高速铁路行车调度工作负荷评估问题研究
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摘要
近年来,随着我国高速铁路的迅速发展,高铁安全也越来越受到学者关注。行车调度作为高速铁路列车运行的指挥者,其操作水平直接决定着列车运行的安全性和可靠性。行车调度操作水平的发挥与其工作负荷有着密切的联系,工作负荷过高,则会导致行车调度压力过大,影响其身体健康,并会威胁到列车的安全运行；工作负荷过低,则会导致行车调度对单一轻松的工作产生乏味,造成某些重要信息的遗漏。因此,要使行车调度的工作负荷处于合理范围之内,以确保其操作水平的正常发挥。
本文通过对行车调度的工作负荷进行研究,进而基于合理工作负荷对行车调度进行人员配置和所辖调度区段的划分,主要工作如下所示：
(1)本文在对行车调度的作业内容和作业过程进行了详细分析的基础上,阐述了行车调度工作负荷的涵义,并从多方面分析了工作负荷对行车调度产生的影响,在此基础上选用了一种适合行车调度的工作负荷评价方法。
(2)描述了行车调度的行为及行为特征,在此基础上建立了行车调度信息加工模型,并分析了其信息处理能力。通过去北京铁路局调度所发放问卷收集数据,并运用SHEL模型和层次分析法分析提取了行车调度信息量的影响因素。
(3)分析了行车调度工作负荷与所需处理信息量之间的关系,在对其工作内容进行详细分析的基础上,采用任务分析法建立了工作负荷评估模型,并用时段压力系数对所建立的工作负荷模型进行修正。通过实地调研采集数据,统计分析得出了负荷模型中各类操作的时间权值。最后,以京沪高铁调度台行车调度为研究对象,测量评估了他们的全日工作负荷,并用主观评价法进行了验证。
(4)采用线性多元回归法对工作负荷值、列车数量和区段长度三者进行了回归分析。接着基于行车调度的合理工作负荷提出了人员配置和调度区段划分的原则及方法,并以京沪高铁调度台的行车调度为研究对象,进行了实例分析。
研究结果表明,本文提出的工作负荷评价模型、人员配置方法与调度区段划分方法具有一定的可信度,能有效评测高铁行车调度的工作负荷,并进行合理的人力资源配置。
In recent years, with the rapid development of our country's high-speed railway, more and more scholars pay close attention to its safety. Train dispatching as train operation commanders of high speed railway, its operation level directly decides the safety and reliability of train operation. The operation level of train dispatching has the close relation with workload. The high workload will lead to high pressure, affect their health, and would threaten the safety of the train operation. The low workload will lead to train dispatching feel drab for a single light work, causing some important information to be missed. So we need to make the dispatching workload in a reasonable scope, to ensure the better operation level.
Based on the reasonable workload, this article makes the dispatching personnel allocation and the division of dispatching section. The mainly work of this paper is listed below:
(1) This paper expounds the definition of workload and analyzes the workload on the effect of train dispatching. Based on the analysis of work content and operation process, this paper chooses a workload evaluation method suitable for train dispatching.
(2) Based on the train dispatching behavior and behavior characteristics, this paper establishes the model of dispatching information processing, and analyses the capacity of information processing.
(3) Analysis of the relationship between workload and information. After the workload of dispatching is classified, the task analysis is taken to establish the evaluation model of workload, and time pressure coefficient is used to correct the workload. Through the field investigation data, statistical analysis of the time right value of all kinds of operation in the load model. Finally, with the Beijing-shanghai high-speed railway dispatching as the research object, this paper make assessment of their full-time workload and subjective evaluation method are verified.
(4)The workload value, the quantity of train and the section length are regression analysis by linear multiple regression method. Then based on the reasonable workload, this paper puts forward the principle and method of personnel allocation and division of dispatching section.
The research results show that the workload evaluation model, personnel allocation method and division method of dispatching section has certain credibility, can effectively evaluating workload of high-speed railway dispatching, and reasonable allocation of human resources.
本文通过对行车调度的工作负荷进行研究,进而基于合理工作负荷对行车调度进行人员配置和所辖调度区段的划分,主要工作如下所示：
(1)本文在对行车调度的作业内容和作业过程进行了详细分析的基础上,阐述了行车调度工作负荷的涵义,并从多方面分析了工作负荷对行车调度产生的影响,在此基础上选用了一种适合行车调度的工作负荷评价方法。
(2)描述了行车调度的行为及行为特征,在此基础上建立了行车调度信息加工模型,并分析了其信息处理能力。通过去北京铁路局调度所发放问卷收集数据,并运用SHEL模型和层次分析法分析提取了行车调度信息量的影响因素。
(3)分析了行车调度工作负荷与所需处理信息量之间的关系,在对其工作内容进行详细分析的基础上,采用任务分析法建立了工作负荷评估模型,并用时段压力系数对所建立的工作负荷模型进行修正。通过实地调研采集数据,统计分析得出了负荷模型中各类操作的时间权值。最后,以京沪高铁调度台行车调度为研究对象,测量评估了他们的全日工作负荷,并用主观评价法进行了验证。
(4)采用线性多元回归法对工作负荷值、列车数量和区段长度三者进行了回归分析。接着基于行车调度的合理工作负荷提出了人员配置和调度区段划分的原则及方法,并以京沪高铁调度台的行车调度为研究对象,进行了实例分析。
研究结果表明,本文提出的工作负荷评价模型、人员配置方法与调度区段划分方法具有一定的可信度,能有效评测高铁行车调度的工作负荷,并进行合理的人力资源配置。
In recent years, with the rapid development of our country's high-speed railway, more and more scholars pay close attention to its safety. Train dispatching as train operation commanders of high speed railway, its operation level directly decides the safety and reliability of train operation. The operation level of train dispatching has the close relation with workload. The high workload will lead to high pressure, affect their health, and would threaten the safety of the train operation. The low workload will lead to train dispatching feel drab for a single light work, causing some important information to be missed. So we need to make the dispatching workload in a reasonable scope, to ensure the better operation level.
Based on the reasonable workload, this article makes the dispatching personnel allocation and the division of dispatching section. The mainly work of this paper is listed below:
(1) This paper expounds the definition of workload and analyzes the workload on the effect of train dispatching. Based on the analysis of work content and operation process, this paper chooses a workload evaluation method suitable for train dispatching.
(2) Based on the train dispatching behavior and behavior characteristics, this paper establishes the model of dispatching information processing, and analyses the capacity of information processing.
(3) Analysis of the relationship between workload and information. After the workload of dispatching is classified, the task analysis is taken to establish the evaluation model of workload, and time pressure coefficient is used to correct the workload. Through the field investigation data, statistical analysis of the time right value of all kinds of operation in the load model. Finally, with the Beijing-shanghai high-speed railway dispatching as the research object, this paper make assessment of their full-time workload and subjective evaluation method are verified.
(4)The workload value, the quantity of train and the section length are regression analysis by linear multiple regression method. Then based on the reasonable workload, this paper puts forward the principle and method of personnel allocation and division of dispatching section.
The research results show that the workload evaluation model, personnel allocation method and division method of dispatching section has certain credibility, can effectively evaluating workload of high-speed railway dispatching, and reasonable allocation of human resources.
引文
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[2]何华武.灾害对铁路影响及其防御对策[J].中国铁路,2008,47(10)：1-8
[3]王山,孙全欣,宋晓梅.高速铁路运行安全系统的研究[J].内蒙古科技与经济,2003,7(4)：69-71
[4]彭其渊,周磊山,马驷.高速铁路调度指挥[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2009
[5]S.Popkin, J.Gertler, S.Reinach, A Preliminary Examination of Railroad Dispatcher Workload, Stress, and Fatigue[R].U.S.A:Federal Railroad Administration,2001
[6]Tsurkan VH. Somatic health status as a reflection of the efficacy of optimization of work conditions for railroad dispatchers [J]. Lik Sprava,2004,33(2):103-107
[7]Emilie M.Roth, Nicolas Malsch, Jordan Multer. Understanding how train dispatchers manage and control trains[R]. U.S.A:Federal Railroad Administration,2001,5
[8]Timothee Masquelier, Thomas Sheridan, Jordan Multer.Supporting Railroad Roadway Worker Communications with a Wireless Handheld Computer Impact on Dispatcher Workload And Performance[R].U.S.A:Federal Railroad Administration,2004
[9]D.K.Schmidt, A queuing Analysis Of the Air Traffic Controller's Workload, IEEE Transaction on Systems, Man, And Cybernetics,1978:492-498
[10]Noriyasu Tofukuji, An Enroute ATC Simulation Experiment for Sector Capacity Estimation,IEEE Transaction on Control Systems Technology,1993
[11]Gahan.M. Development of an air traffic controller workload model[C].44th Annual Air Traffic Control Association Conference Proceedings,1999
[12]Daniele Cloarec, Kirsteen Purves, et al. Cospace 2003 Controller Model Based Study Assessment of Airborne Spacing Tasks In The Extended TMA. Eurocontrol Experimental Centre,2003:1-68
[13]田起利.列车调度员的疲劳研究[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2011.
[14]王滋春,冯立功.铁路列车调度员的作业疲劳调查研究[J].中国工业医学杂志.1991,4(3)：45-46
[15]杨艳.职业紧张对铁路调度员心理及心血管健康的影响[D].郑州大学硕士学位论文,2007
[16]张嬿.基于任务分析的地铁行车调度工作负荷研究[D].北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2010
[17]张蕾.管制员工作负荷评估系统及扇区容量问题研究[D].南京航空航天大学硕士学 位论文,2006
[18]张明.终端空域扇区规划及运行管理关键问题研究[D].南京航空航天大学博士学位论文,2010
[19]王秉淳.基于空中交通复杂性的管制员工作负荷评估问题研究[D].南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文,2008
[20]姚虹翔.管制员工作负荷评估方法研究[D].南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文,2007
[21]王滋春,高惠芳,张一佳.调度员的疲调查[J].劳动医学,1992,9(1)：34-35
[22]吴小林,孟宪东.工作负荷评价的方法论探讨[C].湖南：中国系统工程学会,1995：53-56
[23]方卫宁,张嫌.轮班制度对于地铁司机疲劳的影响[J].中国安全科学学报,2010,20(2)：17-22.
[24]Willliges RC, Wierville WW. Behavioral measures of aircrew mental workload[J]. Human Factors,1979,21(5):549-574
[25]崔凯,孙林岩,冯泰文等.脑力负荷度量方法的新进展述评[J].工业工程,2008,11(5)：1-4
[26]Hart S G, Staveland L. Development of the NASA task load index(TLX):Results of empirical and theoretical research[M].Human mental workload.Amsterdam:Elsevier, 1988:139-183
[27]Reid G B, Nygren T E. The subjective workload assessment technique:a scaling procedure for measuring mental workload[M].Human mental workload. Amsterdam: Elsevier,1988:185-218
[28]姚永杰.军机飞行员空中脑力负荷的心理生理评定[D].第四军医大学博士学位论文,2007
[29]F.Vergne. Model Based Simulation of OSLO Air Traffic Control Centre,May2001
[30]Hamilton David B, Bierbaurn Carl R, Fulford Laura A. Task analysis/workload(TAWL) user's guide.U.S. army research institute for the behavioral and social sciences
[31]Roscoe AH. Stress and workload in pilots [J]. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine,1978,4:630-636
[32]Myrtek M, Brugner G, Muller W. Validation Studies of Emotional Mental and Physical Workload Components in the Field[M].Seattle WA:Hogrefe & Huber Publishers,1996: 287-304
[33]Costa G Evaluation of Workload in Air Traffic Controllers[J]. Ergonomics,1993,36 (2):1111-1120
[34]Mogford R, Guttman J, Morrow S. The Complexity Construct in Air Traffic Control a Review and Synthesis of the Literature[R]. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration Technical Center, Atlantic City, NJ:1995
[35]张智君.主观评定方法在飞行员心理负荷评定中的作用[J].中华航空医学杂志,1994,5(1)：57-59
[36]闫少华.基于信息加工模型的管制员差错分类与分析[J].中国安全科学学报,2009,19(8)：121-125
[37]赵江洪.人机工程学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2006.
[38]Mark Sanders, Ernest J, McCormick.工程和设计中的人因学[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2009
[39]Christopher C.D. Wickens, Justin G. Hollands. Engineering Psychology and Human Performance[M]. New York:Harper-Collins,1992
[40]程兵战.管制员的情景意识对管制员认知活动的影响[J].科技风,2010,5(12)：78-79
[41]李旭东.浅析人的因素和人为因素[J].南通航运职业技术学院学报,2006,5(4)：48-51
[42]郝勇,桑凌志.基于SHEL模型的内河船舶最优化配员研究[J].武汉理工大学学报,2012,36(2)：351-355
[43]王莲芬,许树柏.层次分析法引论[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,1990
[44]周德群.系统工程概论[M].北京：科学出版社,2010
[45]吴晓峰.基于驾驶员工作负荷的公路线形安全性评价[D].长安大学硕士学位文,2009
[46]明士军.驾驶负荷与交通信息整合系统探讨[J].人类工效学,2007,13(4)：39-40
[47]郭伏,李森.作业测定技术应用中的问题研究[J].工业工程,2003,6(3)：57-60
[48]周前祥.舱外活动航天员工作负荷评价方法的研究进展[J].载人航天,2007,4(1)：8-12
[49]贾俊平,何晓群,金勇进.统计学[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2004：291-296
[50]赖丽梅.论铁路运输企业人力资源现状和改革措施[J].消费导刊,2008,6(6)：27-28
[51]孙化远.以调度区段为基本单元建立铁路全程联网运营质量管理体系[J].铁道运输与经济,1991,13(10)：13-14
[2]何华武.灾害对铁路影响及其防御对策[J].中国铁路,2008,47(10)：1-8
[3]王山,孙全欣,宋晓梅.高速铁路运行安全系统的研究[J].内蒙古科技与经济,2003,7(4)：69-71
[4]彭其渊,周磊山,马驷.高速铁路调度指挥[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2009
[5]S.Popkin, J.Gertler, S.Reinach, A Preliminary Examination of Railroad Dispatcher Workload, Stress, and Fatigue[R].U.S.A:Federal Railroad Administration,2001
[6]Tsurkan VH. Somatic health status as a reflection of the efficacy of optimization of work conditions for railroad dispatchers [J]. Lik Sprava,2004,33(2):103-107
[7]Emilie M.Roth, Nicolas Malsch, Jordan Multer. Understanding how train dispatchers manage and control trains[R]. U.S.A:Federal Railroad Administration,2001,5
[8]Timothee Masquelier, Thomas Sheridan, Jordan Multer.Supporting Railroad Roadway Worker Communications with a Wireless Handheld Computer Impact on Dispatcher Workload And Performance[R].U.S.A:Federal Railroad Administration,2004
[9]D.K.Schmidt, A queuing Analysis Of the Air Traffic Controller's Workload, IEEE Transaction on Systems, Man, And Cybernetics,1978:492-498
[10]Noriyasu Tofukuji, An Enroute ATC Simulation Experiment for Sector Capacity Estimation,IEEE Transaction on Control Systems Technology,1993
[11]Gahan.M. Development of an air traffic controller workload model[C].44th Annual Air Traffic Control Association Conference Proceedings,1999
[12]Daniele Cloarec, Kirsteen Purves, et al. Cospace 2003 Controller Model Based Study Assessment of Airborne Spacing Tasks In The Extended TMA. Eurocontrol Experimental Centre,2003:1-68
[13]田起利.列车调度员的疲劳研究[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文,2011.
[14]王滋春,冯立功.铁路列车调度员的作业疲劳调查研究[J].中国工业医学杂志.1991,4(3)：45-46
[15]杨艳.职业紧张对铁路调度员心理及心血管健康的影响[D].郑州大学硕士学位论文,2007
[16]张嬿.基于任务分析的地铁行车调度工作负荷研究[D].北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2010
[17]张蕾.管制员工作负荷评估系统及扇区容量问题研究[D].南京航空航天大学硕士学 位论文,2006
[18]张明.终端空域扇区规划及运行管理关键问题研究[D].南京航空航天大学博士学位论文,2010
[19]王秉淳.基于空中交通复杂性的管制员工作负荷评估问题研究[D].南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文,2008
[20]姚虹翔.管制员工作负荷评估方法研究[D].南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文,2007
[21]王滋春,高惠芳,张一佳.调度员的疲调查[J].劳动医学,1992,9(1)：34-35
[22]吴小林,孟宪东.工作负荷评价的方法论探讨[C].湖南：中国系统工程学会,1995：53-56
[23]方卫宁,张嫌.轮班制度对于地铁司机疲劳的影响[J].中国安全科学学报,2010,20(2)：17-22.
[24]Willliges RC, Wierville WW. Behavioral measures of aircrew mental workload[J]. Human Factors,1979,21(5):549-574
[25]崔凯,孙林岩,冯泰文等.脑力负荷度量方法的新进展述评[J].工业工程,2008,11(5)：1-4
[26]Hart S G, Staveland L. Development of the NASA task load index(TLX):Results of empirical and theoretical research[M].Human mental workload.Amsterdam:Elsevier, 1988:139-183
[27]Reid G B, Nygren T E. The subjective workload assessment technique:a scaling procedure for measuring mental workload[M].Human mental workload. Amsterdam: Elsevier,1988:185-218
[28]姚永杰.军机飞行员空中脑力负荷的心理生理评定[D].第四军医大学博士学位论文,2007
[29]F.Vergne. Model Based Simulation of OSLO Air Traffic Control Centre,May2001
[30]Hamilton David B, Bierbaurn Carl R, Fulford Laura A. Task analysis/workload(TAWL) user's guide.U.S. army research institute for the behavioral and social sciences
[31]Roscoe AH. Stress and workload in pilots [J]. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine,1978,4:630-636
[32]Myrtek M, Brugner G, Muller W. Validation Studies of Emotional Mental and Physical Workload Components in the Field[M].Seattle WA:Hogrefe & Huber Publishers,1996: 287-304
[33]Costa G Evaluation of Workload in Air Traffic Controllers[J]. Ergonomics,1993,36 (2):1111-1120
[34]Mogford R, Guttman J, Morrow S. The Complexity Construct in Air Traffic Control a Review and Synthesis of the Literature[R]. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration Technical Center, Atlantic City, NJ:1995
[35]张智君.主观评定方法在飞行员心理负荷评定中的作用[J].中华航空医学杂志,1994,5(1)：57-59
[36]闫少华.基于信息加工模型的管制员差错分类与分析[J].中国安全科学学报,2009,19(8)：121-125
[37]赵江洪.人机工程学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2006.
[38]Mark Sanders, Ernest J, McCormick.工程和设计中的人因学[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2009
[39]Christopher C.D. Wickens, Justin G. Hollands. Engineering Psychology and Human Performance[M]. New York:Harper-Collins,1992
[40]程兵战.管制员的情景意识对管制员认知活动的影响[J].科技风,2010,5(12)：78-79
[41]李旭东.浅析人的因素和人为因素[J].南通航运职业技术学院学报,2006,5(4)：48-51
[42]郝勇,桑凌志.基于SHEL模型的内河船舶最优化配员研究[J].武汉理工大学学报,2012,36(2)：351-355
[43]王莲芬,许树柏.层次分析法引论[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,1990
[44]周德群.系统工程概论[M].北京：科学出版社,2010
[45]吴晓峰.基于驾驶员工作负荷的公路线形安全性评价[D].长安大学硕士学位文,2009
[46]明士军.驾驶负荷与交通信息整合系统探讨[J].人类工效学,2007,13(4)：39-40
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