东北春大豆种质资源的遗传多样性研究
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摘要
我国是大豆起源地，拥有极为丰富的大豆种质资源。中国东北地区，地域辽阔，土地肥沃，日照充足，适宜大豆生长发育。东北地区是中国大豆的主产区，其面积和产量约占全国的一半，仅黑龙江省就占全国的1/3左右。经过长期自然选择和人工选择，形成了丰富多彩、类型各异的大豆种质资源，共有大豆种质资源3226份，占全国大豆种质资源的13％。本研究从东北春大豆3226份总体中选取283份种质作为代表性样品，代表整个东北春大豆总体的遗传基础。利用筛选出61对SSR核心引物，对283份东北春大豆种质进行分析，共检测到534个等位变异，平均每个位点有8.75个等位变异；遗传多样性指数变化范围在0.406-0.886，平均遗传多样性指数为0.704；并对东北春大豆表型性状进行了分析。本研究主要研究结果如下：
1．61个SSR位点上检测的等位变异数目相对较多，多态性较为丰富(平均为8.75个)，并且大多数位点所揭示的遗传多样性也较为丰富。然而，61个位点的平均杂合度(平均遗传多样性指数)并不高，因此从整体上反映出东北春大豆遗传多样性较低。等位变异的多少和遗传多样性丰富程度不成比例。这主要是由于东北春大豆种质在大多数位点上表现出突出的优势等位基因，从而整体上降低了其遗传多样性。
2．不同省份SSR遗传多样性分析表明，三省份在61个位点上多态性表现较为一致，相比之下辽宁省种质SSR位点的多态性稍高；三省遗传多样性指数分析结果与等位变异研究结果一致。并且，三省份的平均遗传多样性指数均低于代表性样本的平均遗传多样性指数。
3．东北春大豆283份代表性种质中，共有35份种质具有特异等位变异，这些种质的特异等位变异分布在29个位点上；35份种质中大多为地方品种，选育品种相对较少。
4．各个位点上群体间分化系数均较小，表明三个省份的遗传多样性分化程度较低，三省份种质的遗传基础较为狭窄。
5．代表性样本地方品种与选育品种SSR遗传多样性分析结果显示：地方品种基因多样性水平高于选育品种，表明地方品种遗传类型较为丰富，遗传多样性水平较高，而育成品种遗传类型较少，遗传基础较为狭窄，遗传多样性水平较低。
China is the original place of soybean and it has abundant germplasm resources . In Northeast, it is very suitable for the growth and development of the soybean because of its fertile soil, abundant sunshine and vast territory. Abundant varieties have been formed in this region through natural selection and artificial selection. Its area and yield are about half of those of the whole country. Just in Heilongjiang province, they occupied about one third. In this study, 283 accessions were sampled from 3226 accessions of Northeast spring sowing soybeans that represented genetic basis of Northeast spring sowing soybeans. 534 alleles were detected from them with 61 SSR core primers. The range of Simpson diversity index (SDI) was between 0.406 and 0.886. The mean of genetic diversity index was 0.704.The phenotypes of Northeast spring sowing soybeans were also analyzed in this study. The result showed:
1. The polymorphism detected at 61 SSR loci was rich and the genetic diversity in every locus was also rich. But the mean of SDI was not high. So the genetic diversity of Northeast spring sowing soybeans was relatively low on the whole. The reason of these cases was that there were most often occurring alleles in most of loci.
2. In three provinces, the polymorphism detected at 61 SSR loci was similar. In contrast, the polymorphism of the accessions of Liaoning was slightly high. The result of genetic diversity in these three provinces was the same as that of the polymorphism. Furthermore, the mean of SDI of three provinces was lower than that of representative sample.
3. 35 accessions had specific alleles in 283 accessions of representative sample and these specific alleles distributed at 29 loci. Most of 35 accessions were landraces.
4. The coefficient of differentation was low at 61 loci. This showed that the genetic basis of soybean in these three provinces was narrow.
5. Gene diversity level of landraces at every locus was higher than that of the released cultivars. This showed that the genetic types of landraces were abundance and its genetic diversity level was high. In contrast, the genetic diversity level of released cultivars was low and their genetic basis was narrow.
1．61个SSR位点上检测的等位变异数目相对较多，多态性较为丰富(平均为8.75个)，并且大多数位点所揭示的遗传多样性也较为丰富。然而，61个位点的平均杂合度(平均遗传多样性指数)并不高，因此从整体上反映出东北春大豆遗传多样性较低。等位变异的多少和遗传多样性丰富程度不成比例。这主要是由于东北春大豆种质在大多数位点上表现出突出的优势等位基因，从而整体上降低了其遗传多样性。
2．不同省份SSR遗传多样性分析表明，三省份在61个位点上多态性表现较为一致，相比之下辽宁省种质SSR位点的多态性稍高；三省遗传多样性指数分析结果与等位变异研究结果一致。并且，三省份的平均遗传多样性指数均低于代表性样本的平均遗传多样性指数。
3．东北春大豆283份代表性种质中，共有35份种质具有特异等位变异，这些种质的特异等位变异分布在29个位点上；35份种质中大多为地方品种，选育品种相对较少。
4．各个位点上群体间分化系数均较小，表明三个省份的遗传多样性分化程度较低，三省份种质的遗传基础较为狭窄。
5．代表性样本地方品种与选育品种SSR遗传多样性分析结果显示：地方品种基因多样性水平高于选育品种，表明地方品种遗传类型较为丰富，遗传多样性水平较高，而育成品种遗传类型较少，遗传基础较为狭窄，遗传多样性水平较低。
China is the original place of soybean and it has abundant germplasm resources . In Northeast, it is very suitable for the growth and development of the soybean because of its fertile soil, abundant sunshine and vast territory. Abundant varieties have been formed in this region through natural selection and artificial selection. Its area and yield are about half of those of the whole country. Just in Heilongjiang province, they occupied about one third. In this study, 283 accessions were sampled from 3226 accessions of Northeast spring sowing soybeans that represented genetic basis of Northeast spring sowing soybeans. 534 alleles were detected from them with 61 SSR core primers. The range of Simpson diversity index (SDI) was between 0.406 and 0.886. The mean of genetic diversity index was 0.704.The phenotypes of Northeast spring sowing soybeans were also analyzed in this study. The result showed:
1. The polymorphism detected at 61 SSR loci was rich and the genetic diversity in every locus was also rich. But the mean of SDI was not high. So the genetic diversity of Northeast spring sowing soybeans was relatively low on the whole. The reason of these cases was that there were most often occurring alleles in most of loci.
2. In three provinces, the polymorphism detected at 61 SSR loci was similar. In contrast, the polymorphism of the accessions of Liaoning was slightly high. The result of genetic diversity in these three provinces was the same as that of the polymorphism. Furthermore, the mean of SDI of three provinces was lower than that of representative sample.
3. 35 accessions had specific alleles in 283 accessions of representative sample and these specific alleles distributed at 29 loci. Most of 35 accessions were landraces.
4. The coefficient of differentation was low at 61 loci. This showed that the genetic basis of soybean in these three provinces was narrow.
5. Gene diversity level of landraces at every locus was higher than that of the released cultivars. This showed that the genetic types of landraces were abundance and its genetic diversity level was high. In contrast, the genetic diversity level of released cultivars was low and their genetic basis was narrow.
引文
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