从认知的角度看英语博喻的意义建构
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摘要
博喻作为一种复杂的隐喻现象,在西方最早可以追溯到荷马时代,而在中国古代也早已作为一种修辞方法在文学创作中得以运用。但一直以来博喻主要作为一种修辞方法被众多学者反复研读,对于博喻的意义研究一直鲜有人提及。但没有博喻的深入研究,隐喻的研究也有缺憾。因此本文旨在分析博喻的意义建构。
为了便于阐释博喻的意义建构,笔者在魏纪东分类的基础上,将其延伸式博喻和平行式博喻的分类进行了进一步的细化,即把延伸式博喻分为带有显性根隐喻和带有隐性根隐喻两种;平行式博喻分为带有显性共同蕴含和带有隐性共同蕴含两种。并在此分类基础上结合认知理论中极具阐释力的框架理论和概念整合理论对不同类型博喻的意义建构进行解析,并找出其建构过程中的不同。
上述两个理论为博喻的意义建构提供了动态的意义建构模型,并揭示了意义建构中的认知机制。但是博喻作为一种特殊的隐喻现象,有着复杂的意义结构。在意义阐释的过程中,框架理论对框架中的各种元素形成意义的具体过程的解释稍显模糊。同时框架转移的过程如何进行也稍欠清晰。但这些不足可以利用概念整合理论进行补充。概念整合理论中的四维空间理论,层创结构以及复杂的整合过程能够充分解释意义生成的运演过程,尤其对于博喻这种复杂的语言现象更具有阐释力。
Megametaphor is a special type of metaphor which is composed of a series of metaphors. The study of metaphor is the hottest topic in linguistic studies, yet without enough attention to megametaphor, the study of metaphor will be inadequate. So this thesis aims at analyzing the meaning construction of megametaphor which is a rewarding and challenging topic.
According to Wei Jidong's classification, there are two types of megametaphors: extended-type megametaphor and parallel-type meagmetaphor. For the convenience of research, the author of this thesis further divides each of these two types of metametaphor into two subtypes. According to the keynote metaphor, the extended-type megametaphor is classified as extended-type megametaphor with explicit or implicit keynote metaphor. While according to the common entailment, the parallel-type megametaphor is classified as parallel-type megametaphor with explicit or implicit common entailment.
Based on this classification of megametaphor, the meaning construction of megametpahor is studied from the perspectives of frame theory and conceptual integration theory, which contains the most explanatory power on metaphor. The author interprets meaning construction of different types of megametaphor and finds out differences in the constructing process of them.
These two theories reveal how the cognitive mechanisms run in the process of meaning construction of megametaphor from different perspectives. The frame theory and conceptual integration theory provide an effective and dynamic model of meaning construction. However, the meaning construction of megametaphor is very complicated because the structure of both extended-type and parallel-type megametaphor is complex. In a frame theory model, how the elements in the frames are combined into the real meanings and how the frame shifting takes place are not shown clearly. But the defects can be supplemented by the conceptual integration theory. With the four mental spaces and an emergent structure, the blending process is interpreted in details. Therefore, it is more accurate than the frame theory, especially explaining the complicated structures as megamtaphor.
However, much more effort is still necessary to reveal the universal laws of cognitive mechanism of megametaphor.
为了便于阐释博喻的意义建构,笔者在魏纪东分类的基础上,将其延伸式博喻和平行式博喻的分类进行了进一步的细化,即把延伸式博喻分为带有显性根隐喻和带有隐性根隐喻两种;平行式博喻分为带有显性共同蕴含和带有隐性共同蕴含两种。并在此分类基础上结合认知理论中极具阐释力的框架理论和概念整合理论对不同类型博喻的意义建构进行解析,并找出其建构过程中的不同。
上述两个理论为博喻的意义建构提供了动态的意义建构模型,并揭示了意义建构中的认知机制。但是博喻作为一种特殊的隐喻现象,有着复杂的意义结构。在意义阐释的过程中,框架理论对框架中的各种元素形成意义的具体过程的解释稍显模糊。同时框架转移的过程如何进行也稍欠清晰。但这些不足可以利用概念整合理论进行补充。概念整合理论中的四维空间理论,层创结构以及复杂的整合过程能够充分解释意义生成的运演过程,尤其对于博喻这种复杂的语言现象更具有阐释力。
Megametaphor is a special type of metaphor which is composed of a series of metaphors. The study of metaphor is the hottest topic in linguistic studies, yet without enough attention to megametaphor, the study of metaphor will be inadequate. So this thesis aims at analyzing the meaning construction of megametaphor which is a rewarding and challenging topic.
According to Wei Jidong's classification, there are two types of megametaphors: extended-type megametaphor and parallel-type meagmetaphor. For the convenience of research, the author of this thesis further divides each of these two types of metametaphor into two subtypes. According to the keynote metaphor, the extended-type megametaphor is classified as extended-type megametaphor with explicit or implicit keynote metaphor. While according to the common entailment, the parallel-type megametaphor is classified as parallel-type megametaphor with explicit or implicit common entailment.
Based on this classification of megametaphor, the meaning construction of megametpahor is studied from the perspectives of frame theory and conceptual integration theory, which contains the most explanatory power on metaphor. The author interprets meaning construction of different types of megametaphor and finds out differences in the constructing process of them.
These two theories reveal how the cognitive mechanisms run in the process of meaning construction of megametaphor from different perspectives. The frame theory and conceptual integration theory provide an effective and dynamic model of meaning construction. However, the meaning construction of megametaphor is very complicated because the structure of both extended-type and parallel-type megametaphor is complex. In a frame theory model, how the elements in the frames are combined into the real meanings and how the frame shifting takes place are not shown clearly. But the defects can be supplemented by the conceptual integration theory. With the four mental spaces and an emergent structure, the blending process is interpreted in details. Therefore, it is more accurate than the frame theory, especially explaining the complicated structures as megamtaphor.
However, much more effort is still necessary to reveal the universal laws of cognitive mechanism of megametaphor.
引文
[1]Aristotle.1958.Rhetoric and Poetics[M].New York:The Modern Library.
[2].Barsalou L.W.,1992.Frames,"Concepts,and Conceptual Fields" in Frames,Fields,and Contrasts,[M]Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Publishers,Hillsdale,New Jersey,pp.21-74.
[3].Berry,Ralph.1978.The Shakespearen Metaphor:Studies in Language and Form.[D]London:Macmillan.
[4].Black,Max.1979.More About Metaphor.Metaphor and Thought.[M]Ed.Andrew Ortony.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[5].Coulson,Seana.2001.Semantic Leaps:Frame-shifting and Conceptual Blending in Meaning Construction[M].Cambridge:Cambridge Uni2 Versity Press.
[6].Fauconnier,Gilles.1994.Mental Spaces[M]Cambridge:Cambridge University Press [Originally published 1985.Cambridge:MIT Press].
[7].Fauconnier,Gilles.& Turner.1995.Mark."Conceptual Integration and Formal Expression."[J]Metaphor and Symbolic Activity,10:3,p.183-203.
[8].Fauconnier,Gilles.&E.Sweetster.1996.Spaces,Worlds and Grammar.[M]Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
[9].Fauconnier,Gilles.1997.Mapping in Thought and Language.[D]Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[10].Fauconnier,Gilles.& M.Tumer.1998.Conceptual Integration Network[M].Cognitive Linguistics.
[11].Fauconnier,Gilles.2002.The Way We Think:Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities.[M]New York:Basic Books.
[12].Faith.2005."Speak English This Way",[M].广东省语言音象电子出版社,
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[15].Fillmore,C.& Beryl T.Atkins.1992.Toward a Frame-based Lexicon:The Semantics of RISK and its Beighbors[M].Frame,fields,and contrasts.
[16].Geeraerts,D.Diachronic.Prototype Semantics:a Contribution to Historical Lexicology[M].New York:Oxford University Press.
[17].Johnson,Mark.1981.Philosophical Perspectives on Metaphor.[M]Minnerpolis:University of Minnesota Press.
[18].Kovecses.2002.Metaphor:A Practical lntroduction[M]New York:Oxford University Press.
[19].Lakoff,George.1979.The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor.Metaphor and Thought.phEd.A.Ortony.[D]Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[20].Lakoff,George and Mark Johnson.1980.Metaphor We Live By.[D]Chicago:University Press.
[21].Lakoff,George and Mark Johnson.1999.Philosophy in the Flesh.[D]New York:Basic Books.
[22]Langacker,Ronald W.2004.An Overview of Cognitive Grammar.[J]A Speech Made in Shanghai International Studies University.
[23].Leech,Geoffrey N.and M.Short.Style in Fiction.[M]London:Longman Inc,1983.
[24].Maclachlan,G.and Reid,I.1994.Framing and Interpretation[M]Melbourne:Melbourne University Press.
[25].Minsky,Marvin.1975.A framework for representing knowledge.In Patrick Henry Winston(ed.),The Psychology of Computer Vision,[M]New York:McGraw-Hill.p211-277.
[26].Paul Werth.1994.Extended Metaphor--Text-World Account.[M]Language and Literature.
[27].Paul Werth.1999.Text World:Representing Conceptual Space in Discourse.[M]London:Pearson Educated Limited.
[28].Piller,Ingrid.1999.Extended Metaphor in Automobile Fan Discourse.Poetics Today.[M]Academic Research Library,3.
[29].Richard I.A.1965.Philosophy of Rhetoric.[M]Oxford University Press.
[30].Richards,I.A.1936.The Philosophy of Rhetoric.[M]New York:Oxford University Press.
[31].Tsohatzidis.1990.Meanings and Prototypes:Studies on Linguistic Categorization[C].Oxford:Routledge.
[32].Ungerer,F& Schmid H.J.1996.An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics[M].London:Longman,2001 ds,and contrasts.p211
[33].佛登云.“博喻”例话.[J]青海教育10.2002.
[34].李健.“论博喻的认知功能对建构英语篇章隐喻的作用”.[J]不倦的探求2007
[35].李苗,隐喻认知中的概念溶合和语义转移,[J]《外语与外语教学》,2002年第九期
[36].束定芳.“论隐喻的理解过程及其特点”.[J]外语教学与研究4.2002.
[37].束定芳.“隐喻学研究”[M]上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003.
[38].孙镜之.“谈博喻”.[J]语文学习4.1980.
[39].苏立昌.“认知语言学与意义理论”.[M]南开大学出版社,2007.
[40].熊学亮.认知语用学概论[M]上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999.
[41].文军.“Sustained Metaphor及其喻体分析”[J]外语教学,1990.(3)
[42].文军.“英汉博喻比较研究”[J]天津外国语学院学报,2002.(2)
[43].魏纪东.“论篇章隐喻中博喻的结构类型和组篇特征”[J].国外外语教学,2006.(1)
[44].魏纪东.“英语篇章博喻论”[D].2006.
[45].魏纪东.“从博喻的元功能看其对建构英语篇章隐喻的作用”[J]四川学报.2006.(1)
[46].魏纪东.“论博喻的非元功能对建构英语篇章隐喻的作用”[J]外国语.2006.(1)
[47].汪少华.“隐喻推理机制的认知性透视”[J]外语与外语教学.2000.(10)
[48].汪少华.“概念合成与隐喻的实时意义建构”[J]当代语言学.2002.(2)
[49].文旭.“国外认知语言学研究综观”[J]外国语.2006.(1)
[50].徐健.“英语语篇中博喻的连贯机制与意义建构”[M].2007.
[51].余秋芳.“博喻·互文”[J]教育与管理2002.
[52].赵艳芳.“认知语言学概论”[M]上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003.
[53].周振甫.“中国修辞学史”[M]北京:商务印书馆,1991.
[54].朱泳燚.“试论博喻的结构与功能”[J]修辞学习1997.(3)
[2].Barsalou L.W.,1992.Frames,"Concepts,and Conceptual Fields" in Frames,Fields,and Contrasts,[M]Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Publishers,Hillsdale,New Jersey,pp.21-74.
[3].Berry,Ralph.1978.The Shakespearen Metaphor:Studies in Language and Form.[D]London:Macmillan.
[4].Black,Max.1979.More About Metaphor.Metaphor and Thought.[M]Ed.Andrew Ortony.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[5].Coulson,Seana.2001.Semantic Leaps:Frame-shifting and Conceptual Blending in Meaning Construction[M].Cambridge:Cambridge Uni2 Versity Press.
[6].Fauconnier,Gilles.1994.Mental Spaces[M]Cambridge:Cambridge University Press [Originally published 1985.Cambridge:MIT Press].
[7].Fauconnier,Gilles.& Turner.1995.Mark."Conceptual Integration and Formal Expression."[J]Metaphor and Symbolic Activity,10:3,p.183-203.
[8].Fauconnier,Gilles.&E.Sweetster.1996.Spaces,Worlds and Grammar.[M]Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
[9].Fauconnier,Gilles.1997.Mapping in Thought and Language.[D]Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[10].Fauconnier,Gilles.& M.Tumer.1998.Conceptual Integration Network[M].Cognitive Linguistics.
[11].Fauconnier,Gilles.2002.The Way We Think:Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities.[M]New York:Basic Books.
[12].Faith.2005."Speak English This Way",[M].广东省语言音象电子出版社,
[13].Fillmore,C.1975.An Alternative to Checklist Theories of Meaning[M],Berkeley Linguistics Society.
[14].Fillmore,C.1985.Frames and the Semantics of Understanding.Quaderni Di Semantics,[M],Berkeley Linguistics Society.
[15].Fillmore,C.& Beryl T.Atkins.1992.Toward a Frame-based Lexicon:The Semantics of RISK and its Beighbors[M].Frame,fields,and contrasts.
[16].Geeraerts,D.Diachronic.Prototype Semantics:a Contribution to Historical Lexicology[M].New York:Oxford University Press.
[17].Johnson,Mark.1981.Philosophical Perspectives on Metaphor.[M]Minnerpolis:University of Minnesota Press.
[18].Kovecses.2002.Metaphor:A Practical lntroduction[M]New York:Oxford University Press.
[19].Lakoff,George.1979.The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor.Metaphor and Thought.phEd.A.Ortony.[D]Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[20].Lakoff,George and Mark Johnson.1980.Metaphor We Live By.[D]Chicago:University Press.
[21].Lakoff,George and Mark Johnson.1999.Philosophy in the Flesh.[D]New York:Basic Books.
[22]Langacker,Ronald W.2004.An Overview of Cognitive Grammar.[J]A Speech Made in Shanghai International Studies University.
[23].Leech,Geoffrey N.and M.Short.Style in Fiction.[M]London:Longman Inc,1983.
[24].Maclachlan,G.and Reid,I.1994.Framing and Interpretation[M]Melbourne:Melbourne University Press.
[25].Minsky,Marvin.1975.A framework for representing knowledge.In Patrick Henry Winston(ed.),The Psychology of Computer Vision,[M]New York:McGraw-Hill.p211-277.
[26].Paul Werth.1994.Extended Metaphor--Text-World Account.[M]Language and Literature.
[27].Paul Werth.1999.Text World:Representing Conceptual Space in Discourse.[M]London:Pearson Educated Limited.
[28].Piller,Ingrid.1999.Extended Metaphor in Automobile Fan Discourse.Poetics Today.[M]Academic Research Library,3.
[29].Richard I.A.1965.Philosophy of Rhetoric.[M]Oxford University Press.
[30].Richards,I.A.1936.The Philosophy of Rhetoric.[M]New York:Oxford University Press.
[31].Tsohatzidis.1990.Meanings and Prototypes:Studies on Linguistic Categorization[C].Oxford:Routledge.
[32].Ungerer,F& Schmid H.J.1996.An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics[M].London:Longman,2001 ds,and contrasts.p211
[33].佛登云.“博喻”例话.[J]青海教育10.2002.
[34].李健.“论博喻的认知功能对建构英语篇章隐喻的作用”.[J]不倦的探求2007
[35].李苗,隐喻认知中的概念溶合和语义转移,[J]《外语与外语教学》,2002年第九期
[36].束定芳.“论隐喻的理解过程及其特点”.[J]外语教学与研究4.2002.
[37].束定芳.“隐喻学研究”[M]上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003.
[38].孙镜之.“谈博喻”.[J]语文学习4.1980.
[39].苏立昌.“认知语言学与意义理论”.[M]南开大学出版社,2007.
[40].熊学亮.认知语用学概论[M]上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999.
[41].文军.“Sustained Metaphor及其喻体分析”[J]外语教学,1990.(3)
[42].文军.“英汉博喻比较研究”[J]天津外国语学院学报,2002.(2)
[43].魏纪东.“论篇章隐喻中博喻的结构类型和组篇特征”[J].国外外语教学,2006.(1)
[44].魏纪东.“英语篇章博喻论”[D].2006.
[45].魏纪东.“从博喻的元功能看其对建构英语篇章隐喻的作用”[J]四川学报.2006.(1)
[46].魏纪东.“论博喻的非元功能对建构英语篇章隐喻的作用”[J]外国语.2006.(1)
[47].汪少华.“隐喻推理机制的认知性透视”[J]外语与外语教学.2000.(10)
[48].汪少华.“概念合成与隐喻的实时意义建构”[J]当代语言学.2002.(2)
[49].文旭.“国外认知语言学研究综观”[J]外国语.2006.(1)
[50].徐健.“英语语篇中博喻的连贯机制与意义建构”[M].2007.
[51].余秋芳.“博喻·互文”[J]教育与管理2002.
[52].赵艳芳.“认知语言学概论”[M]上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003.
[53].周振甫.“中国修辞学史”[M]北京:商务印书馆,1991.
[54].朱泳燚.“试论博喻的结构与功能”[J]修辞学习1997.(3)