航天型号研制过程中的知识共享关键问题研究
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摘要
随着知识经济时代的来临，知识已取代土地、劳动力和资本成为最重要的资源要素。知识共享作为提升知识使用价值的最重要的知识管理模式，越来越受到人们的高度重视。航天型号属于高新技术知识集成的复杂系统，其研制过程必然伴随大量新技术、新知识的产生、获取、积聚、交流、转化、应用、创新和集成，航天型号研制的过程就是知识共享的过程。在这个过程中，知识资源的共享水平对提升航天型号研制能力和水平，提高航天型号的研制效率和成功率具有十分重要的影响。在计划经济环境下，由于没有竞争的压力，在航天型号研制中容易实现知识共享。但随着国家“寓军于民”战略的实施和军方武器装备研制采购竞争机制的引入，以及随着军工企业科技实力的提升，军工领域的竞争日益加剧，达到白热化程度。为构筑竞争优势，防范核心知识流失，参与航天型号研制的企业知识共享意愿明显下降，倾向于技术封锁和知识垄断，严重制约了航天型号的研制和发展。在新的竞争环境下，如何打破知识垄断，促进航天型号研制中的知识共享具有十分重要的意义。为此，本文主要开展了以下研究工作：
①在分析航天型号研制组织管理模式基础上，提出了航天型号联合体的概念；在深入界定知识共享概念和知识共享要素分析基础上，借鉴系统工程中霍尔三维结构模型建立了知识共享三维结构模型；利用知识共享理论和知识共享三维结构模型，从知识共享客体、知识共享主体、知识共享渠道、知识共享路径等方面对航天型号研制中的知识共享问题进行了梳理和分析，建立了航天型号研制知识共享模型，为进一步分析航天型号研制中的知识共享问题提供了分析框架和理论基础。研究分析发现：航天型号研制知识共享存在着纵向知识共享和横向知识共享两种模式，两类模式具有不同特征；型号研制队伍在航天型号研制知识共享方面发挥了重要作用。
②分别针对航天型号联合体两种知识共享模式（纵向知识共享和横向知识共享），构建了航天型号联合体知识共享的博弈模型，分析了联合体成员间知识共享的可行性、实现条件和影响因素。分析表明：在横向知识共享模式下，知识共享双方的知识投入、知识的可共享性、知识吸收转化能力、知识协同能力以及成本水平对双方知识共享行为有重要影响；在纵向知识共享模式下，双方的知识投入比例、奖励因子、惩罚因子、合作次数、收益系数对双方知识共享行为有重要影响；在各种影响因素综合作用下，型号联合体成员间知识共享的实现条件可以满足，知识共享行为有发生可能性。据此，提出了促进型号联合体成员间知识共享的策略。
③对航天型号研制知识共享的影响因素进行了理论分析，提出了研究假设，建立了概念模型；运用问卷调查取得的数据和SPSS17.0软件对航天型号研制知识共享影响因素进行了实证分析。结果表明：航天型号研制知识共享主要受知识特性（内隐性、复杂性、系统性）、知识提供方特性（知识传授能力）、知识接受方特性（知识接受意愿、知识吸收能力）、合作关系特性（组织相容度、知识关联度和信任程度）、知识共享环境特性（型号两总支持程度、激励政策、知识共享平台）影响。提高研制单位的知识接受意愿、知识吸收能力、知识传授能力可以促进型号研制知识共享水平的提高；改善研制单位之间的合作关系，特别是提高研制单位之间的组织相容度、知识关联度和信任程度可以促进型号研制知识共享水平的提高；改善知识共享环境，特别是取得型号两总支持、建立知识共享激励机制、完善知识共享平台可以促进型号研制知识共享水平的提高。
④构建了航天型号研制知识共享支撑体系，提出了“基于知识共享支撑体系驱动的知识共享实现模式”。支撑体系由知识共享平台、制度体系、型号文化、知识共享机制、资源保障等五部分组成，并通过案例进行了分析和验证。研究表明，该体系能支持型号研制知识共享的实现。
With the coming of the era of knowledge-based economy, replacing land resources,labor, and asset, knowledge has already become the most important element ofresources,. As the most important knowledge management mode for increasing theuse-value of knowledge, knowledge sharing is more and more valued by people. Spaceproducts, as a complex system integrated by hi-tech knowledge, must go through a R&D process accompanying with the generation, acquisition, centralization, exchange,transforming, application, creation, and integration of a great deal of new knowledge, sothe R&D process of aero-product can also be described as the process of knowledgesharing. In the course of R&D process, the sharing level of knowledge resource has afairly important influence on upgrading both the R&D capability and level of spaceproducts, as well as on increasing the R&D efficiency and success-rate of spaceproducts. For lack of competitive pressure, knowledge sharing in the field of spaceproducts R&D is more easily to be realized during the planned economy. With theimplementation of “combine military efforts with civilian support” strategy and theestablishment of competition mechanism in weapon equipment R&D and procurement,and with the enhancement of science and technology strength of military enterprises, thecompetition among military enterprises is more and more hot, event to a fierce state. Inorder to establish the advantages in competition, and to prevent the crucial knowledgefrom being drained away, the military enterprises decreased their intention to join inspace products R&D knowledge sharing; oppositely, they are more inclined to buildtechnical barrier and to implement knowledge monopolization, which severelyconstrained the R&D of space products. In the new competitive environment, to find outthe way to break through knowledge monopolization and the way to improveknowledge sharing in the field of space product R&D is very important. To achieve thispurpose, the author of this paper carries out the following research work:
①Based on the analysis of organization management mode of space productsR&D, the author puts forward a concept called space products R&D knowledge sharingunion; then on the basis of accurately identifying the concept of knowledge sharing andanalyzing its factors, the author establishes a3D-structure knowledge-sharing model bydrawing lessons from Hall3D structure model in system engineering. A space productsR&D knowledge sharing model which provides a analyzing framework and a theoretical foundation for further analyzing on the subject of knowledge sharing inspace products R&D is established by applying knowledge sharing theories and3D-structure knowledge-sharing model and by clearing up and analyzing knowledgesharing issues emerged in the course of space products R&D in such aspects as objects,subjects, channals, routes of knowledge sharing. Research shows that there are twokinds of space knowledge sharing models which possesses different characteristics: oneis called vertical knowledge sharing model and the other is horizontal knowledgesharing model. The author also finds out that the space products R&D team plays animportant role in R&D knowledge sharing.
②The author establishes a gaming model of knowledge sharing among themembers of the knowledge sharing union respectively for two knowledge sharingmodels (i.e. vertical knowledge sharing model and horizontal knowledge sharingmodel), analyzes the feasibility, the realization preconditions and the affective factors ofknowledge sharing among union members. The analysis shows that the knowledgesharing activities may be greatly influenced by factors such as knowledge input ofinvolved union members, the possibility of knowledge sharing, the knowledgeacquisition&transformation capabilities, the capability of knowledge-basedcooperation and level of costs, etc. under horizontal knowledge sharing model; and itmay be greatly influenced by factors such as the proportion of knowledge input,encouragement factors, punishment factors, times of cooperation and incomecoefficients under vertical knowledge sharing model. Under the comprehensiveinfluences of different factors, the conditions to realize inter-member knowledge sharingmay be achieved, and the knowledge sharing activities may occur. Based on the abovementioned study, the author brings forth strategies to hasten inter-member knowledgesharing.
③The author carries out a theoretical analysis on factors which may influenceknowledge sharing in space products R&D, puts forward a hypothesis, blueprints aconceptual model, and makes a empirical study on factors which may affect knowledgesharing in the course of space products R&D by applying data got from questionnairesurvey and SPSS17.0software. The research result shows that the factors which affectknowledge sharing in space products R&D are mainly include: characteristics ofknowledge (i.e. implicity, complexity, and. systematicness), characteristics ofknowledge providers (i.e. knowledge impartment capability), characteristics ofacquirers (i.e. willingness to accept the knowledge and capability of knowledge acquisition), characteristics of cooperative-relationship (i.e. harmonization degree of theorganization, relativity of knowledge, and degree of trustiness), and characteristics ofknowledge sharing conditions (i.e. support from chief administrative officers and chiefdesigners of a certain space product, excitation polices, and knowledge sharingplatform). The knowledge sharing level in space products R&D can be improved byincreasing the willingness to accept the knowledge, the knowledge acquisitioncapability, and the knowledge impartment capability; by improving the relationshipbetween the union members involved in R&D work, especially the harmonizationdegree of the organization, the relativity of knowledge and the degree of trustiness; andby establishing a healthy knowledge sharing conditions, especially by obtaining supportfrom chief administrative officers and chief designers, setting up the excitationmechanism, and perfecting the knowledge sharing platform
④The author sets up a supporting system for knowledge sharing in the course ofspace products R&D, and brings forth a knowledge sharing realization model which isestablished on the basis of and is driven by the knowledge sharing supporting system.The supporting system consists of knowledge sharing platform, the institutionalsupporting system, the culture of space industry, the knowledge sharing mechanism, andthe recourses support system. All of the five elements have been analyzed and verifiedthrough embodied cases. The research shows that the above mentioned system iscapable of realizing knowledge sharing in space product R&D.
①在分析航天型号研制组织管理模式基础上，提出了航天型号联合体的概念；在深入界定知识共享概念和知识共享要素分析基础上，借鉴系统工程中霍尔三维结构模型建立了知识共享三维结构模型；利用知识共享理论和知识共享三维结构模型，从知识共享客体、知识共享主体、知识共享渠道、知识共享路径等方面对航天型号研制中的知识共享问题进行了梳理和分析，建立了航天型号研制知识共享模型，为进一步分析航天型号研制中的知识共享问题提供了分析框架和理论基础。研究分析发现：航天型号研制知识共享存在着纵向知识共享和横向知识共享两种模式，两类模式具有不同特征；型号研制队伍在航天型号研制知识共享方面发挥了重要作用。
②分别针对航天型号联合体两种知识共享模式（纵向知识共享和横向知识共享），构建了航天型号联合体知识共享的博弈模型，分析了联合体成员间知识共享的可行性、实现条件和影响因素。分析表明：在横向知识共享模式下，知识共享双方的知识投入、知识的可共享性、知识吸收转化能力、知识协同能力以及成本水平对双方知识共享行为有重要影响；在纵向知识共享模式下，双方的知识投入比例、奖励因子、惩罚因子、合作次数、收益系数对双方知识共享行为有重要影响；在各种影响因素综合作用下，型号联合体成员间知识共享的实现条件可以满足，知识共享行为有发生可能性。据此，提出了促进型号联合体成员间知识共享的策略。
③对航天型号研制知识共享的影响因素进行了理论分析，提出了研究假设，建立了概念模型；运用问卷调查取得的数据和SPSS17.0软件对航天型号研制知识共享影响因素进行了实证分析。结果表明：航天型号研制知识共享主要受知识特性（内隐性、复杂性、系统性）、知识提供方特性（知识传授能力）、知识接受方特性（知识接受意愿、知识吸收能力）、合作关系特性（组织相容度、知识关联度和信任程度）、知识共享环境特性（型号两总支持程度、激励政策、知识共享平台）影响。提高研制单位的知识接受意愿、知识吸收能力、知识传授能力可以促进型号研制知识共享水平的提高；改善研制单位之间的合作关系，特别是提高研制单位之间的组织相容度、知识关联度和信任程度可以促进型号研制知识共享水平的提高；改善知识共享环境，特别是取得型号两总支持、建立知识共享激励机制、完善知识共享平台可以促进型号研制知识共享水平的提高。
④构建了航天型号研制知识共享支撑体系，提出了“基于知识共享支撑体系驱动的知识共享实现模式”。支撑体系由知识共享平台、制度体系、型号文化、知识共享机制、资源保障等五部分组成，并通过案例进行了分析和验证。研究表明，该体系能支持型号研制知识共享的实现。
With the coming of the era of knowledge-based economy, replacing land resources,labor, and asset, knowledge has already become the most important element ofresources,. As the most important knowledge management mode for increasing theuse-value of knowledge, knowledge sharing is more and more valued by people. Spaceproducts, as a complex system integrated by hi-tech knowledge, must go through a R&D process accompanying with the generation, acquisition, centralization, exchange,transforming, application, creation, and integration of a great deal of new knowledge, sothe R&D process of aero-product can also be described as the process of knowledgesharing. In the course of R&D process, the sharing level of knowledge resource has afairly important influence on upgrading both the R&D capability and level of spaceproducts, as well as on increasing the R&D efficiency and success-rate of spaceproducts. For lack of competitive pressure, knowledge sharing in the field of spaceproducts R&D is more easily to be realized during the planned economy. With theimplementation of “combine military efforts with civilian support” strategy and theestablishment of competition mechanism in weapon equipment R&D and procurement,and with the enhancement of science and technology strength of military enterprises, thecompetition among military enterprises is more and more hot, event to a fierce state. Inorder to establish the advantages in competition, and to prevent the crucial knowledgefrom being drained away, the military enterprises decreased their intention to join inspace products R&D knowledge sharing; oppositely, they are more inclined to buildtechnical barrier and to implement knowledge monopolization, which severelyconstrained the R&D of space products. In the new competitive environment, to find outthe way to break through knowledge monopolization and the way to improveknowledge sharing in the field of space product R&D is very important. To achieve thispurpose, the author of this paper carries out the following research work:
①Based on the analysis of organization management mode of space productsR&D, the author puts forward a concept called space products R&D knowledge sharingunion; then on the basis of accurately identifying the concept of knowledge sharing andanalyzing its factors, the author establishes a3D-structure knowledge-sharing model bydrawing lessons from Hall3D structure model in system engineering. A space productsR&D knowledge sharing model which provides a analyzing framework and a theoretical foundation for further analyzing on the subject of knowledge sharing inspace products R&D is established by applying knowledge sharing theories and3D-structure knowledge-sharing model and by clearing up and analyzing knowledgesharing issues emerged in the course of space products R&D in such aspects as objects,subjects, channals, routes of knowledge sharing. Research shows that there are twokinds of space knowledge sharing models which possesses different characteristics: oneis called vertical knowledge sharing model and the other is horizontal knowledgesharing model. The author also finds out that the space products R&D team plays animportant role in R&D knowledge sharing.
②The author establishes a gaming model of knowledge sharing among themembers of the knowledge sharing union respectively for two knowledge sharingmodels (i.e. vertical knowledge sharing model and horizontal knowledge sharingmodel), analyzes the feasibility, the realization preconditions and the affective factors ofknowledge sharing among union members. The analysis shows that the knowledgesharing activities may be greatly influenced by factors such as knowledge input ofinvolved union members, the possibility of knowledge sharing, the knowledgeacquisition&transformation capabilities, the capability of knowledge-basedcooperation and level of costs, etc. under horizontal knowledge sharing model; and itmay be greatly influenced by factors such as the proportion of knowledge input,encouragement factors, punishment factors, times of cooperation and incomecoefficients under vertical knowledge sharing model. Under the comprehensiveinfluences of different factors, the conditions to realize inter-member knowledge sharingmay be achieved, and the knowledge sharing activities may occur. Based on the abovementioned study, the author brings forth strategies to hasten inter-member knowledgesharing.
③The author carries out a theoretical analysis on factors which may influenceknowledge sharing in space products R&D, puts forward a hypothesis, blueprints aconceptual model, and makes a empirical study on factors which may affect knowledgesharing in the course of space products R&D by applying data got from questionnairesurvey and SPSS17.0software. The research result shows that the factors which affectknowledge sharing in space products R&D are mainly include: characteristics ofknowledge (i.e. implicity, complexity, and. systematicness), characteristics ofknowledge providers (i.e. knowledge impartment capability), characteristics ofacquirers (i.e. willingness to accept the knowledge and capability of knowledge acquisition), characteristics of cooperative-relationship (i.e. harmonization degree of theorganization, relativity of knowledge, and degree of trustiness), and characteristics ofknowledge sharing conditions (i.e. support from chief administrative officers and chiefdesigners of a certain space product, excitation polices, and knowledge sharingplatform). The knowledge sharing level in space products R&D can be improved byincreasing the willingness to accept the knowledge, the knowledge acquisitioncapability, and the knowledge impartment capability; by improving the relationshipbetween the union members involved in R&D work, especially the harmonizationdegree of the organization, the relativity of knowledge and the degree of trustiness; andby establishing a healthy knowledge sharing conditions, especially by obtaining supportfrom chief administrative officers and chief designers, setting up the excitationmechanism, and perfecting the knowledge sharing platform
④The author sets up a supporting system for knowledge sharing in the course ofspace products R&D, and brings forth a knowledge sharing realization model which isestablished on the basis of and is driven by the knowledge sharing supporting system.The supporting system consists of knowledge sharing platform, the institutionalsupporting system, the culture of space industry, the knowledge sharing mechanism, andthe recourses support system. All of the five elements have been analyzed and verifiedthrough embodied cases. The research shows that the above mentioned system iscapable of realizing knowledge sharing in space product R&D.
引文
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