木醋液在农业上的应用及作用机理研究
摘要
木醋液是将植物性原料炭化或干馏过程中产生的气体混合物经冷凝回收,分离获得的有机产品。木醋液中已检定出酸、醇、酚、酯、羰基类及呋喃类等约500种成分。经过简单和精细加工之后,可用于农业、工业、环境保护、医疗卫生及食品加工保鲜等诸多领域。农业生产上可作为植物生长促进剂、土壤改良剂、抗菌剂、杀虫剂、驱避剂、消臭剂、饲料添加剂、有机肥发酵剂来使用,并具有安全、无污染、无残留等优点。对充分利用废弃植物性资源,降低二氧化碳排放,发展有机生态农业,走可持续发展之路具有重要意义。本文研究了木醋液在人参、平贝母、平菇、香菇、蛋鸡上的应用效果及作用机理和木醋液与植物提取物配合使用对病虫的防治效果,旨在为木醋液在农业生产上推广应用提供科学依据。
不同稀释倍数的木醋液叶面喷洒对人参和平贝母的影响不同。适宜稀释倍数的木醋液具有促进生长,提高产量和提高人参皂苷含量的作用。人参喷洒300倍木醋液使生物量、产量和人参皂苷含量分别比对照提高9.97%、12.26%和36.28%；平贝母喷洒200倍木醋液使生物量、产量和株高分别比对照提高17.66%、14.47%和13.69%；并均有促进根系发育,增强根系活力,提高叶绿素含量和光合速率,促进对N、P、K的吸收作用。较高浓度的木醋液促进人参和平贝径向生长,其叶宽,茎粗和根粗(直径)测定值均大于对照。
木醋液提高人参、平贝母产量及人参皂苷含量的可能作用机理是叶面喷洒适宜浓度的木醋液后,刺激植物根系释放更多分泌物,扩大和改善根际微环境,促进根际微生物的繁殖,进而提高养分有效性和植物根系对N、P、K等营养元素的吸收,促进叶绿素的合成。
平菇和香菇培养料中添加不同浓度的木醋液对菌丝生长和产量的影响不同。高浓度木醋液抑制菌丝生长和产量提高,适宜浓度的木醋液促进菌丝生长和产量提高。平菇和香菇培养料中添加0.05%的木醋液,菌丝生长速度明显高于其他处理,使产量分别比对照提高13.50%和12.67%；但对两者氨基酸总含量和人体必需氨基酸含量无显著影响。
蛋鸡饲料中添加不同浓度木醋液对产蛋量和蛋品质的影响不同。高浓度木醋液降低产蛋量；添加0.75%木醋液使产蛋量和产蛋率分别比对照提高4.03%和2.14%,蛋白质和钙含量最高提高10.85%和14.75%,而胆固醇含量最高降幅达31.8%；木醋液不同处理均有降低胆固醇的效果,但对微量元素Fe、Cu、Zn的含量无显著影响。
木醋液和有毒植物提取物配合使用可提高对病虫的防治效果,其防治效果随木醋液浓度提高而提高。供试五种植物提取物中,与木醋液配合使用对菜青虫防治效果最好的是洋金花提取物；供试九种植物提取中,与木醋液配合使用对黄瓜角斑病防治效果最好的是马齿苋提取物,对白粉病防治效果最好的是皱叶酸模提取物,木醋液单独及与供试植物提取物混合施用均有提高黄瓜产量和改善品质的作用。因提取物使用浓度低病虫防效差,试验中提取物使用浓度均较高,在实际生产中很难使用。本试验的主要目的在于考察木醋液与有毒植物提取物配合使用是否具有提高药效的作用,如何降低提取物使用浓度有待进一步研究。
Pyroligneous acid is the organic product obtained from plants with dry distillation by the process of condensate, recovery and separation from natural gas mixture. Acids, alcohols, phenols, esters, carbonyl and furan by nearly 500 different compounds has been identified in the Pyroligneous acid. After a simple and fine process, on pyroligneous acid could be used in agriculture, industry, environmental protection, health and preservation of the areas of food processing and so on. It can also be used as the plant growth-promoting agent, the soil conditioner, the anti-bacterial agent, the insecticide, the repellent, the deodorizing agent, the feed additive, the organic fertilizer ferment in the agricultural production. It is safe, pollution-free, non-residue and with other advantages. It has great significant effect the on wasting vegetable resources, reducing carbon dioxide emissions, developing of organic ecological agriculture, and keeping the sustainable development of agriculture. This paper studied the effects and action mechanism of pyroligneous acid on panax ginseng, bulbus fritillariae ussuriensis, oyster mushroom, black forest mushrooms, and egg on the application. The control effect of pyroligneous acid and plant extracts with the use. The aim was to provide a scientific basis of pyroligneous acid liquid popularization and application in agriculture.
A different dilution of pyroligneous acid foliar spray had different effects on different ginseng peace and bulbus Fritillaries. Appropriate dilution of the pyroligneous acid could promote the growth, increase production and improve the content of the role of ginsenosides. Ginseng spraying 300 times pyroligneous acid made the biomass, production and ginseng spooning content compared with the control respectively increased 9.97%,12.26% and 36.28%; bulbus Fritillaries spraying 200 times pyroligneous acid made the biomass, production and plant height compared with the control respectively increased 17.66%,14.47% and 13.69%; and have the effect of promoting root growth, enhancing root vigor, increasing chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate, the promotion of N, P, K of the absorption. A higher concentration of pyroligneous acid could promote radial growth of ginseng and bulbuls fritillariae usuries. The measured values of leaf width, stem diameter and root thick (diameter) was higher than that of the control.
The mechenism of pyroligneous acid to increase yield of panax ginseng and bulbus fritillariae ussuriensis is that it can stimulate more secretion of the roots, improve the microenvironment of the roots and promote the probagation of microorganism so as to improve the effectiveness of the nutritients and the absorption of the nutritient elements (N, P, K), as well as the synthesis of chlorophyl.
Adding the different concentrations of pyroligneous acid to oyster mushroom and black forest mushroom cultivation compound had different effects on the mycelial growth and yield. High concentration of pyroligneous acid restrained the growth and increased the production of mycelial. The suitable concentration of pyroligneous acid could promote growth and increase the production of the mycelial. Adding the 0.05% pyroligneous acid into the oyster mushroom and the black forest mushroom cultivation compound, the mycelium growth rate was significantly higher than other treatments, and the yield compared with the control respectively increased 13.50%, and 12.67%; but both the total content of amino acids and the content of essential amino acids showed no significance.
There were different effects on the egg production and egg quality along with different concentration levels of pyroligneous acid added into the layers feed. High concentration of pyroligneous acid would reduce egg production; white with 0.75% pyroligneous acid, egg production rate increased 4.03% and 2.14% compared with the control. The highest content of protein and calcium increased 10.85% and 14.75%, while the highest content of cholesterol decreased to 31.8%. Different treatments of pyroligneous acid have all cholesterol-lowering effects, but there was no significant effect on the trace elements Fe, Cu, Zn content.
Pyroligneous acid with toxic plant extracts can improve the control effect on pest, the control effect increased with increasing the concentration of pyroligneous acid. From five kinds of plant extracts in the test, Datura metel extract used in conjunction with the pyroligneous acid was the best control effect on Pieris rapae. From nine plant extracts in the test, purslane extract used in conjunction with pyroligneous acid was the best control effect on cucumber angular leaf spot, the best control effect on powdery mildew was Rumex crispus extract, pyroligneous acid alone and with the tested plant extracts were mixed fertilizer to improve the yield and quality of cucumber. The effect of the low concentration of extract used for pest control was poor. It was difficult to use the higher concentration of the extracts in the test in practice. To study whether the pyroligneous acid and toxic plant extract used in conjunction has increased the efficacy of the role was the main purpose in this experiment. And how to reduce the concentration of extracts to be used will be researched in further study.
不同稀释倍数的木醋液叶面喷洒对人参和平贝母的影响不同。适宜稀释倍数的木醋液具有促进生长,提高产量和提高人参皂苷含量的作用。人参喷洒300倍木醋液使生物量、产量和人参皂苷含量分别比对照提高9.97%、12.26%和36.28%；平贝母喷洒200倍木醋液使生物量、产量和株高分别比对照提高17.66%、14.47%和13.69%；并均有促进根系发育,增强根系活力,提高叶绿素含量和光合速率,促进对N、P、K的吸收作用。较高浓度的木醋液促进人参和平贝径向生长,其叶宽,茎粗和根粗(直径)测定值均大于对照。
木醋液提高人参、平贝母产量及人参皂苷含量的可能作用机理是叶面喷洒适宜浓度的木醋液后,刺激植物根系释放更多分泌物,扩大和改善根际微环境,促进根际微生物的繁殖,进而提高养分有效性和植物根系对N、P、K等营养元素的吸收,促进叶绿素的合成。
平菇和香菇培养料中添加不同浓度的木醋液对菌丝生长和产量的影响不同。高浓度木醋液抑制菌丝生长和产量提高,适宜浓度的木醋液促进菌丝生长和产量提高。平菇和香菇培养料中添加0.05%的木醋液,菌丝生长速度明显高于其他处理,使产量分别比对照提高13.50%和12.67%；但对两者氨基酸总含量和人体必需氨基酸含量无显著影响。
蛋鸡饲料中添加不同浓度木醋液对产蛋量和蛋品质的影响不同。高浓度木醋液降低产蛋量；添加0.75%木醋液使产蛋量和产蛋率分别比对照提高4.03%和2.14%,蛋白质和钙含量最高提高10.85%和14.75%,而胆固醇含量最高降幅达31.8%；木醋液不同处理均有降低胆固醇的效果,但对微量元素Fe、Cu、Zn的含量无显著影响。
木醋液和有毒植物提取物配合使用可提高对病虫的防治效果,其防治效果随木醋液浓度提高而提高。供试五种植物提取物中,与木醋液配合使用对菜青虫防治效果最好的是洋金花提取物；供试九种植物提取中,与木醋液配合使用对黄瓜角斑病防治效果最好的是马齿苋提取物,对白粉病防治效果最好的是皱叶酸模提取物,木醋液单独及与供试植物提取物混合施用均有提高黄瓜产量和改善品质的作用。因提取物使用浓度低病虫防效差,试验中提取物使用浓度均较高,在实际生产中很难使用。本试验的主要目的在于考察木醋液与有毒植物提取物配合使用是否具有提高药效的作用,如何降低提取物使用浓度有待进一步研究。
Pyroligneous acid is the organic product obtained from plants with dry distillation by the process of condensate, recovery and separation from natural gas mixture. Acids, alcohols, phenols, esters, carbonyl and furan by nearly 500 different compounds has been identified in the Pyroligneous acid. After a simple and fine process, on pyroligneous acid could be used in agriculture, industry, environmental protection, health and preservation of the areas of food processing and so on. It can also be used as the plant growth-promoting agent, the soil conditioner, the anti-bacterial agent, the insecticide, the repellent, the deodorizing agent, the feed additive, the organic fertilizer ferment in the agricultural production. It is safe, pollution-free, non-residue and with other advantages. It has great significant effect the on wasting vegetable resources, reducing carbon dioxide emissions, developing of organic ecological agriculture, and keeping the sustainable development of agriculture. This paper studied the effects and action mechanism of pyroligneous acid on panax ginseng, bulbus fritillariae ussuriensis, oyster mushroom, black forest mushrooms, and egg on the application. The control effect of pyroligneous acid and plant extracts with the use. The aim was to provide a scientific basis of pyroligneous acid liquid popularization and application in agriculture.
A different dilution of pyroligneous acid foliar spray had different effects on different ginseng peace and bulbus Fritillaries. Appropriate dilution of the pyroligneous acid could promote the growth, increase production and improve the content of the role of ginsenosides. Ginseng spraying 300 times pyroligneous acid made the biomass, production and ginseng spooning content compared with the control respectively increased 9.97%,12.26% and 36.28%; bulbus Fritillaries spraying 200 times pyroligneous acid made the biomass, production and plant height compared with the control respectively increased 17.66%,14.47% and 13.69%; and have the effect of promoting root growth, enhancing root vigor, increasing chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate, the promotion of N, P, K of the absorption. A higher concentration of pyroligneous acid could promote radial growth of ginseng and bulbuls fritillariae usuries. The measured values of leaf width, stem diameter and root thick (diameter) was higher than that of the control.
The mechenism of pyroligneous acid to increase yield of panax ginseng and bulbus fritillariae ussuriensis is that it can stimulate more secretion of the roots, improve the microenvironment of the roots and promote the probagation of microorganism so as to improve the effectiveness of the nutritients and the absorption of the nutritient elements (N, P, K), as well as the synthesis of chlorophyl.
Adding the different concentrations of pyroligneous acid to oyster mushroom and black forest mushroom cultivation compound had different effects on the mycelial growth and yield. High concentration of pyroligneous acid restrained the growth and increased the production of mycelial. The suitable concentration of pyroligneous acid could promote growth and increase the production of the mycelial. Adding the 0.05% pyroligneous acid into the oyster mushroom and the black forest mushroom cultivation compound, the mycelium growth rate was significantly higher than other treatments, and the yield compared with the control respectively increased 13.50%, and 12.67%; but both the total content of amino acids and the content of essential amino acids showed no significance.
There were different effects on the egg production and egg quality along with different concentration levels of pyroligneous acid added into the layers feed. High concentration of pyroligneous acid would reduce egg production; white with 0.75% pyroligneous acid, egg production rate increased 4.03% and 2.14% compared with the control. The highest content of protein and calcium increased 10.85% and 14.75%, while the highest content of cholesterol decreased to 31.8%. Different treatments of pyroligneous acid have all cholesterol-lowering effects, but there was no significant effect on the trace elements Fe, Cu, Zn content.
Pyroligneous acid with toxic plant extracts can improve the control effect on pest, the control effect increased with increasing the concentration of pyroligneous acid. From five kinds of plant extracts in the test, Datura metel extract used in conjunction with the pyroligneous acid was the best control effect on Pieris rapae. From nine plant extracts in the test, purslane extract used in conjunction with pyroligneous acid was the best control effect on cucumber angular leaf spot, the best control effect on powdery mildew was Rumex crispus extract, pyroligneous acid alone and with the tested plant extracts were mixed fertilizer to improve the yield and quality of cucumber. The effect of the low concentration of extract used for pest control was poor. It was difficult to use the higher concentration of the extracts in the test in practice. To study whether the pyroligneous acid and toxic plant extract used in conjunction has increased the efficacy of the role was the main purpose in this experiment. And how to reduce the concentration of extracts to be used will be researched in further study.
引文
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