沙打旺抑制瑞香狼毒的化感作用机理
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摘要
瑞香狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)是我国典型的草地毒草,直接威胁农牧区人畜生命安全和草地生态环境。瑞香狼毒大量滋生是天然草地发生严重退化的重要标志。二十世纪七、八十年代,在我国西北地区发现,人工补播豆科牧草沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)后,草地瑞香狼毒的种群繁衍受到抑制,优良牧草则逐渐恢复生长,从而使大面积的退化草地在相对较短的时期内恢复。然而,长期以来,对沙打旺抑制瑞香狼毒的作用机理缺乏研究。
本研究运用植物间的化感作用原理,通过对供体植物沙打旺的无菌组培根及其自然植株中活性物质的生物测定,研究了其对受体植物瑞香狼毒组培苗生长的影响。从理论上阐明了沙打旺可以通过其次生代谢物质的活性抑制瑞香狼毒的生长,为我国大面积退化草地上广泛蔓延的瑞香狼毒,利用沙打旺进行替代防除提供了理论依据。
研究内容及相关结果、结论如下:
1.沙打旺组培根的化感潜势
沙打旺组培根滤液的乙酸乙酯提取物在浓度为3.2 mg/L时,对瑞香狼毒组培苗的增殖、伸长生长、生物量、根系伸长生长和根系物质积累具有微弱的刺激作用或微弱的抑制作用;在浓度≥6.4 mg/L时,则表现出显著的抑制作用,且随着提取物浓度增大,其对瑞香狼毒的抑制作用逐渐增强。
沙打旺组培根提取物及其培养滤液提取物在较高浓度时,对萝卜、生菜的幼苗生长显示较强的抑制作用,当稀释到较低浓度,其抑制作用减弱,或由抑制作用转变为刺激作用。在不同培养时期,沙打旺组培根对萝卜、生菜幼苗生长的影响呈现非规律性变化。
2.沙打旺植株不同部位的化感潜势
沙打旺不同部位的乙酸乙酯提取物(1: 20)在10 mL/L的浓度条件下,显著抑制瑞香狼毒的继代培养,使其有效增殖系数、株高、鲜重和干重分别减少52.0%-78.2%、27.2%-60.1%、67.1%-85.5%、60.2%-81.9%;对瑞香狼毒生根的影响不大,其生根率在-2.6%-9.9%之间变动,显著刺激瑞香狼毒根系伸长却明显抑制根系物质积累,使其根长增加22.2%-59.7%,而根鲜重减少40.5%-53.5%。与其它部位提取物的活性比较,沙打旺地下部提取物对瑞香狼毒组织培养各种指标的影响相对较小。
沙打旺不同部位提取物对萝卜、生菜幼苗生长的化感活性具有一定的差异,但这种部位差异性在沙打旺的不同生长时期不完全一致。
3.不同生长时期沙打旺的化感潜势
营养生长期、花果期、成熟期沙打旺根的乙酸乙酯提取物处理,使瑞香狼毒组培苗的有效增殖系数下降了56.4%、52.2%、53.8%,株高下降了42.6%、50.0%、46.5%,鲜重下降了69.8%、64.5%、68.3%,干重下降了68.7%、67.6%、64.0%,生根率下降了10.0%、7.5%、12.5%,根长增加了44.0%、31.2%、57.6%,根鲜重下降了55.6%、48.5%、52.7%。表明不同生长时期沙打旺对瑞香狼毒的化感潜势无显著差异。
不同生长时期沙打旺对萝卜、生菜的幼苗生长具有不同的影响。通常,成熟期和花果期沙打旺的影响较营养期的显著。
4.不同生长年限沙打旺的化感潜势
2年生、3年生、4年生、5年生沙打旺根提取物处理的瑞香狼毒无菌材料,其有效增殖系数下降了47.7%、50.5%、45.8%、44.9%,株高下降了56.3%、59.7%、56.8%、52.2%,鲜重下降了61.7%、75.7%、60.6%、60.9%,干重下降了64.1%、71.9%、57.7%、59.4%,生根率下降了9.8%、14.6%、2.4%、-2.4%,根长增加了34.8%、45.9%、15.6%、12.6%,根鲜重下降了35.7%、42.5%、22.7%、16.4%。表明不同生长年限沙打旺对瑞香狼毒的化感潜势有一定差异,其中,3年生沙打旺对瑞香狼毒的化感潜势最显著。
在不同生长年限,沙打旺对受试植物萝卜、生菜的幼苗生长显示复杂多变的化感潜势。
Stellera chamaejasme, a typical poisonous weed species in Chinese grassland, directly endangers the life of people and livestock, the ecological environment in pasturing region. It indicates that the pasture seriously become degraded when S. chamaejasme population develops in large scales. In 1970s to 1980s, it had been found in the Northwest of China that the population of S. chamaejasme was inhibited by Astragalus adsurgens reseeded, hence, the degraded grasslands restored in a short time (about 10 a). However, no study was conducted to reveal the mechanism of A. adsurgens inhibiting S. chamaejasme.
In this study, the effects of A. adsurgens on cultured shoots from S. chamaejasme were tested by a bioassay using the extracts from sterilized cultured roots and the natural plants of A. adsurgens, according to the theory of plant allelopathy. The results showed that the growth of S. chamaejasme was inhibited by the secondary metabolism productions in A. adsurgens plants. It provides basis for the biological control of S. chamaejasme in degraded grasslands. The main contents, including the results and the conclusions of this study were listed below.
1. The allelopathic potential of cultured A. adsurgens roots
Low concentration (3.2 mg/L) of filtrate extracts from A. adsurgens roots culture had weak stimulatory or inhibitory effect on proliferation, elongation, biomass, root elongation and root matter accumulation of cultured shoots from S. chamaejasme. In contrast, the proliferation, elongation, biomass, root elongation and root matter accumulation of cultured shoots from S. chamaejasme were intensively inhibited when the concentration of filtrate extracts was 6.4 mg/L or higher. The inhibitory effect increased as the concentration of filtrate extracts increased.
Higher concentration of extracts from cultured A. adsurgens roots or culture filtrates intensively inhibited the seedlings growth of radish and lettuce. However, lower concentration of extracts from cultured A. adsurgens roots or culture filtrates had weak inhibitory effect, or the inhibitory effect became stimulatory effect. In different culture stages, the effect of cultured A. adsurgens roots on seedlings growth of radish and lettuce changed irregularly.
2. The allelopathic potential of different parts of A. adsurgens
When the extracts partitioned from different parts of A. adsurgens with ethyl acetate (1:20) were used at the level of 10 mL/L, the subculture of S. chamaejasme was inhibited obviously. Specifically, the coefficient for virtual proliferation, the height, the fresh weight and the dry weight of cultured shoots from S. chamaejasme decreased 52.0%~78.2%, 27.2%~60.1%, 67.1%~85.5%, 60.2%~81.9%, respectively. The roots formation was not intensively disturbed by extracts from different parts of A. adsurgens (the rooting rate changing in range of -2.6%~9.9%). The root elongation of cultured shoots from S. chamaejasme was greatly stimulated (the root length increase by 22.2%~59.7%), whereas, the matter accumulation in root parts was seriously inhibited (the fresh weight of root decreased by 40.5%-53.5%). Compared with the effects of extracts from other parts of A. adsurgens, the effects of extracts from underground parts were weak.
3. The allelopathic potential of A. adsurgens in different growth stages
Treated with the extracts from roots of A. adsurgens in nutritional growth stages, blossom and seed stage, maturing stage, the coefficient for virtual proliferation of cultured shoots from S. chamaejasme decreased by 56.4%, 52.2%, 53.8%, the height decreased by 42.6%, 50.0%, 46.5%, the fresh weight decreased by 69.8%, 64.5%, 68.3%, the dry weight decreased by 68.7%, 67.6%, 64.0%, the 45 d rooting rate decreased by 10.0%, 7.5%, 12.5%, the length of root increased by 44.0%, 31.2%, 57.6%, and the fresh weight of root decreased by 55.6%, 48.5%, 52.7%, respectively. It suggested that there were no obvious differences in allelopathic potential of A. adsurgens in various growth stages on the growth of S. chamaejasme.
The result also showed that A. adsurgens in various growth stages had different effects on seedling growth of radish and lettuce. Generally, the effect of A. adsurgens in maturing stage and blossom and seed stage was more intensive than that in nutritional growth.
4. The allelopathic potential of A. adsurgens in different growth years
Treated with the extracts from roots of A. adsurgens in the second, the third, the forth and the fifth growth years, the coefficient for virtual proliferation of cultured shoots from S. chamaejasme decreased by 47.7%, 50.5%, 45.8%, 44.9%, the height decreased by 56.3%, 59.7%, 56.8%, 52.2%, the fresh weight decreased by 61.7%, 75.7%, 60.6%, 60.9%, the dry weight decreased by 64.1%, 71.9%, 57.7%, 59.4%, the 45 d rooting rate decreased by 9.8%, 14.6%, 2.4%, and increased by 2.4%, the length of root increased by 34.8%, 45.9%, 15.6%, 12.6%, and the fresh weight of root decreased by 35.7%, 42.5%, 22.7%, 16.4%, respectively. It suggested that the allelopathic potential of A. adsurgens in various growth years on the growth of S. chamaejasme was not identical. Specially, the allelopathic potential of A. adsurgens in the third growth years on S. chamaejasme was more obvious than that in other growth years.
It also indicated that A. adsurgens in various growth years had complicated allelopathic potential on seedling growth of radish and lettuce.
本研究运用植物间的化感作用原理,通过对供体植物沙打旺的无菌组培根及其自然植株中活性物质的生物测定,研究了其对受体植物瑞香狼毒组培苗生长的影响。从理论上阐明了沙打旺可以通过其次生代谢物质的活性抑制瑞香狼毒的生长,为我国大面积退化草地上广泛蔓延的瑞香狼毒,利用沙打旺进行替代防除提供了理论依据。
研究内容及相关结果、结论如下:
1.沙打旺组培根的化感潜势
沙打旺组培根滤液的乙酸乙酯提取物在浓度为3.2 mg/L时,对瑞香狼毒组培苗的增殖、伸长生长、生物量、根系伸长生长和根系物质积累具有微弱的刺激作用或微弱的抑制作用;在浓度≥6.4 mg/L时,则表现出显著的抑制作用,且随着提取物浓度增大,其对瑞香狼毒的抑制作用逐渐增强。
沙打旺组培根提取物及其培养滤液提取物在较高浓度时,对萝卜、生菜的幼苗生长显示较强的抑制作用,当稀释到较低浓度,其抑制作用减弱,或由抑制作用转变为刺激作用。在不同培养时期,沙打旺组培根对萝卜、生菜幼苗生长的影响呈现非规律性变化。
2.沙打旺植株不同部位的化感潜势
沙打旺不同部位的乙酸乙酯提取物(1: 20)在10 mL/L的浓度条件下,显著抑制瑞香狼毒的继代培养,使其有效增殖系数、株高、鲜重和干重分别减少52.0%-78.2%、27.2%-60.1%、67.1%-85.5%、60.2%-81.9%;对瑞香狼毒生根的影响不大,其生根率在-2.6%-9.9%之间变动,显著刺激瑞香狼毒根系伸长却明显抑制根系物质积累,使其根长增加22.2%-59.7%,而根鲜重减少40.5%-53.5%。与其它部位提取物的活性比较,沙打旺地下部提取物对瑞香狼毒组织培养各种指标的影响相对较小。
沙打旺不同部位提取物对萝卜、生菜幼苗生长的化感活性具有一定的差异,但这种部位差异性在沙打旺的不同生长时期不完全一致。
3.不同生长时期沙打旺的化感潜势
营养生长期、花果期、成熟期沙打旺根的乙酸乙酯提取物处理,使瑞香狼毒组培苗的有效增殖系数下降了56.4%、52.2%、53.8%,株高下降了42.6%、50.0%、46.5%,鲜重下降了69.8%、64.5%、68.3%,干重下降了68.7%、67.6%、64.0%,生根率下降了10.0%、7.5%、12.5%,根长增加了44.0%、31.2%、57.6%,根鲜重下降了55.6%、48.5%、52.7%。表明不同生长时期沙打旺对瑞香狼毒的化感潜势无显著差异。
不同生长时期沙打旺对萝卜、生菜的幼苗生长具有不同的影响。通常,成熟期和花果期沙打旺的影响较营养期的显著。
4.不同生长年限沙打旺的化感潜势
2年生、3年生、4年生、5年生沙打旺根提取物处理的瑞香狼毒无菌材料,其有效增殖系数下降了47.7%、50.5%、45.8%、44.9%,株高下降了56.3%、59.7%、56.8%、52.2%,鲜重下降了61.7%、75.7%、60.6%、60.9%,干重下降了64.1%、71.9%、57.7%、59.4%,生根率下降了9.8%、14.6%、2.4%、-2.4%,根长增加了34.8%、45.9%、15.6%、12.6%,根鲜重下降了35.7%、42.5%、22.7%、16.4%。表明不同生长年限沙打旺对瑞香狼毒的化感潜势有一定差异,其中,3年生沙打旺对瑞香狼毒的化感潜势最显著。
在不同生长年限,沙打旺对受试植物萝卜、生菜的幼苗生长显示复杂多变的化感潜势。
Stellera chamaejasme, a typical poisonous weed species in Chinese grassland, directly endangers the life of people and livestock, the ecological environment in pasturing region. It indicates that the pasture seriously become degraded when S. chamaejasme population develops in large scales. In 1970s to 1980s, it had been found in the Northwest of China that the population of S. chamaejasme was inhibited by Astragalus adsurgens reseeded, hence, the degraded grasslands restored in a short time (about 10 a). However, no study was conducted to reveal the mechanism of A. adsurgens inhibiting S. chamaejasme.
In this study, the effects of A. adsurgens on cultured shoots from S. chamaejasme were tested by a bioassay using the extracts from sterilized cultured roots and the natural plants of A. adsurgens, according to the theory of plant allelopathy. The results showed that the growth of S. chamaejasme was inhibited by the secondary metabolism productions in A. adsurgens plants. It provides basis for the biological control of S. chamaejasme in degraded grasslands. The main contents, including the results and the conclusions of this study were listed below.
1. The allelopathic potential of cultured A. adsurgens roots
Low concentration (3.2 mg/L) of filtrate extracts from A. adsurgens roots culture had weak stimulatory or inhibitory effect on proliferation, elongation, biomass, root elongation and root matter accumulation of cultured shoots from S. chamaejasme. In contrast, the proliferation, elongation, biomass, root elongation and root matter accumulation of cultured shoots from S. chamaejasme were intensively inhibited when the concentration of filtrate extracts was 6.4 mg/L or higher. The inhibitory effect increased as the concentration of filtrate extracts increased.
Higher concentration of extracts from cultured A. adsurgens roots or culture filtrates intensively inhibited the seedlings growth of radish and lettuce. However, lower concentration of extracts from cultured A. adsurgens roots or culture filtrates had weak inhibitory effect, or the inhibitory effect became stimulatory effect. In different culture stages, the effect of cultured A. adsurgens roots on seedlings growth of radish and lettuce changed irregularly.
2. The allelopathic potential of different parts of A. adsurgens
When the extracts partitioned from different parts of A. adsurgens with ethyl acetate (1:20) were used at the level of 10 mL/L, the subculture of S. chamaejasme was inhibited obviously. Specifically, the coefficient for virtual proliferation, the height, the fresh weight and the dry weight of cultured shoots from S. chamaejasme decreased 52.0%~78.2%, 27.2%~60.1%, 67.1%~85.5%, 60.2%~81.9%, respectively. The roots formation was not intensively disturbed by extracts from different parts of A. adsurgens (the rooting rate changing in range of -2.6%~9.9%). The root elongation of cultured shoots from S. chamaejasme was greatly stimulated (the root length increase by 22.2%~59.7%), whereas, the matter accumulation in root parts was seriously inhibited (the fresh weight of root decreased by 40.5%-53.5%). Compared with the effects of extracts from other parts of A. adsurgens, the effects of extracts from underground parts were weak.
3. The allelopathic potential of A. adsurgens in different growth stages
Treated with the extracts from roots of A. adsurgens in nutritional growth stages, blossom and seed stage, maturing stage, the coefficient for virtual proliferation of cultured shoots from S. chamaejasme decreased by 56.4%, 52.2%, 53.8%, the height decreased by 42.6%, 50.0%, 46.5%, the fresh weight decreased by 69.8%, 64.5%, 68.3%, the dry weight decreased by 68.7%, 67.6%, 64.0%, the 45 d rooting rate decreased by 10.0%, 7.5%, 12.5%, the length of root increased by 44.0%, 31.2%, 57.6%, and the fresh weight of root decreased by 55.6%, 48.5%, 52.7%, respectively. It suggested that there were no obvious differences in allelopathic potential of A. adsurgens in various growth stages on the growth of S. chamaejasme.
The result also showed that A. adsurgens in various growth stages had different effects on seedling growth of radish and lettuce. Generally, the effect of A. adsurgens in maturing stage and blossom and seed stage was more intensive than that in nutritional growth.
4. The allelopathic potential of A. adsurgens in different growth years
Treated with the extracts from roots of A. adsurgens in the second, the third, the forth and the fifth growth years, the coefficient for virtual proliferation of cultured shoots from S. chamaejasme decreased by 47.7%, 50.5%, 45.8%, 44.9%, the height decreased by 56.3%, 59.7%, 56.8%, 52.2%, the fresh weight decreased by 61.7%, 75.7%, 60.6%, 60.9%, the dry weight decreased by 64.1%, 71.9%, 57.7%, 59.4%, the 45 d rooting rate decreased by 9.8%, 14.6%, 2.4%, and increased by 2.4%, the length of root increased by 34.8%, 45.9%, 15.6%, 12.6%, and the fresh weight of root decreased by 35.7%, 42.5%, 22.7%, 16.4%, respectively. It suggested that the allelopathic potential of A. adsurgens in various growth years on the growth of S. chamaejasme was not identical. Specially, the allelopathic potential of A. adsurgens in the third growth years on S. chamaejasme was more obvious than that in other growth years.
It also indicated that A. adsurgens in various growth years had complicated allelopathic potential on seedling growth of radish and lettuce.
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