引自滕建群等著:《国际军备控制与裁军概论》,北京:世界知识出版社,2009年版,第136-137页。另见滕建群:《当前无核武器世界运动的前景分析》,《当代世界》,2008年第7期,第7页。
    ②J.P.G. Freeman. Britain's Nuclear Arms Control Policy in the Context of Anglo-American Rrelations,1957-68. New York:St. Martin's Press,1986.p.252.
    ①J.P.G.Freeman. Britain's Nuclear Arms Control Policy in the Context of Anglo-American Rrelations,1957-68. New York:St. Martin's Press,1986.p.224.
    ②《英国核武更新工党内讧,下院副领袖辞职抗议》http://www.stnn.cc/euro_asia/200703/t20070314_488865.html
    ③《三叉戟核武威慑》http://www.bbc.co.uk/ukchina/simp/uk_life/tenglong/100525_tenglong_trident.shtml
    ①顾小清:《俄罗斯核力量丧失一多半,新潜艇十年难下水》,《环球时报》,2005年4月6日。
    ②转引自滕建群:《当前无核武器世界运动的前景分析》,《当代世界》,2008年第7期,第6页。
    ③《研究指全球核武器数量减少,核裁军前景黯淡》http://news.sohu.com/20110609/n309660377.shtml
    ①何奇松:《浅论冷战后英国核战略》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2008年第2期,第50页。
    ②何奇松:《英国核威慑之争论》,《欧洲研究》,2008年第3期,第123页。
    ③汉斯·摩根索:《国家间政治:权力斗争与和平》(第7版),徐昕等译,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年版,第458页。
    ①《中国首次公开核战略》http://news.mod.gov.cn/headlines/2006-12/29/content_3079490.htm
    ①叶章蓉、姚文彬、韩彬:《大国军事战略》,北京:世界知识出版社,1989年版,第181页。
    ①魏国安:《中国该奉行什么核战略》,《环球时报》2009年3月6日。
    ①中国核工业总公司编:《毛泽东与中国原子能事业》,北京;原子能出版社,1993年版,第11页。
    ②《2008年中国的国防》白皮书(全文)http://www.china.com.cn/news/txt/2009-01/20/content_17157185_4.htm
    ③孙向丽:《中国核战略与特点分析》,《世界经济与政治》,2006年第9期,第26页。
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    1.[英]阿伦·斯克德,克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,王子珍译,北京:世界知识出版社,1985年版。
    2.[美]安东尼·凯夫·布朗、查尔斯·B·麦克唐纳:《原子弹秘史》,董斯美等译,北京:原子能出版社,1986年版。
    3.[美]伯纳德·布罗迪:《绝对武器》,于永安、郭莹译,北京:解放军出版社,2005年版。
    4.[英]比尔·考克瑟,林顿·罗宾斯,罗伯特·里奇:《当代英国政治》(第四版),孔新峰、蒋鲲译,北京:北京大学出版社,2009年版。
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    6.[美]保罗·肯尼迪:《大国的兴衰:1500—2000的经济变迁与军事冲突》,陈景彪等译,北京:国际文化出版公司,2006年版。
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    9.方连庆、王炳元、刘金质主编:《国际关系史》(战后卷),北京:北京大学出版社,2006年版。
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    13.[美]汉斯·摩根索:《国家间政治:权力斗争与和平》(第7版),徐听等译,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年版。
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    18.[美]理查德·罗兹:《原子弹秘史》,江向东、廖湘或译,上海:上海科技教育出版社,2008年版。
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    20.[美]罗伯特·S·麦克纳马拉:《论核战略》,军事科学院外国军事研究部译,北京:军事科学出版社,1989年版。
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    27.潘其昌主编:《欧洲国际关系》,北京:经济科学出版社,2000年版。
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    36.朱明权:《国际安全与军备控制》,上海:上海人民出版社,2011年版。
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    1.谌焕义,陈向阳:《论战后初期英国独立核威慑政策的形成》,《广西师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2008年第2期。
    2.谌焕义,陈向阳:《论战后初期英国独立核威慑政策实施的困境》,《扬州大学学报》(人文社会科学版),2008年第3期。
    3.陈向阳:《论战后初期英国独立核威慑政策的调整》,《广西师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2010年第2期。
    4.崔兆艳:《战后初期美国对英国核外交政策的转变》,《首都师范大学学报》(社会科学版),2006年增刊。
    5.杜平洋:《“铁猫”行动:不列颠的核黎明》,《兵器知识》,2008年第1期。
    6.耿志:《哈罗德·麦克米伦政府与英美核同盟的建立》,《首都师范大学学报(社会科学版)》,2010年第6期。
    7.耿志:《二战期间和战后初期的英美核合作》,《首都师范大学学报》(社会科学版),2007年第2期。
    8.何奇松:《浅论冷战后英国核战略》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2008年第2期。
    9.何奇松:《英国核威慑之争论》,《欧洲研究》,2008年第3期。
    10.胡豫闽:《独具特色的英国核战略》,载黎弘主编:《2012:国际军备控制与裁军》,世界知识出版社,2012年版。
    11.刘戟锋:《传统文化中诞生的核战略——评<龙威:中国的核力量与核战略>》,《自然辩证法研究》,1994年第8期。
    12.李彬:《中国核战略辨析》,《世界经济与政治》,2006年第9期。
    13.李文盛:《英国核力量的发展及海外部署》,《环球军事》,2003年第5期。
    14.李胜凯:《二战后美国原子能国际控制政策的形成与失败》,《齐鲁学刊》,2004年第3期。
    15.罗志刚:《西欧联合中的英美关系》,《武汉大学学报》社会科学版2001年第2期、第4期。
    16.刘忠堂、刘延胜:《英美特殊关系形成的历程及影响》,《石油大学学报》1997年第2期。
    17.梁军:《结构变迁下的选择与互动:战后英美联盟的构建》,《中山大学学报》(社会科学版)2009年第4期。
    18.倪学德:《英国研制原子弹内幕》,《历史教学》,2006年第3期。
    19.倪学德:《二战前后英国工党外交政策的转变》,《史学集刊》,2007年第6期。
    20.荣予、洪源:《从反核威慑战略到最低核威慑战略中国核战略演进之路》,《当代亚太》,2009年第3期。
    21.孙向丽:《中国核战略性质与特点分析》,《世界经济与政治》,2006年第9期。
    22.孙健:《<麦克马洪法>与战后初期英美核合作》,《国际论坛》,2004年第3期。
    23.孙健:《<临时协议>与战后初期英美核合作》,《国际论坛》,2007年第5期。
    24.夏立平:《论英国核政策——兼与法国核战略比较》,《国际观察》,2009年第6期。
    25.熊伟民:《1958—1964年的英国核裁军运动》,《世界历史》,2005年第3期。
    26.熊伟民:《20世纪80年代初期英国妇女的反核和平运动》,《长沙大学学报》,2004年第3期。
    27.姚云竹:《中国的核战略》,载阎学通主编:《中国学者看世界5:国际安全卷》,新世界出版
    社,2007年版,第347-362页。
    28.赵学功:《简论第二次世界大战期间的英美原子能合作》,《历史教学》,2006年第1期。
    29.郑大诚、管带:《论英国核弹之发展》,《海陆空天惯性世界》,2008年第6期。
    30.周海明、周晨鸣:《退场:简评英国未来的核战略》,《海陆空天惯性世界》,2010年第6期。
    1.催磊:《北约盟国与冷战期间美国的核决策》,北京大学,2005年,博士学位论文。
    2.陈蓓:《从英美第一次核合作看英美特殊关系》,华中师范大学,2008年,硕士学位论文。
    3.梁军:《英美同盟研究》,华中师范大学,2008年,博士学位论文。
    4.汤凌:《20世纪80年代西北欧反核和平运动研究》,湖南师范大学,2006年,硕士学位论文。
    5.王仲春:《核国家的核武器与核战略研究》,中央党校,2000年,博士学位论文。
    6.郑飞:《北约核分享制度:变迁与管理(1954—1966)》,复旦大学,2007年,博士学位论文。
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