栽培生态因素对食用优质稻稻谷产量及稻米品质的影响研究
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摘要
稻谷是我省传统农业的主要产品，从生态经济的角度讲，也是我省现代农业生产的优势项目。然而，随着社会经济的发展，特别是人们生活水平的提高，传统水稻生产面临着重大的战略挑战。水稻生产只能从追求高产单一目标向同步追求高产、优质、高效多重目标转移，才能确保水稻生产的高效持续发展。为此，本研究于我省水稻主产区，按早、晚两个水稻生产季节，在大田栽培生态条件下，研究了不同栽培生态因素对食用稻稻谷产量和稻米品质形成的影响，以期为水稻高产优质品种的选育和高产优质高效栽培技术体系的构建提供理论支撑。现将主要研究结果摘要如下：
1、在早季相对于传统正常播期条件下，提早播种对食用稻稻谷产量形成没有明显的影响，但明显有利于稻米品质的改善，而推迟播种则明显降低稻谷产量；晚季不同播期对产量的影响呈抛物线型，即存在一个最佳播种期，但适时提早播种存在稻米品质变优的趋势。
2、在早季高温干燥气候条件中“低湿”对早稻产量和品质的影响比“高温”对早稻产量和品质的影响更大，也就是说，通过人工喷水或者进行喷灌能较大幅度提高食用早稻的产量和稻米品质。
3、不同稻田土壤类型、同种稻田土壤不同的耕层厚薄、同种稻田土壤同一耕层厚薄不同水泥温度处理下，食用稻谷产量和稻米品质不同。相对而言，厚的耕层的紫潮泥有利于早、晚两季食用稻谷产量和早季食用稻米品质的提高，厚耕层的红黄泥有利于晚季食用稻米品质的改善；降低早季后期的泥水温和保持晚季后期较高的泥水温，有利于食用稻稻米品质的调优、保优，但降低早季后期的泥水温，会导致食用早稻稻谷减产。
4、在食用水稻生产施肥中，营养水平的高低、营养元素供给种类、各种营养元素间的配置比例均能不同程度地影响早晚两季食用稻稻谷产量和稻米品质的形成。其中，早季“中高”营养供给水平、晚季“低中”营养供给水平有利于食用稻稻谷产量的提高和稻米品质的改善；无论早季或晚季，对食用稻稻谷产量和稻米品质的综合影响力，大量营养元素依次为N＞K＞P，中量营养元素依次为S＞Ca＞Mg。
5、随着移栽密度的提高，食用优质稻产量明显增加，但移栽密度对食用优质稻稻米品质的影响较为复杂，即：在本试验条件下，随着移栽密度的提高，食用优质稻的精米率、整精米率呈下降趋势，而垩白度则呈增加趋势，但直链淀粉含量和胶稠度与移栽密度之间没有明显的规律性。
The rice is a chief traditional agriculture product of our province. From the point of ecological economy, it also is the advantageous project of modern agricultural production of our province too. However, along with the development of social economy and improvement of the people's living standard, the traditional production of rice is facing the great strategic challenge. It can only be guaranteed a high-efficient, sustained development of rice production from pursuing the single goal of high yield to pursuing multiple goals of high yield, high quality, high-efficiency. For this reason, we have studied the influence of different culture ecological factors upon the rice yield and rice quality of the edible rice under the culture ecological condition of paddy field in the main rice producing regions of our province. The main results are as follows:
1. At early seasons, it has no obvious influence on the form of the yield of edible rice while ahead of time in comparison with the normally traditional seed sowing time. But it is favorable to the improvement of the quality of rice obviously, and postpone seeding reduce the output of rice obviously. The influence on the output of differently sowing time in late season likes a parabola type. Namely there exists one best sowing time. But there also have a trend of excellent qualitative change of rice if the sowing time is advanced properly.
2. In the climatic condition of high temperature and dry in early season, the impact of "low humidity" on the output and quality of the early rice is more serious than "high temperature". That is to say, the yield and quality of the early edible rice can be improved to a great extend through the artificial irrigation or the sprinkling irrigation.
3. In different paddy field soil type, in the different topsoil thickness of same kind of paddy field soil, in the different water and soil temperature conditions of the same topsoil thickness in same kind of paddy field, the rice yield and rice quality of edible rice are different. c omparatively speaking, the purple tide mud of the thick topsoil is favorable to the improvement of the rice yield of the early edible rice and the late edible rice, and the quality of the early edible rice .The red yellow mud of the thick topsoil is favorable to the improvement of the quality of the late edible rice. To drop the temperature of the muddy water on later stage of early season and
keep the high temperature on later stage of late season can help adjust and protect excellently rice quality of edible rice.
4. While applying fertilizer to the edible rice, the nutritional level, the kind of nutrient element supplied, the ratio among various kinds of nutrition elements can have effect on the form of rice yield and rice quality of the early and late edible rice to different extent. Among them, that the "secondary-high" nutritional level in early season and the secondary-low nutritional level in late season are beneficial to the improvement of rice yield and rice quality. Whether in early season or in late season, the comprehensive influence to the rice output and rice quality of the edible rice are as following: the major elements are successively N > K> P, the medium element are successively S > Ca> Mg.
5. With the improvement of the transplanting density, the rice yield of edible rice increased obviously. But the influence of the transplanting density to the rice quality is more complicated. That is to say, under the condition of this experiments, the trend the willed rice rate and the head rice rate of edible rice dropped, but the chalkiness increased. There is no obvious regularity between the transplanting density with the content of the amylase or the gel consistency.
1、在早季相对于传统正常播期条件下，提早播种对食用稻稻谷产量形成没有明显的影响，但明显有利于稻米品质的改善，而推迟播种则明显降低稻谷产量；晚季不同播期对产量的影响呈抛物线型，即存在一个最佳播种期，但适时提早播种存在稻米品质变优的趋势。
2、在早季高温干燥气候条件中“低湿”对早稻产量和品质的影响比“高温”对早稻产量和品质的影响更大，也就是说，通过人工喷水或者进行喷灌能较大幅度提高食用早稻的产量和稻米品质。
3、不同稻田土壤类型、同种稻田土壤不同的耕层厚薄、同种稻田土壤同一耕层厚薄不同水泥温度处理下，食用稻谷产量和稻米品质不同。相对而言，厚的耕层的紫潮泥有利于早、晚两季食用稻谷产量和早季食用稻米品质的提高，厚耕层的红黄泥有利于晚季食用稻米品质的改善；降低早季后期的泥水温和保持晚季后期较高的泥水温，有利于食用稻稻米品质的调优、保优，但降低早季后期的泥水温，会导致食用早稻稻谷减产。
4、在食用水稻生产施肥中，营养水平的高低、营养元素供给种类、各种营养元素间的配置比例均能不同程度地影响早晚两季食用稻稻谷产量和稻米品质的形成。其中，早季“中高”营养供给水平、晚季“低中”营养供给水平有利于食用稻稻谷产量的提高和稻米品质的改善；无论早季或晚季，对食用稻稻谷产量和稻米品质的综合影响力，大量营养元素依次为N＞K＞P，中量营养元素依次为S＞Ca＞Mg。
5、随着移栽密度的提高，食用优质稻产量明显增加，但移栽密度对食用优质稻稻米品质的影响较为复杂，即：在本试验条件下，随着移栽密度的提高，食用优质稻的精米率、整精米率呈下降趋势，而垩白度则呈增加趋势，但直链淀粉含量和胶稠度与移栽密度之间没有明显的规律性。
The rice is a chief traditional agriculture product of our province. From the point of ecological economy, it also is the advantageous project of modern agricultural production of our province too. However, along with the development of social economy and improvement of the people's living standard, the traditional production of rice is facing the great strategic challenge. It can only be guaranteed a high-efficient, sustained development of rice production from pursuing the single goal of high yield to pursuing multiple goals of high yield, high quality, high-efficiency. For this reason, we have studied the influence of different culture ecological factors upon the rice yield and rice quality of the edible rice under the culture ecological condition of paddy field in the main rice producing regions of our province. The main results are as follows:
1. At early seasons, it has no obvious influence on the form of the yield of edible rice while ahead of time in comparison with the normally traditional seed sowing time. But it is favorable to the improvement of the quality of rice obviously, and postpone seeding reduce the output of rice obviously. The influence on the output of differently sowing time in late season likes a parabola type. Namely there exists one best sowing time. But there also have a trend of excellent qualitative change of rice if the sowing time is advanced properly.
2. In the climatic condition of high temperature and dry in early season, the impact of "low humidity" on the output and quality of the early rice is more serious than "high temperature". That is to say, the yield and quality of the early edible rice can be improved to a great extend through the artificial irrigation or the sprinkling irrigation.
3. In different paddy field soil type, in the different topsoil thickness of same kind of paddy field soil, in the different water and soil temperature conditions of the same topsoil thickness in same kind of paddy field, the rice yield and rice quality of edible rice are different. c omparatively speaking, the purple tide mud of the thick topsoil is favorable to the improvement of the rice yield of the early edible rice and the late edible rice, and the quality of the early edible rice .The red yellow mud of the thick topsoil is favorable to the improvement of the quality of the late edible rice. To drop the temperature of the muddy water on later stage of early season and
keep the high temperature on later stage of late season can help adjust and protect excellently rice quality of edible rice.
4. While applying fertilizer to the edible rice, the nutritional level, the kind of nutrient element supplied, the ratio among various kinds of nutrition elements can have effect on the form of rice yield and rice quality of the early and late edible rice to different extent. Among them, that the "secondary-high" nutritional level in early season and the secondary-low nutritional level in late season are beneficial to the improvement of rice yield and rice quality. Whether in early season or in late season, the comprehensive influence to the rice output and rice quality of the edible rice are as following: the major elements are successively N > K> P, the medium element are successively S > Ca> Mg.
5. With the improvement of the transplanting density, the rice yield of edible rice increased obviously. But the influence of the transplanting density to the rice quality is more complicated. That is to say, under the condition of this experiments, the trend the willed rice rate and the head rice rate of edible rice dropped, but the chalkiness increased. There is no obvious regularity between the transplanting density with the content of the amylase or the gel consistency.
引文
1 刘喜珍，影响稻米品质的因素．北京农业科学，2000，18(2)：20—2
2 钟旭华，李太贵．不同结实温度下稻米直链淀粉含量与千粒重的相关性研究、中国水稻科学，1994，8(2)：126—1283
3 孟亚利，周治国．结实期温度与稻米品质的关系．中国水稻科学，1997，11(1)：51—54
4 朱旭东，熊振民，罗玉坤等．异季栽培对稻米品质的影响．中国水稻科学，1993，7(3)：172—174
5 程方民，朱碧岩．气象生态因子对稻米品质影响的研究进展．中国农业气象，1998，19(5)：39—45
6 J.S. Bao, Y.R. Wu, B. Hu. QTL for rice grain quality based on a DH population derived from parents with similar apparent amylose content. Euphytica. 2002, 128(3): 317-324
7 Concetta A. Bormans, Richard B. Rhodes .Analysis of a single nucleotide polymorphism that controls the cooking quality of rice using a non-gel based assay. Euphytica, 2002,128(2):261-267
8 程方民，钟连进，不同气候生态条件下稻米品质性状的变异及主要影响因子分析，中国水稻科学，2001，15(3)：187—191
9 李军，顾德法，李林峻．环境和栽培因子对稻米品质影响的研究进展．上海农业学报，1997，13(1)：94—97
10 许行贯，对粮食生产向高产、优质、高效转变的思考．见：朱希刚，袁方主编．中国农业发展文库．北京，团结出版社，1993．316—317
11 全国早稻优质化座谈会纪要．中国稻米，1999，(3)：3—6
12 Sorada Yoenyongbuddhagal, Athapol Noomhorm. Effect of Raw Material Preparation on Rice Vermicelli Quality. Tarch/Starke. 2002, 54(11): 534-539
13 M. M. Wopereis-Pura, H. Watanabe. Effect of late nitrogen application on rice yield, grain quality and profitability in the Senegal River valley. European Journal of agronomy, 2002,17(3):191-198
14 Y. F. Tan, M. Sun, Y. Z. Xing, J. P. Hua, X. L. Sun, Q. F. Zhang, H. Corke. Mapping quantitative trait loci for milling quality, protein content and color characteristics of rice using a recombinant inbred line population derived from an elite rice hybrid. Theoretical and applied genetics. 2001, 103(6-7): 1037-1045
15 王维金，徐竹生，鲍隆清．重施穗肥对杂交水稻的产量利氮素营养的影响．华中农业大学学报，1993，12(3)：209—214
16 杨泽敏，王维金．米质分析中应注意的几个问题．中国稻米，2001，(4)：37
17 高如嵩，张嵩午．稻米品质气候生态基础研究[M]．西交：陕西科学技术出版社．1994
18 刘家富．汪庆云．不同海拔条件下稻米品质的初步研究．湖南农业科学，1986(5)：27—33
19 向远鸿，唐启源．海拔对稻米品质影响的灰色关联分析．中国水稻科学．1991，5(2)：94—96
20 周玉．气象条件对水稻灌浆结实及米质的影响．湖南农业科学．1988(5)：24—268
21 李欣，顾铭洪．灌浆结实期环境条件对稻米品质的影响．江苏农学院学报．1989(1)：7—12
22 JINSONG BA02, QINGYAO SHU3, YINGWU XIA. EFFECTS OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON ASPECTS OF MILLED RICE (ORYZA SATIVA) END-USE QUALITY. Journal of food quality, 2001, 24(4): 327-336
23 Jongkaewwattana S. Geng S.. Inter-relationships Amongst Grain Characteristics, Grain-Filling Parameters and Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Milling Quality. Journal of agronomy and crop science. 2001,187(4):223-229
24 N PANDEY, A K SARAWG. Effect of farmyard manure and chemical N fertilizer on grain yield and quality ofscented rice (Oryza sativa) varieties, Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 2000, 69(9): 621-623
25 周广洽，徐孟亮．温光对稻米蛋白质和氨基酸含量的影响．生态学报．1997、17(5)：537—542
26 孟亚利，高如嵩，张嵩午．影响稻米品质的气候因子研究．西北农业大学学报，1994、22(1)：40—43
27 单玉华，王余龙．中后期迫施氮肥对水稻氮素积累与分配的影响．江苏农业研究，2000，21(4)：18—21
28 黄发松．食用稻米品质形成研究的现状与展望．中国水稻科学，1998，12(3)：172—176．
29 AMARJIT S BALI' and H S UPPAL. Irrigation schedule in producing quality basmati rice (Oryza sativa). Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 2000,69(5):325-328
30 A. K. Borrell, A.L. Garside. Grain quality of flooded rice is affected by season, nitrogen rate, and plant type. Australian journal of agricultural research. 1999,50(8):1399-1408
31 夏建国，邓良基，谭宏，吴垒．影响稻米品质的主要土壤生态因子研究．2000、18(2)：343-347
32 刘立军，王志琴，桑大志，杨建吕．氮肥运筹对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响．扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版)，2002，23(3)：46-50
33 马盛群，王明海．不同肥源对稻米营养品质的影响．南京农专学报，2000，16(2)：28-33
34 蔡一霞，朱庆森，王志琴，杨建吕，郑雷，钱卫成．结实期土壤水分对稻米品质的影响．作物学报，2002，28(5)：601—608
35 冯英梅，唐启源，邹应斌，石纪成．后期营养调控对食用优质稻产量和品质形成的影响．湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，28(6)：457-462
36 梁康迳，林文雄，陈志雄，李亚娟．不同生境下水稻稻米品质因子分析，中国生态农业学报，2003，11(2)：25-28
37 杨联松，白一松，李少恒，葛伟强．气候条件对稻米品质性状的影响．安徽农业科学，2003，31(3)：341—342，34
38 张学军，刘登彪，冯卫东，宋德印，王兴盛，王玉琳．几种肥料配施对水稻产量及品质的影响．宁夏农林科技，2002，(2)：31-32
39 郑家国，任光俊，陆贤军，姜心禄．花后水分亏缺对水稻产量和品质的影响．中国水稻科学，2003，17(3)：239—243
2 钟旭华，李太贵．不同结实温度下稻米直链淀粉含量与千粒重的相关性研究、中国水稻科学，1994，8(2)：126—1283
3 孟亚利，周治国．结实期温度与稻米品质的关系．中国水稻科学，1997，11(1)：51—54
4 朱旭东，熊振民，罗玉坤等．异季栽培对稻米品质的影响．中国水稻科学，1993，7(3)：172—174
5 程方民，朱碧岩．气象生态因子对稻米品质影响的研究进展．中国农业气象，1998，19(5)：39—45
6 J.S. Bao, Y.R. Wu, B. Hu. QTL for rice grain quality based on a DH population derived from parents with similar apparent amylose content. Euphytica. 2002, 128(3): 317-324
7 Concetta A. Bormans, Richard B. Rhodes .Analysis of a single nucleotide polymorphism that controls the cooking quality of rice using a non-gel based assay. Euphytica, 2002,128(2):261-267
8 程方民，钟连进，不同气候生态条件下稻米品质性状的变异及主要影响因子分析，中国水稻科学，2001，15(3)：187—191
9 李军，顾德法，李林峻．环境和栽培因子对稻米品质影响的研究进展．上海农业学报，1997，13(1)：94—97
10 许行贯，对粮食生产向高产、优质、高效转变的思考．见：朱希刚，袁方主编．中国农业发展文库．北京，团结出版社，1993．316—317
11 全国早稻优质化座谈会纪要．中国稻米，1999，(3)：3—6
12 Sorada Yoenyongbuddhagal, Athapol Noomhorm. Effect of Raw Material Preparation on Rice Vermicelli Quality. Tarch/Starke. 2002, 54(11): 534-539
13 M. M. Wopereis-Pura, H. Watanabe. Effect of late nitrogen application on rice yield, grain quality and profitability in the Senegal River valley. European Journal of agronomy, 2002,17(3):191-198
14 Y. F. Tan, M. Sun, Y. Z. Xing, J. P. Hua, X. L. Sun, Q. F. Zhang, H. Corke. Mapping quantitative trait loci for milling quality, protein content and color characteristics of rice using a recombinant inbred line population derived from an elite rice hybrid. Theoretical and applied genetics. 2001, 103(6-7): 1037-1045
15 王维金，徐竹生，鲍隆清．重施穗肥对杂交水稻的产量利氮素营养的影响．华中农业大学学报，1993，12(3)：209—214
16 杨泽敏，王维金．米质分析中应注意的几个问题．中国稻米，2001，(4)：37
17 高如嵩，张嵩午．稻米品质气候生态基础研究[M]．西交：陕西科学技术出版社．1994
18 刘家富．汪庆云．不同海拔条件下稻米品质的初步研究．湖南农业科学，1986(5)：27—33
19 向远鸿，唐启源．海拔对稻米品质影响的灰色关联分析．中国水稻科学．1991，5(2)：94—96
20 周玉．气象条件对水稻灌浆结实及米质的影响．湖南农业科学．1988(5)：24—268
21 李欣，顾铭洪．灌浆结实期环境条件对稻米品质的影响．江苏农学院学报．1989(1)：7—12
22 JINSONG BA02, QINGYAO SHU3, YINGWU XIA. EFFECTS OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON ASPECTS OF MILLED RICE (ORYZA SATIVA) END-USE QUALITY. Journal of food quality, 2001, 24(4): 327-336
23 Jongkaewwattana S. Geng S.. Inter-relationships Amongst Grain Characteristics, Grain-Filling Parameters and Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Milling Quality. Journal of agronomy and crop science. 2001,187(4):223-229
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