调亏灌溉对作物产量形成和品质性状及水分利用效率的影响
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摘要
调亏灌溉(Regulated Deficit Irrigation, RDI)是国际上20世纪70年代中期在传统的灌溉原理与方法的基础上,提出的一种新的灌溉策略。其基本概念是：根据作物的遗传和生态生理特性,在其生育期内的某一(些)阶段(时期)人为主动地施加一定程度的水分胁迫(亏缺),调控地上和地下生长动态,促进生殖生长,控制营养生长,调节其光合产物向不同组织器官的分配,从而提高经济产量,达到节水高效,高产优质和增加灌溉面积的目的。调亏灌溉方法关键在于从作物的生理角度出发,根据其需水特性进行主动地水分调亏处理,因而可以说调亏灌溉开辟了一条最佳调控水一土一植物一环境关系的有效途径,不失为一种科学、有效的新的灌水策略。因此,在黄淮海平原等水资源不足地区开展调亏灌溉研究具有重要理论价值和实践意义。本项研究选用冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花等3种代表性作物为试验材料开展调亏灌溉研究,提高了研究结果的通用性,拓展了调亏灌溉研究与应用领域。首先,探讨了作物调亏灌溉的理论依据和生态生理机制,采用系统分析的方法,不仅研究水分调亏时段内作物的生态生理适应性,更侧重于系统研究水分调亏的正效应、后效性和复水后的作物生态生理补偿效应；在此基础上,考虑作物水分散失与光合作用的耦合关系,在提高水分利用效率和光合产物向籽粒转化效率的目标下,寻求最优调亏灌溉指标,建立调亏灌溉模式；进而对调亏灌溉与营养调节结合及其数学模型进行了试验研究,提高了调亏灌溉的科学性、实用性和可操作性。在国内较少如此系统地对冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花调亏灌溉问题进行研究,因而为作物水分胁迫研究由长期以来的单纯实验性质发展成为一门既有丰富理论基础又有具体操作方法的科学提供了理论依据和技术参数,丰富和充实了农田灌溉学科。
本项研究以粮食作物冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)、夏玉米(Zea mays L.)和经济作物棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)为试验材料,实行防雨棚下盆栽、筒栽和测坑栽培等人工控制性试验相结合,定性研究与定量研究相结合,常规方法与先进技术相结合,借助一系列先进仪器和设备的有力支持,取得了第一手试验数据,为研究结果的可靠性提供了实验技术上的保证。试验研究内容和主要结论概括如下：
1.以冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花为试验材料,采用防雨棚下筒栽土培方法,研究了调亏灌溉对作物根冠生长及其关系的影响。结果表明,RDI对作物根冠生长及其关系的影响因不同作物、不同水分调亏阶段和不同水分调亏度而有所不同。冬小麦在拔节-抽穗期,夏玉米在拔节-抽雄期施加中度水分调亏(调亏度为50%～55%FC),可有效抑制株高生长,促进植株健壮生长,防止后期倒伏并提高经济产量；轻、中、重度水分调亏条件下棉花株高最终均无显著降低。冬小麦在拔节前水分调亏期间根系生长受到强烈抑制,复水后根系具有“补偿生长效应”或“超补偿生长效应”；玉米生长中、后期水分调亏具有促进根系发育和减缓根系衰亡的“双重效应”；水分调亏不改变棉花根系生长的原有基本趋势,但对根系生长速率具有促进作用。冬小麦水分调亏均增大根/冠比(R/S),且随水分调亏度加重,R/S呈明显增大趋势；玉米在拔节-抽雄期水分调亏期间能显著增大R/S值,复水后分配到冠部与根部的物质较平衡,维持较为适宜的R/S值；棉花各生育阶段的中度水分调亏(调亏度为50%～55%FC),在调亏期间对根系生长有明显促进效应或维持较高的根重值,复水后又有不同程度的根系补偿生长效应或延缓根系衰亡作用,后期仍保持较高的R/S值。
2.在移动式防雨棚条件下,采用盆栽土培法,以冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花为试验材料进行了RDI对作物光合特性及其产物积累与分配的影响研究。结果表明,适时适度的水分调亏复水后作物光合速率具有补偿或超补偿效应,光合产物具有补偿或超补偿积累,并且有利于向籽粒或籽棉运转与分配。冬小麦RDI的适宜阶段为拔节期及其以前各生育阶段,调亏度为50%～65%FC；夏玉米以拔节前中度调亏(50%～55%FC)或拔节—抽雄阶段的轻度调亏(60%～65%FC)为宜；棉花以苗期或吐絮期实施RDI较为适宜,苗期轻、中度调亏,调亏度为60%～65%FC或50%～55%FC；吐絮期中度调亏,调亏度为50%～55%FC。
3.在移动式防雨棚条件下,采用盆栽土培法,以冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花为试验材料,就RDI对作物经济产量和水分利用的影响进行了试验研究。研究发现,适时适度的水分调亏可抑制作物“奢侈蒸腾”,显著减少水分散失；作物耗水量随水分调亏度加重而降低,二者呈二次曲线关系；适时适度的水分调亏可增加作物经济产量,冬小麦在返青前、夏玉米在拔节前、棉花在苗期实施水分调亏既增产又节水；冬小麦、夏玉米在拔节期及其以前水分调亏最有利于提高WUE,冬小麦适宜的水分调亏度为50%～55%FC,夏玉米适宜的水分调亏度为60%～65%FC；棉花苗期调亏WUE显著提高,适宜水分调亏度为50%～60%FC。据此提出了作物RDI指标与模式,可供因地制宜灵活选用。
4.在大型启闭式防雨棚和移动式防雨棚条件下,采用筒栽和盆栽土培法,以优质冬小麦为试验材料,就RDI对作物经济产品品质性状的影响进行了试验研究。研究提出小麦籽粒蛋白质含量与土壤相对含水量并非总是呈负相关关系,不同生育阶段控水对蛋白质含量的影响存在明显差异性,即“时段性”的观点,对“蛋白质与土壤水分关系”理论作了重要补充。优质小麦籽粒蛋白质含量仅与拔节-抽穗期土壤含水量呈负相关关系。无论在哪个生育阶段适度的水分调亏均可提高氨基酸含量,而且在抽穗期以前,无论水分调亏度如何,随着调亏阶段的推迟氨基酸含量呈增加趋势；其中,氨基酸含量对拔节-抽穗期的水分调亏反应最为敏感,其次是灌浆期。在小麦拔节以前施加轻(60%-65%FC)、中(50%-55%FC)度水分调亏,籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和氨基酸产量等不会显著降低(降低幅度分别为0.3%-11.1%、4.6%-14.6%和2.7%-13.3%)甚或略有增产；拔节以后的水分调亏会导致严重减产(减产幅度分别为24.2%-70.1%、19.8%-68.2%和15.5%-65.7%),尤其是拔节-抽穗期,即使是轻度调亏也会导致显著减产(分别减产24.2%、19.8%和15.5%)；但灌浆期轻度调亏不会导致籽粒和蛋白质产量显著减少(分别减少1.7%和6.6%),而氨基酸产量略有增加(1.1%),并且节水效果显著(31.4%)
5.在上述试验中,研究提出小麦产量与蛋白质含量并非总是存在显著的负相关性,在一定条件下可以减弱或改变这种关系；小麦产量与品质性状间的关系在不同阶段RDI条件下存在显著差异性。据此认为,高产与优质的矛盾并非不可协调。本研究结果初步证实了RDI改善优质小麦籽粒品质效应的真实存在和在优质小麦生产中“以水调质”的可行性。这一结论对“作物产量与品质关系”理论作了重要修正。
6.在移动式防雨棚条件下,采用测坑试验和多因子正交旋转组合设计,分别以冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花为试验材料,就RDI与营养调节的结合及其数学模型进行了试验研究。根据试验资料,分别建立了3种作物经济产量(Y)和水分利用效率(WUE)两个不同目标函数数学模型。对模型解析结果表明,当实施RDI时,可适当提高作物群体指标,并与营养调节优化组合,可以补偿RDI的负面效应。对模型进行双目标联合仿真寻优,获得不同决策目标下的RDI与营养调节等农艺技术因素结合的优化方案,适合不同水肥条件下的生产决策需要。
综上所述,大田粮食作物冬小麦和夏玉米、经济作物棉花实施调亏灌溉是可行的,可同时实现节水、高产、优质和高效目标。其主要生态生理机制是：调亏灌溉减少了棵间蒸发,水分调亏时段内显著降低蒸腾速率,抑制“奢侈蒸腾”现象,而光合速率下降不明显,复水后光合作用具有补偿或超补偿效应,光合产物具有补偿或超补偿积累,而且有利于向籽粒(籽棉)运转与分配；适时适度的水分调亏,抑制营养冗余生长,促进生殖生长,并使作物根／冠生长关系协调,因而提高了根系的吸收效率和植株体内的物质转化效率。这为调亏灌溉的实施提供了理论依据。
Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) was first coined as a new irrigation term abroad in mid-1970based on principles of traditional irrigation. The principal concept of RDI was that based on understanding of genetics and eco-physiological characteristics of crops, a prescribed limits of water deficit was imposed for a prescribed part or parts of the seasonal cycle of plant development, to regulate the Distribution of photosynthate in different tissues or organs, to coordinate growth of aboveground parts of plant and roots, to improve reproductive growth and development and control vegetative growth, to increase economic yield, and finally to realize the objectives of water-saving, high-yield, good-quality, and high efficiency crop production and extend irrigation area. In brief, RDI method was a more scientific and efficient irrigation strategy which paved the best way for regulating the water-soil-plant-environment relations. Therefore, studying on RDI in such water resources deficiency area as Huang Huai Hai plain of china was of important theoretical value and practical significance. In this study, different crops were used as experimental materials to expend research and application area of RDI. Firstly, the theoretical basis and eco-physiological mechanism were investigated. By the systematic analysis method, eco-physiological changes of crops in water deficit period were not only studied,. but also emphasized particularly on crops physiological metabolism and compensation mechanism after re-watering. Secondly, RDI models were established according to the coupling relationship between crop transpiration and photosynthesis with the objective to reduce water losses and improve photosynthate translocation efficiency. Finally, combinations of RDI and nutritional regulation and their mathematical models were studied and, therefore, improve the scientific characters, practicality and maneuverability of RDI techniques.
The studies were carried out under rain-proof shelter conditions, by pot, plot and pond culture, with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), summer maize (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) as materials. The research was developed qualitatively and quantitatively using conventional methods and advanced techniques, with help of a series of instruments and equipments. The main results were as follows:
1. Under rain-proof shelter condition and cultivated in plots with winter wheat, summer maize and cotton, the effects of RDI on crop morphology were studied. The results indicated that there were differences in effects of RDI on crop morphological development due to different crops, growing stages and degree of water deficit. Moderate water deficit imposed (degree of water deficit was50%～55%FC) from jointing to heading in winter wheat or in summer maize could effectively inhibit plant height, promote plants to grow healthily, prevent lodge at late stages and finally obtain higher economic yield. However, cotton plant height didn't decrease under different water deficit treatments. Growth of root system in winter wheat was restrained severely during water stress period before jointing, but there was a super-compensation effect in root growth after re-watering. Comparatively, water deficit imposed at middle or late growing stages in maize not only promoted root growth but also delayed root senescence, indicating that adaptability of maize plants to water stress at late growing stages was stronger than that at earlier stages. RDI didn't change the general trend of cotton root growth but accelerated root growth rate, which was rather different from that either of winter wheat or summer maize. RDI in winter wheat could increase the ratio of root to shoot (R/S), and R/S increased with the degree of water deficit. R/S of maize increased significantly during water stress period from jointing to heading, distribution of photo synthetic products in roots and shoots reached balance after re-watering. The moderate water deficit (degree of water deficit was50%～55%FC) at different growing stages in cotton accelerated significantly root growth rate and kept higher dry root weight during water deficit period, enhanced the effects in compensatory growth and delayed senescence of roots, and kept higher R/S value at late stages.
2. Under conditions of mobile rain-proof shelter and cultivated in pots with winter wheat, summer maize and cotton, effects of RDI on photosynthetic characteristics and accumulation and distribution of crop photosynthates were studied. The results showed that under appropriate degree of water deficit at suitable growing stages, there were compensation or super-compensation effects in photosynthesis and accumulation of photosynthetic products after re-watering. The proportion of photosynthetic products partitioned to the economic organs increased. The suitable growing stages to introduce RDI in winter wheat was jointing stage and before, and the degree of water deficit was50%～60%FC. For maize, the suitable growing stages were either before jointing, and the degree of water deficit was50%～55%FC, or from jointing to tassel, and the degree of water deficit was60%～65%FC. For cotton, RDI imposed at seedling or boll-opening stage was suitable and the degree of water deficit was60%～65%FC or50%FC-～55%FC.
3. Under conditions of mobile rain-proof shelter and cultivated in pots with winter wheat, summer maize and cotton as materials, effects of RDI on crop yield and water use efficiency were investigated. The results indicated that water-consumption of crops decreased with degree of water deficit, fitting a quadratic regression equation. Appropriate degree and of water deficit at suitable stages inhibited luxury transpiration and hence reduced water loss and increased crop yield. Water deficit before green-returning in winter wheat, before jointing in maize and at seedling stage in cotton not only increased yield but also save water significantly. The most appropriate degree of water deficit for improving WUE in winter wheat, summer maize and cotton was50%～55%FC,60%～65%FC and50%～60%FC, respectively. Based on above data, RDI models were suggested which could be used according to local conditions.
4. Under conditions of large-scale open-closed type rain-proof shelter in plot culture with winter wheat as material, effects of RDI on quality of crop economic product were studied. The results indicated that the correlations between grain protein content in winter wheat and soil water moisture were not all negative. There were differences in effects of RDI at different growing stages on grain protein content. The correlations between grain protein content of strong-gluten wheat cultivars and soil water moisture from jointing to heading stage were negative. Appropriate degree of water deficit at different growing stages increased amino acid content. Before heading, under conditions of different degrees of water deficit, amino acid content increased with postponing of introduction time of water deficit. Amino acid content was the most sensitive to water deficit from jointing to heading stage, next came that at grain filling stage. Light or middle degree of water deficit before jointing stage did not significantly reduce grain yield, protein yield and amino acid. However, water deficit after jointing stage resulted in reduced yields seriously, especially from jointing to heading stage, even though the degree of water deficit was light. Light degree of water deficit at grain filling stage did not significantly decrease grain yield, but enhanced the water-saving effects and significantly improved grain quality.
5. The results from these studies also showed that the correlations between grain yield and protein content in winter wheat were not all negative. The situation would change in certain conditions. There were significant differences in effects of RDI at different growing stages on relationship between grain yield and quality characters. Therefore, it was suggested that coordinating high grain yield in contradiction to good grain quality might be possible, which modified the existing theory on relations of grain yield to quality. In these current studies, it was also preliminarily confirmed that RDI was a practicable technique for coordinating relationship between grain yield and quality characters in winter wheat.
6. Under conditions of mobile rain-proof shelter and cultivated in pots and ponds with winter wheat, summer maize and cotton as experimental materials, effects of combinations of RDI and nutritional regulation were studied. A three-factor (degrees of water deficit, nutrient levels, and sowing rates) quadratic rotational regression combination design were employed in pond culture. The results showed that there was a significant interaction between water deficit and nutrient levels. Negative effects of RDI were compensated by rational fertilization. Two objective function mathematical models for economic yield and WUE in wheat, maize and cotton were established, respectively, based on the data from three-factor quadratic rotational regression design experiment. Analysis of the models suggested that plant population moderately be increased and be combined with other agronomic measures while RDI was introduced. Finally, optimal schemes for combinations of RDI and agronomic measures with different objectives were worked out by computerizing simulation.
From what has been discussed above, it may be concluded that it was practical for RDI in field crops such as winter wheat, summer maize and cotton to realize the objectives to save water and obtain high grain yield, high grain quality and high WUE. Eco-physiological mechanism of RDI was like this:RDI reduced evaporation and transpiration significantly during the water deficit/stress period; luxury transpiration was significantly inhibited while photosynthetic rate decreased slightly; there were compensational or super-compensational effects of RDI on photosynthesis and photosynthetic product accumulation after re-watering; and the proportion of photosynthate partitioned to the economic organs increased. Appropriate degree of water deficit/stress at appropriate growing stages inhibited vegetative growth, promoted reproductive growth and development, coordinated R/S, and improved root absorption efficiency and material transformation efficiency in plant body.
本项研究以粮食作物冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)、夏玉米(Zea mays L.)和经济作物棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)为试验材料,实行防雨棚下盆栽、筒栽和测坑栽培等人工控制性试验相结合,定性研究与定量研究相结合,常规方法与先进技术相结合,借助一系列先进仪器和设备的有力支持,取得了第一手试验数据,为研究结果的可靠性提供了实验技术上的保证。试验研究内容和主要结论概括如下：
1.以冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花为试验材料,采用防雨棚下筒栽土培方法,研究了调亏灌溉对作物根冠生长及其关系的影响。结果表明,RDI对作物根冠生长及其关系的影响因不同作物、不同水分调亏阶段和不同水分调亏度而有所不同。冬小麦在拔节-抽穗期,夏玉米在拔节-抽雄期施加中度水分调亏(调亏度为50%～55%FC),可有效抑制株高生长,促进植株健壮生长,防止后期倒伏并提高经济产量；轻、中、重度水分调亏条件下棉花株高最终均无显著降低。冬小麦在拔节前水分调亏期间根系生长受到强烈抑制,复水后根系具有“补偿生长效应”或“超补偿生长效应”；玉米生长中、后期水分调亏具有促进根系发育和减缓根系衰亡的“双重效应”；水分调亏不改变棉花根系生长的原有基本趋势,但对根系生长速率具有促进作用。冬小麦水分调亏均增大根/冠比(R/S),且随水分调亏度加重,R/S呈明显增大趋势；玉米在拔节-抽雄期水分调亏期间能显著增大R/S值,复水后分配到冠部与根部的物质较平衡,维持较为适宜的R/S值；棉花各生育阶段的中度水分调亏(调亏度为50%～55%FC),在调亏期间对根系生长有明显促进效应或维持较高的根重值,复水后又有不同程度的根系补偿生长效应或延缓根系衰亡作用,后期仍保持较高的R/S值。
2.在移动式防雨棚条件下,采用盆栽土培法,以冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花为试验材料进行了RDI对作物光合特性及其产物积累与分配的影响研究。结果表明,适时适度的水分调亏复水后作物光合速率具有补偿或超补偿效应,光合产物具有补偿或超补偿积累,并且有利于向籽粒或籽棉运转与分配。冬小麦RDI的适宜阶段为拔节期及其以前各生育阶段,调亏度为50%～65%FC；夏玉米以拔节前中度调亏(50%～55%FC)或拔节—抽雄阶段的轻度调亏(60%～65%FC)为宜；棉花以苗期或吐絮期实施RDI较为适宜,苗期轻、中度调亏,调亏度为60%～65%FC或50%～55%FC；吐絮期中度调亏,调亏度为50%～55%FC。
3.在移动式防雨棚条件下,采用盆栽土培法,以冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花为试验材料,就RDI对作物经济产量和水分利用的影响进行了试验研究。研究发现,适时适度的水分调亏可抑制作物“奢侈蒸腾”,显著减少水分散失；作物耗水量随水分调亏度加重而降低,二者呈二次曲线关系；适时适度的水分调亏可增加作物经济产量,冬小麦在返青前、夏玉米在拔节前、棉花在苗期实施水分调亏既增产又节水；冬小麦、夏玉米在拔节期及其以前水分调亏最有利于提高WUE,冬小麦适宜的水分调亏度为50%～55%FC,夏玉米适宜的水分调亏度为60%～65%FC；棉花苗期调亏WUE显著提高,适宜水分调亏度为50%～60%FC。据此提出了作物RDI指标与模式,可供因地制宜灵活选用。
4.在大型启闭式防雨棚和移动式防雨棚条件下,采用筒栽和盆栽土培法,以优质冬小麦为试验材料,就RDI对作物经济产品品质性状的影响进行了试验研究。研究提出小麦籽粒蛋白质含量与土壤相对含水量并非总是呈负相关关系,不同生育阶段控水对蛋白质含量的影响存在明显差异性,即“时段性”的观点,对“蛋白质与土壤水分关系”理论作了重要补充。优质小麦籽粒蛋白质含量仅与拔节-抽穗期土壤含水量呈负相关关系。无论在哪个生育阶段适度的水分调亏均可提高氨基酸含量,而且在抽穗期以前,无论水分调亏度如何,随着调亏阶段的推迟氨基酸含量呈增加趋势；其中,氨基酸含量对拔节-抽穗期的水分调亏反应最为敏感,其次是灌浆期。在小麦拔节以前施加轻(60%-65%FC)、中(50%-55%FC)度水分调亏,籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和氨基酸产量等不会显著降低(降低幅度分别为0.3%-11.1%、4.6%-14.6%和2.7%-13.3%)甚或略有增产；拔节以后的水分调亏会导致严重减产(减产幅度分别为24.2%-70.1%、19.8%-68.2%和15.5%-65.7%),尤其是拔节-抽穗期,即使是轻度调亏也会导致显著减产(分别减产24.2%、19.8%和15.5%)；但灌浆期轻度调亏不会导致籽粒和蛋白质产量显著减少(分别减少1.7%和6.6%),而氨基酸产量略有增加(1.1%),并且节水效果显著(31.4%)
5.在上述试验中,研究提出小麦产量与蛋白质含量并非总是存在显著的负相关性,在一定条件下可以减弱或改变这种关系；小麦产量与品质性状间的关系在不同阶段RDI条件下存在显著差异性。据此认为,高产与优质的矛盾并非不可协调。本研究结果初步证实了RDI改善优质小麦籽粒品质效应的真实存在和在优质小麦生产中“以水调质”的可行性。这一结论对“作物产量与品质关系”理论作了重要修正。
6.在移动式防雨棚条件下,采用测坑试验和多因子正交旋转组合设计,分别以冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花为试验材料,就RDI与营养调节的结合及其数学模型进行了试验研究。根据试验资料,分别建立了3种作物经济产量(Y)和水分利用效率(WUE)两个不同目标函数数学模型。对模型解析结果表明,当实施RDI时,可适当提高作物群体指标,并与营养调节优化组合,可以补偿RDI的负面效应。对模型进行双目标联合仿真寻优,获得不同决策目标下的RDI与营养调节等农艺技术因素结合的优化方案,适合不同水肥条件下的生产决策需要。
综上所述,大田粮食作物冬小麦和夏玉米、经济作物棉花实施调亏灌溉是可行的,可同时实现节水、高产、优质和高效目标。其主要生态生理机制是：调亏灌溉减少了棵间蒸发,水分调亏时段内显著降低蒸腾速率,抑制“奢侈蒸腾”现象,而光合速率下降不明显,复水后光合作用具有补偿或超补偿效应,光合产物具有补偿或超补偿积累,而且有利于向籽粒(籽棉)运转与分配；适时适度的水分调亏,抑制营养冗余生长,促进生殖生长,并使作物根／冠生长关系协调,因而提高了根系的吸收效率和植株体内的物质转化效率。这为调亏灌溉的实施提供了理论依据。
Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) was first coined as a new irrigation term abroad in mid-1970based on principles of traditional irrigation. The principal concept of RDI was that based on understanding of genetics and eco-physiological characteristics of crops, a prescribed limits of water deficit was imposed for a prescribed part or parts of the seasonal cycle of plant development, to regulate the Distribution of photosynthate in different tissues or organs, to coordinate growth of aboveground parts of plant and roots, to improve reproductive growth and development and control vegetative growth, to increase economic yield, and finally to realize the objectives of water-saving, high-yield, good-quality, and high efficiency crop production and extend irrigation area. In brief, RDI method was a more scientific and efficient irrigation strategy which paved the best way for regulating the water-soil-plant-environment relations. Therefore, studying on RDI in such water resources deficiency area as Huang Huai Hai plain of china was of important theoretical value and practical significance. In this study, different crops were used as experimental materials to expend research and application area of RDI. Firstly, the theoretical basis and eco-physiological mechanism were investigated. By the systematic analysis method, eco-physiological changes of crops in water deficit period were not only studied,. but also emphasized particularly on crops physiological metabolism and compensation mechanism after re-watering. Secondly, RDI models were established according to the coupling relationship between crop transpiration and photosynthesis with the objective to reduce water losses and improve photosynthate translocation efficiency. Finally, combinations of RDI and nutritional regulation and their mathematical models were studied and, therefore, improve the scientific characters, practicality and maneuverability of RDI techniques.
The studies were carried out under rain-proof shelter conditions, by pot, plot and pond culture, with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), summer maize (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) as materials. The research was developed qualitatively and quantitatively using conventional methods and advanced techniques, with help of a series of instruments and equipments. The main results were as follows:
1. Under rain-proof shelter condition and cultivated in plots with winter wheat, summer maize and cotton, the effects of RDI on crop morphology were studied. The results indicated that there were differences in effects of RDI on crop morphological development due to different crops, growing stages and degree of water deficit. Moderate water deficit imposed (degree of water deficit was50%～55%FC) from jointing to heading in winter wheat or in summer maize could effectively inhibit plant height, promote plants to grow healthily, prevent lodge at late stages and finally obtain higher economic yield. However, cotton plant height didn't decrease under different water deficit treatments. Growth of root system in winter wheat was restrained severely during water stress period before jointing, but there was a super-compensation effect in root growth after re-watering. Comparatively, water deficit imposed at middle or late growing stages in maize not only promoted root growth but also delayed root senescence, indicating that adaptability of maize plants to water stress at late growing stages was stronger than that at earlier stages. RDI didn't change the general trend of cotton root growth but accelerated root growth rate, which was rather different from that either of winter wheat or summer maize. RDI in winter wheat could increase the ratio of root to shoot (R/S), and R/S increased with the degree of water deficit. R/S of maize increased significantly during water stress period from jointing to heading, distribution of photo synthetic products in roots and shoots reached balance after re-watering. The moderate water deficit (degree of water deficit was50%～55%FC) at different growing stages in cotton accelerated significantly root growth rate and kept higher dry root weight during water deficit period, enhanced the effects in compensatory growth and delayed senescence of roots, and kept higher R/S value at late stages.
2. Under conditions of mobile rain-proof shelter and cultivated in pots with winter wheat, summer maize and cotton, effects of RDI on photosynthetic characteristics and accumulation and distribution of crop photosynthates were studied. The results showed that under appropriate degree of water deficit at suitable growing stages, there were compensation or super-compensation effects in photosynthesis and accumulation of photosynthetic products after re-watering. The proportion of photosynthetic products partitioned to the economic organs increased. The suitable growing stages to introduce RDI in winter wheat was jointing stage and before, and the degree of water deficit was50%～60%FC. For maize, the suitable growing stages were either before jointing, and the degree of water deficit was50%～55%FC, or from jointing to tassel, and the degree of water deficit was60%～65%FC. For cotton, RDI imposed at seedling or boll-opening stage was suitable and the degree of water deficit was60%～65%FC or50%FC-～55%FC.
3. Under conditions of mobile rain-proof shelter and cultivated in pots with winter wheat, summer maize and cotton as materials, effects of RDI on crop yield and water use efficiency were investigated. The results indicated that water-consumption of crops decreased with degree of water deficit, fitting a quadratic regression equation. Appropriate degree and of water deficit at suitable stages inhibited luxury transpiration and hence reduced water loss and increased crop yield. Water deficit before green-returning in winter wheat, before jointing in maize and at seedling stage in cotton not only increased yield but also save water significantly. The most appropriate degree of water deficit for improving WUE in winter wheat, summer maize and cotton was50%～55%FC,60%～65%FC and50%～60%FC, respectively. Based on above data, RDI models were suggested which could be used according to local conditions.
4. Under conditions of large-scale open-closed type rain-proof shelter in plot culture with winter wheat as material, effects of RDI on quality of crop economic product were studied. The results indicated that the correlations between grain protein content in winter wheat and soil water moisture were not all negative. There were differences in effects of RDI at different growing stages on grain protein content. The correlations between grain protein content of strong-gluten wheat cultivars and soil water moisture from jointing to heading stage were negative. Appropriate degree of water deficit at different growing stages increased amino acid content. Before heading, under conditions of different degrees of water deficit, amino acid content increased with postponing of introduction time of water deficit. Amino acid content was the most sensitive to water deficit from jointing to heading stage, next came that at grain filling stage. Light or middle degree of water deficit before jointing stage did not significantly reduce grain yield, protein yield and amino acid. However, water deficit after jointing stage resulted in reduced yields seriously, especially from jointing to heading stage, even though the degree of water deficit was light. Light degree of water deficit at grain filling stage did not significantly decrease grain yield, but enhanced the water-saving effects and significantly improved grain quality.
5. The results from these studies also showed that the correlations between grain yield and protein content in winter wheat were not all negative. The situation would change in certain conditions. There were significant differences in effects of RDI at different growing stages on relationship between grain yield and quality characters. Therefore, it was suggested that coordinating high grain yield in contradiction to good grain quality might be possible, which modified the existing theory on relations of grain yield to quality. In these current studies, it was also preliminarily confirmed that RDI was a practicable technique for coordinating relationship between grain yield and quality characters in winter wheat.
6. Under conditions of mobile rain-proof shelter and cultivated in pots and ponds with winter wheat, summer maize and cotton as experimental materials, effects of combinations of RDI and nutritional regulation were studied. A three-factor (degrees of water deficit, nutrient levels, and sowing rates) quadratic rotational regression combination design were employed in pond culture. The results showed that there was a significant interaction between water deficit and nutrient levels. Negative effects of RDI were compensated by rational fertilization. Two objective function mathematical models for economic yield and WUE in wheat, maize and cotton were established, respectively, based on the data from three-factor quadratic rotational regression design experiment. Analysis of the models suggested that plant population moderately be increased and be combined with other agronomic measures while RDI was introduced. Finally, optimal schemes for combinations of RDI and agronomic measures with different objectives were worked out by computerizing simulation.
From what has been discussed above, it may be concluded that it was practical for RDI in field crops such as winter wheat, summer maize and cotton to realize the objectives to save water and obtain high grain yield, high grain quality and high WUE. Eco-physiological mechanism of RDI was like this:RDI reduced evaporation and transpiration significantly during the water deficit/stress period; luxury transpiration was significantly inhibited while photosynthetic rate decreased slightly; there were compensational or super-compensational effects of RDI on photosynthesis and photosynthetic product accumulation after re-watering; and the proportion of photosynthate partitioned to the economic organs increased. Appropriate degree of water deficit/stress at appropriate growing stages inhibited vegetative growth, promoted reproductive growth and development, coordinated R/S, and improved root absorption efficiency and material transformation efficiency in plant body.
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