苹果密植园改造对冠层微气候、果实品质及产量的影响
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摘要
本研究以红富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh cv .Red Fuji)为试材,系统探讨分析了密植园树冠内枝(梢)叶、微气候条件、果实产量品质的空间分布规律以及树冠内微气候条件与果实品质和枝叶空间分布的关系;并研究了密植园不同改造方式对树冠内枝(梢)叶、叶幕微气候因子的空间分布,及其对果实品质的影响,为密植园的改造提供理论依据和技术支持。结果表明:
1.密植园枝(梢)总量为1.21×106条.hm-2,叶面积系数为3.45;树冠内相对光照强度、温度从树冠上层到下层逐渐降低,从树冠外围到内膛逐渐降低,相对湿度则相反;但由于树冠内枝(梢)叶量过多,树冠内相对光照强度较低,小于30%的相对光照强度占树冠体积的25.4%;生长季节内树冠内不同层次方位温度范围为18.5-19.1℃;相对湿度范围为64.9-71.9%。
2.建立果实品质和微气候因子的回归方程,得出苹果优质丰产的最佳相对光照强度为36.4%-77.8%%,苹果优质丰产的生长季节内最佳温度为19.3-20.3℃;苹果优质丰产的生长季节内最佳相对湿度为54.2%-74.8%。
3.建立了微气候因子和枝(梢)叶数量的回归方程,得出要满足果实优质所需的最佳微气候条件,总枝(梢)量应约为9.15×105条·hm-2。
4.间伐处理果园枝(梢)量为:6.7×105条·hm-2,叶面积系数为1.79。明显的改变了树冠内光照条件,树冠内小于30%的相对光照强度占树冠体积的7.8%大于80%的高光区占15.7%。重剪、轻剪处理的轻剪株树冠内小于30%的相对光照强度占树冠体积的14.6%,大于80%的高光区占11.2%;重剪株树冠内小于30%的相对光照强度占树冠体积的12.8%,大于80%的高光区占28.8%。
5.重剪处理第一年果实产量比密植园低,但明显提高果实的品质。单果质量、硬度和可溶性固形物的含量是:轻剪株﹥重剪株﹥密植株,而可滴定酸的含量则相反。重剪株果实花青苷的含量最大,其次是轻剪株,最低时密植株,轻剪株果实品质最好。
6.摘叶试验表明:采前24d(9月24)日除袋,除袋后0d和3d摘除距果实30cm以内叶片处理的当年果实品质较好,并且没有影响枝条的贮藏营养和第二年萌芽率。
The distribution of microclimate, and shoots and leaves, and fruit quality in different layers and positions of canopy were studied in“Red Fuji”apple planted densely. The relationships between the branches, leaves and microclimate and between microclimate and fruit quality were studied. Effects of densely planted apple tree alteration on the microclimate and fruit quality in different layers and positions of canopy were studied. The purpose is to provide theoretical basis for densely planted apple tree alteration and technological support. The results show that:
1. The total branches were 1.21×106 hm-2 with the leaf area index 3.45 in the densely planted apple garden. The relative light intensity and temperature in the canopy gradually decrease from outside to inside and from top to down. The relative canopy volumes under the differect ranks of relative light intensity are 25.43%, where the relative light intensity is less than 30%; 27.1%, 30%-39%; 6.24%, more than 80%, respectively.The range of temperature was 18.5-19.1℃and relative humidity was 64.9-71.9% in in different layers and positions of canopy。
2. The regression equations of relationships between factors of quality and relative light intensity, temperature and relative humidity were set up to obtain optimum range of microclimate for good quality. The optimum range of relative light intensity for for good quality was 36.4%-77.8%, the optimum range of temperature was 19.25-20.3℃, and the optimum range of relative light intensity was 54.2%-74.8%.
3.The regression equations of relationships between relative light intensity, temperature, relative humidity and branches were respectively set up to obtain optimum range of branch numbers for optimum microclimate.The optimum branch number was 9.15×105hm-2. And the optimum ratio between spur, medium shoot and long shoot was 67.7%:16.1℅:16.2℅.
4. The branch number in the alternately thined garden is 6.7×105hm-2, and the leave leaf area coefficien was1.79. The relative canopy volumes under different ranks of relative light intensity respectively are 7.81% under the relative light intensity less than 30%, and 15.66% under the relative light intensity more than 80%. The strongly pruned treas decrease the number of the total branch number and could improve the microclimate in the canopy. The relative canopy volumes under different rank of relative light intensity are 14.62% under the relative light intensity less than 30% and 11.19% under the relative light intensity more than 80% in the lightly pruned tree; and 12.84% under relative light intensity less than 30% and 28.84% under the relative light intensity more than 80%.
5. The fruit yeild of modifying trees reduces in the first year, but the fruit quality was improved. The mean fruit mass, firmness, and soluble solide matter content are the most of the fruit in the lightly pruned, and the anthocyanin content is the most in the heavily pruned.
6. The debagging date, picking-off leaves date and picking-off leaves number were studied in the‘Fuji’apple orchards. The results showed that the different debagging time has no significant effect on mean fruit mass, firmness, soluble solide matter content and titratable acid content; but has significant effect on fruit pericarp coloration. In conclusion, picking-off leaves in 0 day and 3 day after debagging and picked off the leaves inner 30cm from the fruit are better for fruit quality.
1.密植园枝(梢)总量为1.21×106条.hm-2,叶面积系数为3.45;树冠内相对光照强度、温度从树冠上层到下层逐渐降低,从树冠外围到内膛逐渐降低,相对湿度则相反;但由于树冠内枝(梢)叶量过多,树冠内相对光照强度较低,小于30%的相对光照强度占树冠体积的25.4%;生长季节内树冠内不同层次方位温度范围为18.5-19.1℃;相对湿度范围为64.9-71.9%。
2.建立果实品质和微气候因子的回归方程,得出苹果优质丰产的最佳相对光照强度为36.4%-77.8%%,苹果优质丰产的生长季节内最佳温度为19.3-20.3℃;苹果优质丰产的生长季节内最佳相对湿度为54.2%-74.8%。
3.建立了微气候因子和枝(梢)叶数量的回归方程,得出要满足果实优质所需的最佳微气候条件,总枝(梢)量应约为9.15×105条·hm-2。
4.间伐处理果园枝(梢)量为:6.7×105条·hm-2,叶面积系数为1.79。明显的改变了树冠内光照条件,树冠内小于30%的相对光照强度占树冠体积的7.8%大于80%的高光区占15.7%。重剪、轻剪处理的轻剪株树冠内小于30%的相对光照强度占树冠体积的14.6%,大于80%的高光区占11.2%;重剪株树冠内小于30%的相对光照强度占树冠体积的12.8%,大于80%的高光区占28.8%。
5.重剪处理第一年果实产量比密植园低,但明显提高果实的品质。单果质量、硬度和可溶性固形物的含量是:轻剪株﹥重剪株﹥密植株,而可滴定酸的含量则相反。重剪株果实花青苷的含量最大,其次是轻剪株,最低时密植株,轻剪株果实品质最好。
6.摘叶试验表明:采前24d(9月24)日除袋,除袋后0d和3d摘除距果实30cm以内叶片处理的当年果实品质较好,并且没有影响枝条的贮藏营养和第二年萌芽率。
The distribution of microclimate, and shoots and leaves, and fruit quality in different layers and positions of canopy were studied in“Red Fuji”apple planted densely. The relationships between the branches, leaves and microclimate and between microclimate and fruit quality were studied. Effects of densely planted apple tree alteration on the microclimate and fruit quality in different layers and positions of canopy were studied. The purpose is to provide theoretical basis for densely planted apple tree alteration and technological support. The results show that:
1. The total branches were 1.21×106 hm-2 with the leaf area index 3.45 in the densely planted apple garden. The relative light intensity and temperature in the canopy gradually decrease from outside to inside and from top to down. The relative canopy volumes under the differect ranks of relative light intensity are 25.43%, where the relative light intensity is less than 30%; 27.1%, 30%-39%; 6.24%, more than 80%, respectively.The range of temperature was 18.5-19.1℃and relative humidity was 64.9-71.9% in in different layers and positions of canopy。
2. The regression equations of relationships between factors of quality and relative light intensity, temperature and relative humidity were set up to obtain optimum range of microclimate for good quality. The optimum range of relative light intensity for for good quality was 36.4%-77.8%, the optimum range of temperature was 19.25-20.3℃, and the optimum range of relative light intensity was 54.2%-74.8%.
3.The regression equations of relationships between relative light intensity, temperature, relative humidity and branches were respectively set up to obtain optimum range of branch numbers for optimum microclimate.The optimum branch number was 9.15×105hm-2. And the optimum ratio between spur, medium shoot and long shoot was 67.7%:16.1℅:16.2℅.
4. The branch number in the alternately thined garden is 6.7×105hm-2, and the leave leaf area coefficien was1.79. The relative canopy volumes under different ranks of relative light intensity respectively are 7.81% under the relative light intensity less than 30%, and 15.66% under the relative light intensity more than 80%. The strongly pruned treas decrease the number of the total branch number and could improve the microclimate in the canopy. The relative canopy volumes under different rank of relative light intensity are 14.62% under the relative light intensity less than 30% and 11.19% under the relative light intensity more than 80% in the lightly pruned tree; and 12.84% under relative light intensity less than 30% and 28.84% under the relative light intensity more than 80%.
5. The fruit yeild of modifying trees reduces in the first year, but the fruit quality was improved. The mean fruit mass, firmness, and soluble solide matter content are the most of the fruit in the lightly pruned, and the anthocyanin content is the most in the heavily pruned.
6. The debagging date, picking-off leaves date and picking-off leaves number were studied in the‘Fuji’apple orchards. The results showed that the different debagging time has no significant effect on mean fruit mass, firmness, soluble solide matter content and titratable acid content; but has significant effect on fruit pericarp coloration. In conclusion, picking-off leaves in 0 day and 3 day after debagging and picked off the leaves inner 30cm from the fruit are better for fruit quality.
引文
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