米粉稻品种筛选及配套栽培技术研究
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摘要
目前,国内外用大米制作的食品很多,米粉便是其中之一。米粉是我国南方一种历史悠久的传统食品,它以松软爽口、食用方便被广大群众所喜爱。随着人们生活水平的提高,米粉在膳食结构中异军突起,不但在早餐中少不了它,在中餐、晚餐乃至夜宵的餐桌上也有了一席之地。米粉已成为一种需求量大、经济实惠的快餐食品。
我国是世界第一产稻大国,大米主要作为口粮消费,但长江流域主栽的早籼稻,一方面工艺品质差,如垩白度大、垩白率高,稻米结构松脆,整精米率低,大米加工企业加工早籼稻谷无利可图；另一方面食用品质差,表现在米饭松散,粘弹性差,口感不好,所以早籼稻米市场销路不畅。
为了支持米粉产业的发展,也为了给早籼稻寻找出路,湖南率先提出了“米粉稻”概念。本研究以30多个水稻品种为材料,通过米粉加工和田间品比试验,分析了稻米品质与米粉质量的相关性,提出了筛选米粉稻品种的主要指标,筛选出了一批适宜于湖南地区种植的米粉稻品种,并从栽植方式、基本苗数、肥料运筹、化学调控、收割时期等方面,系统研究了米粉稻高产优质综合配套技术。主要结果如下：
(1)米粉加工、米粉品质检测、稻米品质测定以及米粉品质与稻米品质相关性分析表明,大米直链淀粉含量与米粉品质指标密切相关,糊化温度与米粉酸度、断条率、吐浆值呈极显著正相关,胶稠度与米粉品质也有明显相关性,蛋白质含量对米粉品质影响较小。筛选米粉稻品种的主要指标为：直链淀粉含量较高(20%～26%)、糊化温度较低(1-3级)、胶稠度较低(<40mm)、生态适应性较强。
(2)米粉稻生态适应性试验结果表明,米粉稻品种在不同生态区种植,在生育期、产量和品质上均表现出较大的差别。根据米粉稻生态适应性试验和加工实验结果,发现湘早籼33号、湘早籼24号、湘早籼29号、湘早籼32号、农大早26和99早677等早稻品种(品系)和余赤231-8、V77等晚稻品种可作为米粉专用稻品种在湖南省种植推广。
(3)栽植方式和基本苗试验结果表明,①栽植方式对米粉稻产量形成有明显影响。宽窄行栽培能使米粉稻形成良好的群体结构,促进米粉稻生育后期的干物质积累与后期茎鞘存贮物质的输出,增加同化产物在穗部积累；②基本苗影响米粉稻产量和品质,每穴6苗处理干物质积累和产量显著高于每穴3苗处理,但每穴3苗处理米粉稻稻米品质优于每穴6苗处理；③栽植方式显著影响米粉稻稻米品质。宽窄行栽培可提高米粉稻出糙率、精米率、蛋白质含量和直链淀粉含量,降低垩白粒率,对胶稠度、糊化温度影响不大,而基本苗增加导致米粉稻稻米胶稠度明显上升。
(4)肥料用量与配比试验结果表明,肥料用量与配比明显影响米粉稻产量和经济性状,显著影响稻米垩白度和整精米率；肥料种类与施用时期显著影响米粉稻产量,显著影响稻米整精米率和垩白度,但均表现出了明显的品种间差异。可见,通过肥料可以调控米粉稻产量和品质性状,但不同品种须制定不同施肥措施。在土壤肥力较高的稻田,从提高产量的角度,湘早籼33号的最佳施肥方案为施纯氮7.5kg/667m2, N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.8:1.2,若考虑到产量与经济效益两个方面,湘早籼33号和01早5202的最佳施肥方案为施纯氮5kg/667m2,N:p2O5:k2O=1:0.6:1。
(5)肥料种类和施肥时期试验结果表明,不同米粉稻品种对肥料种类要求有一定差异；而在施肥时期上,以分三次(基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥)施用的产量最高,次性施用的产量最低。肥料种类和施肥时期对米粉稻出糙率和精米率影响不大,对整精米率和垩白度影响显著,而对直链淀粉含量的影响在品种间表现有差异。整体来看,“有机肥+水稻专用复合肥”处理和“基肥60%、分蘖肥40%”的处理有利于垩白度降低。
(6)单质化学调控剂试验结果表明：化学调控对米粉稻出糙率、精米率、精米长以及直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量没有显著影响,但显著影响整精米率、精米宽、垩白粒率、垩白面积和垩白度,显著降低胶稠度。整体来看,单质化学调控剂不能全面改善米粉稻的品质。
(7)复合化学调控剂试验结果表明：3种复合调控剂中,M3处理(GA325 mg/L+氯化胆碱0.1%混合溶液30kg/667m2)能显著提高米粉稻产量和直链淀粉含量、显著降低蛋白质含量,有利于促进米粉稻高产优质。
(8)收割时期对米粉稻产量和稻米品质影响显著,综合考虑米粉稻产量、米粉加工质量以及温光资源的充分利用和后季水稻的高产,早季米粉稻以齐穗后25天收获为宜。
At present, there are many types of food made from rice at home and abroad, in which rice noodle is common. Rice noodle is a type of traditional food in sourth China, which is favorable by people because of its lofty, refreshing and convenience. With the improvement of living level of people, rice noodle become more and more important in dietary pattern. Rice noodle has become a type of fast food with great demand and low cost.
China is the biggest rice production country in the world. Rice is consumed mainly as ration, while the early indica rice in Yangtze River basin has two problems. One is the bad processing quality of early indica rice, such as bigger chalkiness degree, higher chalkiness ratio, crisp rice structure, lower head rice rate, which induce to lower benefit for processing enterprises. Another is the bad eating quality of cooked rice, which mainly shows on three aspects, loose, bad viscoelasticity and bad taste. So the marketing of early indica rice is poor.
In order to support the development of rice noodle industry and find a solution of early indica rice, the concept of "rice noodle" was put forward firstly in Hunan province. In this study, more than 30 rice cultivars were used as materials to conduct rice noodle processing experiments and field experiments about cultivar screening, planting modes, basic seedlings, fertilizer planning, chemical regulating and harvesting stages, and then analyzed the correlation between rice quality and rice noodle quality, put forward the main indexes for variety screening of rice noodle rice, screened a batch of rice noodle rice varieties which were suitable to planting in Hunan province, and systematically studied the comprehensive techniques for high yielding and high quality of rice noodle rice. The main results were showed as follows.
(1) Results of experiments of rice noodle processing and quality examining, rice quality examining and correlation analyzing between rice noodle quality and rice quality showed that close correlation existed between cmylose content (AC) content in rice and quality indexes of rice noodle, significant positive correlation existed between gelatinization temperature and acidity, breaking rate and turpan slurry value of rice noodle. Effect of protein content in rice on quality of rice noodle was unconspicuous. The main indexes for screening of rice noodle rice varieties were higher content of AC,20%～26%, lower gelatinization temperature, grade 1～3, lower gel consistency,<40 mm, and stronger ecological adaptability.
(2) Results of experiment of ecological adaptability of rice noodle rice showed that growth duration, yield and quality of rice noodle rice varieties showed evident differences among different ecological regions. According to results of experiments of ecological adaptability and rice noodle processing, some early rice varieties, such as Xiangzaoxian No.33, Xiangzaoxian No.24, Xiangzaoxian No.29, Xiangzaoxian No.32, Nongdazao 26 and 99 zao 677, and some late rice varieties, such as Yuchi 231-8 and V77, were suitable to plant in Hunan province as rice noodle rice varieties.
(3) Results of experiments of planting mode and basic seedling showed that①there was clear effect of planting mode on yield formation of rice noodle rice. Wide-narrow row cultivation could improve population structure, promote dry matter accumulation at late growth stage and output of store matter of stem and sheath, increase the accumulation of assimilation matter in panicle.②Effect of basic seedling on yield and quality of rice noodle rice was clear, and dry matter accumulation and yield in 6 seedling per hill treatment were significant higher than those in 3 seedling treatment, while rice quality in 3 seedling per hill treatment was better.③Rice quality of rice noodle rice was significantly affected by planting mode. Wide-narrow row cultivation could increase brown rice rate, head rice rate, protein content and AC, decrease percentage of chalky rice, while there was no clear effect on gel consistency and gelatinization temperature. Increase of basic seedling reduced to clear increase of gel consistency of rice noodle rice.
(4) Results of experiment of fertilizer application rate and proportion showed that fertilizer application rate and proportion significantly affected on yield and economic charaters of rice noodle rice and chalkiness degree and head rice rate, and type of fertilizer and application stage significantly affected on yield of rice noodle rice and chalkiness degree and head rice rate, while clear varietal differences were observed. So controlling yield and quality of rice noodle rice by fertilizer was feasible, while different fertilization measures must be maken according to different varieties. As for increasing yield, the optimal fertilizing plan for Xiangzaoxian No.33 was N 7.5 kg/667m2 and N: P2O5:K2O=1:0.8:1.2. Considering to yield and benefit, the the optimal fertilizing plan for Xiangzaoxian No.33 and 01 zao 5202 was N 5 kg/667m2 and N:p2O5:k2O=1:0.6:1.
(5) Results of experiment of fertilizer type and application stage showed that the requirement of different rice noodle rice varieties to fertilizer types was different. As for fertilization stages, yield of 3 times treatment, basal fertilizer, tillering fertilizer and panicle fertilizer, was highest, and that of one time treatment was lowest. Affect of fertilizer type and application stage on brown rice rate and milled rice rate was not clear, while that on head rice rate and chalkiness degree was significant, and that on AC showed varietal difference. In general, treatment of organic fertilizer+ rice specific compound fertilizer and treatment of 60% basal fertilizer+40% tillering fertilizer were advantageous to decrease chalkiness degree of rice.
(6) Results of experiment of simple substance chemical regulatory agent (SCRA) showed that the effects of chemical regulatory agent on brown rice rate, milled rice rate, milled rice length, AC and protein content were not significant, while the effects on head rice rate, milled rice width, percentage of chalky rice, chalkiness eare and chalkiness degree were significant, and the effect on gel consistency was significant decrease. In general, SCRA could not comprehensively improve quality of rice noodle rice.
(7) Results of experiment of compound chemical regulatory agent (CCRA) showed that M3 treatment,30 kg/667m2 mixed solution of GA325 mg/L and choline chloride 0.1%, was advantageous to improve the yield and quality of rice noodle rice mainly by significant increase of yield and AC and significant decrease of protein content.
(8) Results of experiment of havesting stage showed that effects of havesting stage on yield and quality of rice noodle rice were significant. Comprehensively considering yield of rice, rice noodle processing quality, full use of temperature and photo resouces and high yielding of aftercrop rice, the optimal havesting stage of early rice noodle rice was 25 d after full heading.
我国是世界第一产稻大国,大米主要作为口粮消费,但长江流域主栽的早籼稻,一方面工艺品质差,如垩白度大、垩白率高,稻米结构松脆,整精米率低,大米加工企业加工早籼稻谷无利可图；另一方面食用品质差,表现在米饭松散,粘弹性差,口感不好,所以早籼稻米市场销路不畅。
为了支持米粉产业的发展,也为了给早籼稻寻找出路,湖南率先提出了“米粉稻”概念。本研究以30多个水稻品种为材料,通过米粉加工和田间品比试验,分析了稻米品质与米粉质量的相关性,提出了筛选米粉稻品种的主要指标,筛选出了一批适宜于湖南地区种植的米粉稻品种,并从栽植方式、基本苗数、肥料运筹、化学调控、收割时期等方面,系统研究了米粉稻高产优质综合配套技术。主要结果如下：
(1)米粉加工、米粉品质检测、稻米品质测定以及米粉品质与稻米品质相关性分析表明,大米直链淀粉含量与米粉品质指标密切相关,糊化温度与米粉酸度、断条率、吐浆值呈极显著正相关,胶稠度与米粉品质也有明显相关性,蛋白质含量对米粉品质影响较小。筛选米粉稻品种的主要指标为：直链淀粉含量较高(20%～26%)、糊化温度较低(1-3级)、胶稠度较低(<40mm)、生态适应性较强。
(2)米粉稻生态适应性试验结果表明,米粉稻品种在不同生态区种植,在生育期、产量和品质上均表现出较大的差别。根据米粉稻生态适应性试验和加工实验结果,发现湘早籼33号、湘早籼24号、湘早籼29号、湘早籼32号、农大早26和99早677等早稻品种(品系)和余赤231-8、V77等晚稻品种可作为米粉专用稻品种在湖南省种植推广。
(3)栽植方式和基本苗试验结果表明,①栽植方式对米粉稻产量形成有明显影响。宽窄行栽培能使米粉稻形成良好的群体结构,促进米粉稻生育后期的干物质积累与后期茎鞘存贮物质的输出,增加同化产物在穗部积累；②基本苗影响米粉稻产量和品质,每穴6苗处理干物质积累和产量显著高于每穴3苗处理,但每穴3苗处理米粉稻稻米品质优于每穴6苗处理；③栽植方式显著影响米粉稻稻米品质。宽窄行栽培可提高米粉稻出糙率、精米率、蛋白质含量和直链淀粉含量,降低垩白粒率,对胶稠度、糊化温度影响不大,而基本苗增加导致米粉稻稻米胶稠度明显上升。
(4)肥料用量与配比试验结果表明,肥料用量与配比明显影响米粉稻产量和经济性状,显著影响稻米垩白度和整精米率；肥料种类与施用时期显著影响米粉稻产量,显著影响稻米整精米率和垩白度,但均表现出了明显的品种间差异。可见,通过肥料可以调控米粉稻产量和品质性状,但不同品种须制定不同施肥措施。在土壤肥力较高的稻田,从提高产量的角度,湘早籼33号的最佳施肥方案为施纯氮7.5kg/667m2, N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.8:1.2,若考虑到产量与经济效益两个方面,湘早籼33号和01早5202的最佳施肥方案为施纯氮5kg/667m2,N:p2O5:k2O=1:0.6:1。
(5)肥料种类和施肥时期试验结果表明,不同米粉稻品种对肥料种类要求有一定差异；而在施肥时期上,以分三次(基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥)施用的产量最高,次性施用的产量最低。肥料种类和施肥时期对米粉稻出糙率和精米率影响不大,对整精米率和垩白度影响显著,而对直链淀粉含量的影响在品种间表现有差异。整体来看,“有机肥+水稻专用复合肥”处理和“基肥60%、分蘖肥40%”的处理有利于垩白度降低。
(6)单质化学调控剂试验结果表明：化学调控对米粉稻出糙率、精米率、精米长以及直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量没有显著影响,但显著影响整精米率、精米宽、垩白粒率、垩白面积和垩白度,显著降低胶稠度。整体来看,单质化学调控剂不能全面改善米粉稻的品质。
(7)复合化学调控剂试验结果表明：3种复合调控剂中,M3处理(GA325 mg/L+氯化胆碱0.1%混合溶液30kg/667m2)能显著提高米粉稻产量和直链淀粉含量、显著降低蛋白质含量,有利于促进米粉稻高产优质。
(8)收割时期对米粉稻产量和稻米品质影响显著,综合考虑米粉稻产量、米粉加工质量以及温光资源的充分利用和后季水稻的高产,早季米粉稻以齐穗后25天收获为宜。
At present, there are many types of food made from rice at home and abroad, in which rice noodle is common. Rice noodle is a type of traditional food in sourth China, which is favorable by people because of its lofty, refreshing and convenience. With the improvement of living level of people, rice noodle become more and more important in dietary pattern. Rice noodle has become a type of fast food with great demand and low cost.
China is the biggest rice production country in the world. Rice is consumed mainly as ration, while the early indica rice in Yangtze River basin has two problems. One is the bad processing quality of early indica rice, such as bigger chalkiness degree, higher chalkiness ratio, crisp rice structure, lower head rice rate, which induce to lower benefit for processing enterprises. Another is the bad eating quality of cooked rice, which mainly shows on three aspects, loose, bad viscoelasticity and bad taste. So the marketing of early indica rice is poor.
In order to support the development of rice noodle industry and find a solution of early indica rice, the concept of "rice noodle" was put forward firstly in Hunan province. In this study, more than 30 rice cultivars were used as materials to conduct rice noodle processing experiments and field experiments about cultivar screening, planting modes, basic seedlings, fertilizer planning, chemical regulating and harvesting stages, and then analyzed the correlation between rice quality and rice noodle quality, put forward the main indexes for variety screening of rice noodle rice, screened a batch of rice noodle rice varieties which were suitable to planting in Hunan province, and systematically studied the comprehensive techniques for high yielding and high quality of rice noodle rice. The main results were showed as follows.
(1) Results of experiments of rice noodle processing and quality examining, rice quality examining and correlation analyzing between rice noodle quality and rice quality showed that close correlation existed between cmylose content (AC) content in rice and quality indexes of rice noodle, significant positive correlation existed between gelatinization temperature and acidity, breaking rate and turpan slurry value of rice noodle. Effect of protein content in rice on quality of rice noodle was unconspicuous. The main indexes for screening of rice noodle rice varieties were higher content of AC,20%～26%, lower gelatinization temperature, grade 1～3, lower gel consistency,<40 mm, and stronger ecological adaptability.
(2) Results of experiment of ecological adaptability of rice noodle rice showed that growth duration, yield and quality of rice noodle rice varieties showed evident differences among different ecological regions. According to results of experiments of ecological adaptability and rice noodle processing, some early rice varieties, such as Xiangzaoxian No.33, Xiangzaoxian No.24, Xiangzaoxian No.29, Xiangzaoxian No.32, Nongdazao 26 and 99 zao 677, and some late rice varieties, such as Yuchi 231-8 and V77, were suitable to plant in Hunan province as rice noodle rice varieties.
(3) Results of experiments of planting mode and basic seedling showed that①there was clear effect of planting mode on yield formation of rice noodle rice. Wide-narrow row cultivation could improve population structure, promote dry matter accumulation at late growth stage and output of store matter of stem and sheath, increase the accumulation of assimilation matter in panicle.②Effect of basic seedling on yield and quality of rice noodle rice was clear, and dry matter accumulation and yield in 6 seedling per hill treatment were significant higher than those in 3 seedling treatment, while rice quality in 3 seedling per hill treatment was better.③Rice quality of rice noodle rice was significantly affected by planting mode. Wide-narrow row cultivation could increase brown rice rate, head rice rate, protein content and AC, decrease percentage of chalky rice, while there was no clear effect on gel consistency and gelatinization temperature. Increase of basic seedling reduced to clear increase of gel consistency of rice noodle rice.
(4) Results of experiment of fertilizer application rate and proportion showed that fertilizer application rate and proportion significantly affected on yield and economic charaters of rice noodle rice and chalkiness degree and head rice rate, and type of fertilizer and application stage significantly affected on yield of rice noodle rice and chalkiness degree and head rice rate, while clear varietal differences were observed. So controlling yield and quality of rice noodle rice by fertilizer was feasible, while different fertilization measures must be maken according to different varieties. As for increasing yield, the optimal fertilizing plan for Xiangzaoxian No.33 was N 7.5 kg/667m2 and N: P2O5:K2O=1:0.8:1.2. Considering to yield and benefit, the the optimal fertilizing plan for Xiangzaoxian No.33 and 01 zao 5202 was N 5 kg/667m2 and N:p2O5:k2O=1:0.6:1.
(5) Results of experiment of fertilizer type and application stage showed that the requirement of different rice noodle rice varieties to fertilizer types was different. As for fertilization stages, yield of 3 times treatment, basal fertilizer, tillering fertilizer and panicle fertilizer, was highest, and that of one time treatment was lowest. Affect of fertilizer type and application stage on brown rice rate and milled rice rate was not clear, while that on head rice rate and chalkiness degree was significant, and that on AC showed varietal difference. In general, treatment of organic fertilizer+ rice specific compound fertilizer and treatment of 60% basal fertilizer+40% tillering fertilizer were advantageous to decrease chalkiness degree of rice.
(6) Results of experiment of simple substance chemical regulatory agent (SCRA) showed that the effects of chemical regulatory agent on brown rice rate, milled rice rate, milled rice length, AC and protein content were not significant, while the effects on head rice rate, milled rice width, percentage of chalky rice, chalkiness eare and chalkiness degree were significant, and the effect on gel consistency was significant decrease. In general, SCRA could not comprehensively improve quality of rice noodle rice.
(7) Results of experiment of compound chemical regulatory agent (CCRA) showed that M3 treatment,30 kg/667m2 mixed solution of GA325 mg/L and choline chloride 0.1%, was advantageous to improve the yield and quality of rice noodle rice mainly by significant increase of yield and AC and significant decrease of protein content.
(8) Results of experiment of havesting stage showed that effects of havesting stage on yield and quality of rice noodle rice were significant. Comprehensively considering yield of rice, rice noodle processing quality, full use of temperature and photo resouces and high yielding of aftercrop rice, the optimal havesting stage of early rice noodle rice was 25 d after full heading.
引文
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