阎小萍教授辨治风湿病学术思想和临床经验研究
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摘要
目的:追溯第四批全国名老中医专家阎小萍教授辨治风湿病学术渊源,整理与研究阎小萍老师辨治风湿病的学术思想和临床经验;重点梳理、提炼阎小萍老师基于“肾虚”的“寒热为纲”辨治膝骨痹(膝骨关节炎)方案,研究骨痹通方加减的疗效和安全性。
     方法:理论及经验总结方面:采用经典古籍和文献整理的方法,总结、梳理、提炼阎老师辨治风湿病的学术思想和临床经验;临床研究方面:采用前瞻性、随机、阳性药物对照的方法,120例膝骨关节炎患者随机分为骨痹通方治疗组和盐酸氨基葡萄糖对照组,将阎老师辨治强直性脊柱炎已日臻成熟的“寒热为纲”的学术思想创新性地引入膝骨关节炎的辨治中,在辨治膝骨关节炎“肝肾亏虚”共性的基础上,依据“寒热为纲”的学术思想深入辩证,形成基于“肾虚”的“寒热为纲”辨治方案,以骨痹通方为基础进行加减。分别于治疗前及疗程结束后测定和记录患者疼痛、关节僵硬、关节功能障碍的平均骨关节炎指数(WOMAC),临床症状改善情况,患者和医生对病情的总体平均评价,检测ESR、CRP水平,进行血、尿常规、肝肾功能检查,记录服药期间的不良反应。将中药骨痹通方治疗组按中医辨证标准进一步分为肾虚寒湿和肾虚湿热两个亚组,分别在患者疼痛、关节僵硬、关节功能障碍的平均骨关节炎指数(WOMAC),中医证候积分,患者和医生对病情的总体平均评价,ESR、CRP,安全性指标,药物的不良反应等方面与对照组加以比较。
     结果:理论及经验总结方面:从阎老师治疗风湿病思想可见其学术渊源,主要来源于经典古籍、焦树德学术经验、临床经验总结,具体体现在阎老帅名医之路、继承之路、探索和创新之路。阎老师主张从经典中来,到临床中去。经典当推《黄帝内经》、《伤寒论》、《金匮要略》、《温病条辨》、《温热经纬》、《本草从新》等。从老师辨治风湿病学术思想可见经典端倪,体现在辨风湿病病证共性—补肝肾、祛风湿是治痹之要;“邪入邪出”之所---调和营卫;风寒湿痹和风湿热痹---“寒热为纲”辨治渊源等诸多方面。阎老师总结、传承焦老学术思想临床经验主要体现在精研辨证论治,提出“四必须”、“五强调”,创议“旭痹”及诊治规律,辨析胸痹、心痹异同,探究心痹诊治,发展燮枢理论,创组燮枢汤方等方面。阎老师秉承恩师焦树德教授旨意,进一步发扬焦老学术思想的同时,结合自已多年的临床经验和众多经典、现代文献,不断探索,推陈出新,对名师的学术思想、理论、方药在继承的基础上进行深入研究,并加以升华、提炼,推动学科研究和中医理论的创新,主要体现在传承的结晶——“大偻”的渊源及辨证论治体系的形成,提出风湿病循经辨证理论,阎小萍治疗风湿病疗效与机理系列研究等方面。与各家学说分析比较,阎老师辨治膝骨痹(膝骨关节炎)从病因病机、辨证论治、中医内治、中医外治、综合治疗等方面,既有共同之处,又有不同之点;临床研究方面:发现治疗前后测患者的平均WOMAC骨关节炎指数、VAS患者和医生对病情的总体评价有统计学差异,骨痹通方组较对照组改善WOMAC指数更为明显,使用非甾类抗炎药剂量显著减少,两组ESR、CRP水平及不良反应未显示差异,血、尿常规、肝肾功能检查治疗前后均未见异常。肾虚寒湿和肾虚湿热两亚组均可改善骨关节炎指数VAS评分(WOMAC),且在改善膝膝骨痹(膝骨关节炎)中医证候量化积分、减少双氯芬酸钠消耗量上优于对照组。
     结论:理论及经验总结方面:整理与研究阎小萍老师学术思想和临床经验,共有十得:倡导“一论”、“两观”,即“寒热为纲”的辨治论、“平衡观”和“趋势观”,以简驭繁,寒热为纲论治风湿病,凸显实用价值,“寒热为纲”辨治论必须基于中医风湿病的辨病共性,这一共性是肝肾不足,风湿之邪深侵,引起风寒湿或风湿热邪痹阻经络,治疗则在“补肝肾、祛风湿”的治疗大法之上,执简驭繁,--寒者热之,热者寒之”,分别采用“祛风除湿驱寒”和“祛风除湿清热”,不仅用于风湿病的中药内服,还用于中医外治,并可结合现代技术形成中医特色疗法;推脏腑辨证,重在协和、协调脏腑功能—“和”法,在遵循协调阴阳的基础上,根据疾病的特点,分别采用攻补兼施、扶正祛邪,调和阴阳,调理寒热,调和营卫,燮和肝胆,调理脾胃,调和气血,燮理气机等治法治疗风湿病,临床取得良好疗效;“五连环”的中医特色疗法,包括健康教育、医疗体育、中药为主、内外兼治、中西合壁五项内容;综合强化序贯疗法包含综合、强化、序贯三个层次的含义,综合各种治疗方法,强调不同方法的组合效应,以最大为目标,以最大疗效为目的,强化各种治疗方法的作用,以强度为目标,以改善病情程度为目的,追求临床效果的最大化,序贯应用各种治疗方法,以时间性为目标,以连续性为目的,交替进行,强化增强疗效,强化维持疗效。在疾病急性期,缓解肌肉、关节的疼痛、压痛、酸胀、麻木等症状,在功能恢复阶段,使肌肉、关节持续处于松弛、缓解状态;“痹病欲尫”的治未病思想,阎老师总结尫痹诊治经验,探索具有临床证候、治疗原则、和处方用药的独特规律性,指出一旦出现骨损、筋挛、肉削的尫痹特征,疾病将变得缠绵难愈,因此老师提出“痹病欲尫”的概念,意在强化痹病的早诊断,早治疗,当痹病出现关节持续性肿胀、痛发骨内、屈伸不能、夜间疼痛剧烈等症时,虽关节尚未变形,应警惕其有可能向尫痹传变;循经辨证—寓于脏腑辨证的羽翼,寓循经辨证于脏腑辨证之中,强调风湿病具体的出现症状部位应和相应的经络循行部位相合,以便正确使用相应引经药物;调和营卫—“扶正祛邪”的必由之途,风寒湿诸邪气侵犯人体,与营卫之气合则闭阻经络,气血运行不畅为痹证,营卫为“邪入”之所,补肝肾、祛风湿,驱邪外出,则营卫为经过之途,营卫为“邪出”之所,故调和营卫是中医风湿病治疗的重要法则之一;活血通络—贯穿风湿病辨治的始终,风湿病病程漫长,反复发作,迁延难愈,日久必入血入络,形成瘀血,瘀血证贯穿风湿病整个病程,活血通络法贯穿于治疗始终;生脾胃阳气,顾护后天脾土—风湿病辨治的重要环节,风湿病的基本病机为风寒湿(或热)合而为痹,其中湿邪至关重要,湿性粘滞,往往使风湿病缠绵难愈,调理脾胃有助于湿邪的祛除,又以后天养先天,有利于补肝肾,风湿病病程冗长,易反复发作,往往需要长期用药,顾护后天脾胃,使长期治疗成为可能,是一切治疗的基础;中医适宜技术和诊疗方案—基于疗效的辨治风湿病体现。临床研究方面:骨痹通方具有缓解和改善疼痛、僵硬、关节功能障碍的作用,是治疗膝骨关节炎安全且行之有效的方剂。采取在膝骨关节炎辨证共性的基础上,依据基于“肾虚”的“寒热为纲”辨治膝骨关节炎的辨治方法指导深入辨证,对骨痹通方进一步加减相结合的方法,可明显改善骨关节炎指数VAS评分(WOMAC)、膝骨痹(膝骨关节炎)中医证候量化积分、减少非甾体消炎药消耗量,可适用于膝骨关节炎的辨治。
Objective:To trace the academic origin of Professor YAN Xiao-ping, who was one of the4th batches of national famous senior TCM doctors. To arrange and study the academic thought and clinical experiences of teacher YAN Xiao-ping. To study the efficacy and safety of Gubitong recipe which was a experience prescription treating osteoarthritis made by teacher YAN.
     Methods:in the aspect of theories and clinical experiences summary:using methods of studying classical books and arranging literatures, the academic thought and clinical experiences of teacher YAN were summarized, arranged and refined. In the aspect of clinic study:using the methods of prospective, random, positive medicine in control,120osteoarthritis patients were arranged in two groups:the treatment group was treated with Gubitong recipe, the control group was treated with Glucosamine hydrochloride. The observation contents included patient's pain degree, joint stiffness, joint movement dysfunction, WOMAC, clinic syndromes, the whole assessment of patients and doctors. The laboratory tests included:ESR, CRP, the blood, urine, liver and kidney function tests. The side effects were recorded during the treatment periods. All these were recorded in advance of the experiment and after it respectively. In the Gubitong recipe treatment group, all patients were divided into kidney deficiency with cold-dampness invading syndrome and kidney deficiency with heat-dampness invading syndrome, the patients with these two syndromes were compared with the control group in each aspects, including patient's pain degree, joint stiffness, joint movement dysfunction, WOMAC, clinic syndromes, the whole assessment of patients and doctors, ESR, CRP, the safety tests, the side effects test and so on.
     Results:in the aspect of theories and clinical experiences summary:from the academic thought of treating Bi syndrome, we could deem that the major academic origin of teacher YAN was originated in the ancient classics books, JIAO Shude academic experience and own clinic experiential accumulation. In concretely speaking, the origin of teacher YAN reflected as the road of famous TCM doctors, the roads of medical inheritance, the roads of exploration and innovation. Teacher Yan had advocated that'from clincal experience, back to clincal experience'in studying TCM, which is said that we should study the TCM Calssics, expecially'the Canon of Internal Medicine','treatise on febrile diseases','synopsis of golden chamber','Item Differentiation of Warm Febrile Diseases','wen re jing wei','ben cao cong xin'and so on. In the course of studying, we could see that the academic thought of teacher Yan in treating Rheumatology were from the TCM Calssics, for example, teacher Yan thought that the main point in treating rheumatology included tonifying liver and kidney,expelling wind and dampness, adjusting ying and wei, the principle in treating rheumatology is cold syndrome and heat syndrome. In summarizing the academic thoughts of professor Jiao, teacher Yan had pointed out that the academic thoughts of professor Jiao including four necessities, five poinpoints, creating wang bi syndrome, reachering xin bi syndrome, developing axis therory and so on. On the basis of professor Jiao, teacher Yan had advocated many new therories, as the origin of da Iv, the syndrome differentiation and treatment of da lv, advancing the theories of according channel sites in Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of rheumatology. In the treatment of osteoarthritis, teacher Yan had many unique thoughts in comparing with other doctors, as the knowledge of pathology, pathogenesis, Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment, internal treatment of TCM, external treatment of TCM, synthesizing treatment and so on.In the aspect of clinic study:after the treatment, WOMAC and the global assessment of patients and doctors had decreased, and had remarkable differences. Compared to the control group, in the treatment group, the improvement of WOMAC had remarkable differences, the usage amount of NSAIDs was less, and had remarkable differences, the lever of ESR and CRP had no differences. In two groups, the adverse effects, as the blood, urine, liver and kidney function tests, did not show differences in before and after treatment.
     Conclusion:in the aspect of theories and clinical experiences summary:in the course of arranging and studying the academic thought and clinic experience of teacher YAN Xiao-ping, I had10outcomes:(1) advocate one theory and two concep(?): the cold and heat synopsis theory, balance concept and tendency concept. The principles of cold syndrome and heat syndrome must base on a basic fundamental, which is tonifying liver and kidney, expelling wind and dampness. In treating rheumatology, the methods of "expelling wind, cold and dampness" and "expelling wind, heat and dampness" would be used respectively. Besides, the internal treatment and external treatment would be used intergrated;(2) emphasize the importance of the differentiation symptoms and signs from Zang-Fu and he method in it, in other words, coordinating the function of Zang and Fu;(3)5consistem ring TCM unique remedy;(4)integration, intensification ana continuum remedy,(5) regard differentiate syndrome following channel and meridian, which supply the differentiation syndrome from Zang-Fu Zang-Fu;(6) Preventive Treatment of Disease academic thought-Bi syndrome which would be Wang Bi;(7) the necessary method for Strengthening Healthy Qi to Eliminate Pathogens-coordinating Ying Qi and Wei Qi;(8) motivate the blood and dredge channel-a method should be used in rheumatic disease all the way;(9) an important aspect in treating rheumatic disease-ascending Yang Qi of spleen and stomach, protecting spleen which is the origin of the acquired constitution;(10) TCM useful technique for treatment, diagnosis and treatment regimen. In the aspect of clinic study:Gubitong recipe had the function of easing the pain and stiffness symptom, of improving joint dysfunction, it was a safe and effective prescription role in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.
引文
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