黄瓜根系分区施肥与生长模拟研究
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摘要
本研究在提出基于最优营养吸收的根系分区施肥假设的基础上,借用现代先进的保护地设施与计算机模拟技术,通过黄瓜根系分区施肥、黄瓜种子萌发生物学起点温度理论值测定、智能人工气候室黄瓜幼苗生长模拟与低温诱导育苗以及模拟温室黄瓜节能组合加温等试验,研究了根系分区施肥对黄瓜生长发育与产量形成的影响,模拟研究了黄瓜种子萌发、幼苗生长、低温诱导、温室节能组合加温等生长特性与栽培措施效应。结果表明:
1、在“津绿露优”黄瓜植株各1/2根区分别采用标准溶液与半倍标准溶液施肥时,施肥总量减少25%,植株总鲜重与果实产量并没有显著降低,植株总干重与果实干重分别显著减少8.7%与10.5%;在“中农203”黄瓜植株两倍标准溶液+清水与倍半标准溶液+半倍标准溶液施肥处理中,施肥总量不变,植株总鲜重、果实鲜重、植株总干重、果实干重分别显著增加23.2%和16.6%、34.2%与27.1%、10.4%和5.6%、22.9%与21.0%。除大量元素+微量元素处理外,其他各处理对植株叶片数与植株高度均没有显著影响。
2、利用自主设计的智能人工气候室昼夜变温缓慢发芽法,测定黄瓜种子萌发基温操作简单,精确度高;试验测得中农203和驰誉401两个黄瓜品种种子萌发的平均基温分别为:10.48℃与10.57℃;萌发率达到70%时各自的有效积温分别为686.95℃*h和704.85℃*h;萌发率与有效积温之间的函数关系分别为y=99.130/(1+1.704*exp(1-5.653x))与y=95.460/(1+0.939*exp(1-4.267x))。
3、幼苗生长模拟试验表明,降低温度能显著降低黄瓜幼苗植株的鲜重、干重、株高和叶片数;不同品种之间的株高和叶片数存在显著性差异;幼苗各生长时期植株干重的自然对数和相对生长率与苗期生长天数之间的关系可分别用一个二次三项式函数与直线函数来模拟。在此基础上,应用Powersim软件,建立了黄瓜苗期生长CUSSIM模型。
4、苗期诱导试验表明,与对照相比,昼夜温度为22/19℃和25/19℃处理的叶片数显著降低,雌花总数显著增加,株高没有显著性差异;32/19℃处理的株高和叶片数都显著降低,雌花数没有显著影响。三个处理的果实产量分别比对照显著增加6.1%、13.9%、8.3%。
5、低夜温处理可显著提早始花期并降低第一雌花节位;在相同的日总积温条件下,高的昼夜温差与低夜温双重作用能显著提高植株的总干物质积累与果实累计干物质分配率,从而显著提高果实产量。在总积温恒定的条件下,利用现代温室的先进性,通过采用不同的昼夜温度组合加温模式,可达到节能加温、降低温室能耗的目的。
The effects of root-divided fertilization on growth,development and yield in cucumber were investigated and the growth characters or cultivating effects on seed germination,seedling growth,low temperature inducement and heating integration for greenhouse saving energy in cucumber were simulated,by root-divided fertilization,measurement of theoretical value of base temperature of seed germination,simulation of seedling growth and low temperature inducement and heating integration for greenhouse saving energy in intellectualized growth cabin,with morden protected equipment and computer simulation technology,based on the hypothesis of optimal nutrient absorption in root-divided fertilization.The results of this study indicated as followings:
1.In the treatment of standard solution +1/2 standard solution for each half of root zone in cucumber cultivar "Jinlvluyou" where total quantity of fertilizer was reduced by 25%,there was no significant reduction in total plant fresh weight and fruit yield,and there was significant reduction by 8.7%and 10.5%in total plant dry weight and fruit dry weight,respectively.In the treatment of 2 standard solution +water and that of 1.5 standard solution +0.5 standard solution in cucumber cultivar "Zhongnong 203" where the total quantity of fertilizer was constant,total plant fresh weight,fruit fresh weight,total plant dry weight and fruit dry weight were significantly increased by 23.2%and 16.6%,34.2%and 27.1%,10.4%and 5.6%,22.9% and 21.0%,respectively.Except in the treatment of massive element+trace element,there was no significant influence on leaf number and plant height in the other treatments.
2.The operation to measure base temperature of cucumber seed germination was simple and the result was accurate by slow germination method designed independently under alternate temperature between day and night in an intellectualized growth cabin;the average measured base temperatures for cutivar 'zhongnong203' and 'chiyu401' were 10.48℃and 10.57℃;the effective accumulated temperatures at 70%germination rate were 686.95℃*h and 704.85℃*h; and the functions between germination rate and effective accumulated temperature were y=99.130/(1+1.704*exp(1-5.653x)) and y=95.460/(1+0.939*exp(1-4.267x)),respectively.
3.The simulated experiment of seedling growth showed that the fresh plant weight,dry plant weight,plant height and leave number of cucumber seedling were significantly decreased by temperature reduction.;there was significant difference in plant height and leave number between different cultivars;the relations that LnDW(dry weight,DW) and relative growth rate (RGR) against days of seedling growth at different stages could be simulated by a quadratic function and liner function,respectively.Based on above,the CUSSIM model of cucumber seedling was established with POWERSIM software.
4.The experiment of seedling inducement indicated that in comparison to control leaf numbers were significantly decreased,female flower numbers were significantly increased whereas there were no significant difference in plant height in the treatments 22/19℃and 25/19℃;both plant height and leaf number were significantly reduced while there was no significant influence in flower number in treatment 32/19℃;fruit yields were significantly increased by 6.1%,13.9%and 8.3%in treatments of 22/19℃,25/19℃and 32/19℃,respectively.
5.In low night temperature treatment the blooming date of the first female flower was significantly advanced and the node of the first female flower was significantly lowered;the double effect of hign difference between day and night temperature and low night temperature significantly improved accumulation of total plant dry matter and fraction of dry matter allocated to the fruits,therefore increased the fruit yield with the constant daily sum temperature. The purpose of saving energy in greenhouse cultivation would be reached by optimal heating integration between day and night temperature with morden greenhouse when the sum temperature was constant.
1、在“津绿露优”黄瓜植株各1/2根区分别采用标准溶液与半倍标准溶液施肥时,施肥总量减少25%,植株总鲜重与果实产量并没有显著降低,植株总干重与果实干重分别显著减少8.7%与10.5%;在“中农203”黄瓜植株两倍标准溶液+清水与倍半标准溶液+半倍标准溶液施肥处理中,施肥总量不变,植株总鲜重、果实鲜重、植株总干重、果实干重分别显著增加23.2%和16.6%、34.2%与27.1%、10.4%和5.6%、22.9%与21.0%。除大量元素+微量元素处理外,其他各处理对植株叶片数与植株高度均没有显著影响。
2、利用自主设计的智能人工气候室昼夜变温缓慢发芽法,测定黄瓜种子萌发基温操作简单,精确度高;试验测得中农203和驰誉401两个黄瓜品种种子萌发的平均基温分别为:10.48℃与10.57℃;萌发率达到70%时各自的有效积温分别为686.95℃*h和704.85℃*h;萌发率与有效积温之间的函数关系分别为y=99.130/(1+1.704*exp(1-5.653x))与y=95.460/(1+0.939*exp(1-4.267x))。
3、幼苗生长模拟试验表明,降低温度能显著降低黄瓜幼苗植株的鲜重、干重、株高和叶片数;不同品种之间的株高和叶片数存在显著性差异;幼苗各生长时期植株干重的自然对数和相对生长率与苗期生长天数之间的关系可分别用一个二次三项式函数与直线函数来模拟。在此基础上,应用Powersim软件,建立了黄瓜苗期生长CUSSIM模型。
4、苗期诱导试验表明,与对照相比,昼夜温度为22/19℃和25/19℃处理的叶片数显著降低,雌花总数显著增加,株高没有显著性差异;32/19℃处理的株高和叶片数都显著降低,雌花数没有显著影响。三个处理的果实产量分别比对照显著增加6.1%、13.9%、8.3%。
5、低夜温处理可显著提早始花期并降低第一雌花节位;在相同的日总积温条件下,高的昼夜温差与低夜温双重作用能显著提高植株的总干物质积累与果实累计干物质分配率,从而显著提高果实产量。在总积温恒定的条件下,利用现代温室的先进性,通过采用不同的昼夜温度组合加温模式,可达到节能加温、降低温室能耗的目的。
The effects of root-divided fertilization on growth,development and yield in cucumber were investigated and the growth characters or cultivating effects on seed germination,seedling growth,low temperature inducement and heating integration for greenhouse saving energy in cucumber were simulated,by root-divided fertilization,measurement of theoretical value of base temperature of seed germination,simulation of seedling growth and low temperature inducement and heating integration for greenhouse saving energy in intellectualized growth cabin,with morden protected equipment and computer simulation technology,based on the hypothesis of optimal nutrient absorption in root-divided fertilization.The results of this study indicated as followings:
1.In the treatment of standard solution +1/2 standard solution for each half of root zone in cucumber cultivar "Jinlvluyou" where total quantity of fertilizer was reduced by 25%,there was no significant reduction in total plant fresh weight and fruit yield,and there was significant reduction by 8.7%and 10.5%in total plant dry weight and fruit dry weight,respectively.In the treatment of 2 standard solution +water and that of 1.5 standard solution +0.5 standard solution in cucumber cultivar "Zhongnong 203" where the total quantity of fertilizer was constant,total plant fresh weight,fruit fresh weight,total plant dry weight and fruit dry weight were significantly increased by 23.2%and 16.6%,34.2%and 27.1%,10.4%and 5.6%,22.9% and 21.0%,respectively.Except in the treatment of massive element+trace element,there was no significant influence on leaf number and plant height in the other treatments.
2.The operation to measure base temperature of cucumber seed germination was simple and the result was accurate by slow germination method designed independently under alternate temperature between day and night in an intellectualized growth cabin;the average measured base temperatures for cutivar 'zhongnong203' and 'chiyu401' were 10.48℃and 10.57℃;the effective accumulated temperatures at 70%germination rate were 686.95℃*h and 704.85℃*h; and the functions between germination rate and effective accumulated temperature were y=99.130/(1+1.704*exp(1-5.653x)) and y=95.460/(1+0.939*exp(1-4.267x)),respectively.
3.The simulated experiment of seedling growth showed that the fresh plant weight,dry plant weight,plant height and leave number of cucumber seedling were significantly decreased by temperature reduction.;there was significant difference in plant height and leave number between different cultivars;the relations that LnDW(dry weight,DW) and relative growth rate (RGR) against days of seedling growth at different stages could be simulated by a quadratic function and liner function,respectively.Based on above,the CUSSIM model of cucumber seedling was established with POWERSIM software.
4.The experiment of seedling inducement indicated that in comparison to control leaf numbers were significantly decreased,female flower numbers were significantly increased whereas there were no significant difference in plant height in the treatments 22/19℃and 25/19℃;both plant height and leaf number were significantly reduced while there was no significant influence in flower number in treatment 32/19℃;fruit yields were significantly increased by 6.1%,13.9%and 8.3%in treatments of 22/19℃,25/19℃and 32/19℃,respectively.
5.In low night temperature treatment the blooming date of the first female flower was significantly advanced and the node of the first female flower was significantly lowered;the double effect of hign difference between day and night temperature and low night temperature significantly improved accumulation of total plant dry matter and fraction of dry matter allocated to the fruits,therefore increased the fruit yield with the constant daily sum temperature. The purpose of saving energy in greenhouse cultivation would be reached by optimal heating integration between day and night temperature with morden greenhouse when the sum temperature was constant.
引文
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