英语书面语与口语中的道歉
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摘要
The aims of this thesis are to explore featUes of aPo1ogy in WE & SE, and to
examine Iexicogrammatical characteristics of WE & SE. Since Hal1iday's
systemic--functional grammar emphasizes the idea/of "function" of language, this
thesis chooses his theory of interpersonal function, especially mood, modality and
their metaphor, to tackle the problem. Considering that any illustration isolated from
the sociocultura1 context may lead to linguistic curiosities and do not achieve the
..
communicative purposes, this thesis also explains features of aPology in WE & SE
from the social context poini of view.
Introduction
TO err is human. Each one needs to make an apo1ogy in daily life. A suitable
aPology '.ot only shows good manner, but also keeps good social relationship.
TherefOre, the introductory part deals with the definition of apology and explains why
the comparative study of aPo1ogy in Written English and Spoken English is needed.
For the purpose of i11ustration, this thesis sets up a database of aPology texts, which
consists of l00 written personal or business letters and 100 face to face, simultaneous
conversatlons.
Chapter One
Chapter One attempts to give the theoretica1 fOundation of aPology. To begin
with is the speech act theory. The re1ationship of structUIe and function determines the
use of direct or indirect speech act. Indirect speech acts are generally associated with
greater politeness in English than direct speech act. After the speech act theory are
two terms c1osely connected with aPology: face and politeness. The principles of face
wants and pQliteness guide the participants involved in aPology. Since the middle of
the tWentieth century, there has been a considerable literature attempting to define
differences between written language and spoken language. It is necessaIy to make an
general introduction to views of different linguists.
/
Chapter TWo
Chapter TWo is the discussion of interpersonal function in aPology. The
discussion is made with Halliday's interpersonal function in his systemic-functional
grammar. Interpersonal function is specified through choices of mood, modality
system, metaphor of mood, modality etc. Language is the key to a society of which it
is a part. Interpersonal function refers to the ped which language shows its
significance in keeping social re1ationship. Apology in essence, is a remedy and its
main purpose is to preserve relations.
Chapter Three
Chapter Three makes a comparative study of apology between WE & SE in
terms of apology strategies, apology patterns (syntactic-semantic patterns used fOr
apology), seriousness of apology and socia1 distance of participants. Basic statistics
are made to help the exp1oration. The finding proves that although WE and SE are
independent of each other, they are by no means mutual1y exclusive.
ConcIusion
The thesis attempts to make a comparative study of apology in WE & SE.
Through an analysis of three chapters, involving theoretical fOundations, the
interpersonal function of apology and different features of apology in WE & SE, both
the 1inguistic characteristics and social function of apology are made clear. It stands to
stress that careful consideration should be given to the most common linguistic
phenomenon like apology. It is a1so intended to help language leamers to gain a
deeper insight into Ha1liday's 1inguistic theory and hope that the finding is beneficial
to the learning of English, and can give some guides to the communication of people
in society.
引文
Austin, J. L.1975. How to Do Things with Words. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Asher, R. C. ed. 1994. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Vol. 2. Pergamon Press.
Bex, T. 1996. Variety in Written English. Routledge.
Biber, Douglas. 1985. "Investigating Macroscopic Textual Variation through Multifeature/Multidimensional Analyses." Linguistics, 23:337-360.
-----. 1986. "Spoken and Written Textual Dimensions in English." Language, 62(2):384-414.
Boyd, J. & J. P. Throne. 1969. "The Semantics of Modal Verbs", Journal of Linguistics 6.
Brown, Gillian et. al. eds. 2000. Language and Understanding. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Brown, G & G. Yule. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
Brown, P. & Levinson, S. 1978. Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena, in E. N. Goody ed. Questions and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.56-289.
-----1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bryant, M. 1959. A Functional English Grammar, D. C. Heath and Company.
Buret, C. S. 1985. Systemic Linguistics: Theory and Application, London: Batsford Academic and Educational.
Bybee, J. & S. Fleischman eds. 1995. Modality in Grammar and Discourse., Philadelphia and Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Caner, R. 1997. Investing English Discourse. Routledge.
Cohen, A. D., & Olshtain, E. 1981. Developing a measure of sociocultural competence: The case of apology. Language Learning, 31,113-134.
Cohen, A. D., Olshtain, E., & Rosenstein, D. S. 1986. Advanced EFL apologies: What remains to be learned. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 62, 51-74.
Comrie, Bernard. 1985. Tense. Cambridge University Press.
Cook, Guy & Barbara Seidholfer. 2000. Principles & Practice in Applied Linguistics. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Coulmas, F. 1981. "Poison to your soul. Thanks and apologies contrastively viewed", in F. Coulmas ed. Conversational Routine. The Hague: Mouton, pp.69-91.
Coulmas. F. ed. 1997. "Spoken and Written Language". The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Crystal, David. 1991. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Beijing: Basil Blackwell World Publishing Corp.
Davies, M. & L. Ravelli. Eds. 1992. Advances in Systemic Linguistics: Recent Theory and Practice, London and New York: Pinter Publishers.
Edmondson, W. J. 1981. "On saying you are sorry", in F. Coulmas ed. Conversational Routine. The Hague: Mouton, pp.273-88.
Edmundson, R. J. 1992. Evidence for native speaker notions of apologizing and accepting apologies in American English. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Bloomington: Indiana University.
Finegan, Edward. 1999. Language: Its structure and use. Harcourt Brace & Company.
Firth, J. R. 1951. General Linguistics and Descriptive Grammar. Trans. Phil. Soc. 69-87.
Fraser, B. 1980. On Apologizing. in F. Coulmas ed., Conversational Routines (pp. 259-271). The Hague: Mouton.
Frescura, M. A. 1993. A sociolinguistic comparison of "reactions to complaints". Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Toronto: University of Toronto, Graduate Department of Eduaction.
Goffman, E. 1967. Interaction Ritual. New York: Anchor.
Goffman, E. 1974. Frame Analysis. New York: Harper and Row.
Grundy, P. 1995, Doing Pragmatics. Edward Arnold.
Gumperz, J. 1971, Language in Social Groups. Standford: Standford University.
Haliday, M. A. K. 1970a. A Course in Spoken English: Intonation. Oxford University Press.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1970b "Language structure and language function", in Lyons, J., ed., New Horizons in Linguistics, Penguin, pp. 138-145.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1973. Explorations in the Functions of Language. Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K. & R. Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in English. Longman.
Halliday, M. A. K. & R. Hasan. 1985. Language, Context and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social Semiotic Perspective. Greelong, vic: Deakin University.
Halliday, M. A. K. & J. R. Martin. 1981. Readings in Systemic Linguistics. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K.1978. Language as Social Semiotic. Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K.1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar Arnold,Hanks, Patrick, Mclead, W. T.& Urdang, Laurence. 1986. Collins Dictionary of the English Language.
Hawkins, J. M. & Allen, Robert, ed. 1991. The Oxford Encyclopedia English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Heidr, F. 1958. The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley.Holmes, J. 1990. "Apologies in New Zealand English", in Cheshire, J. & Trudgill, P. ed.The SocioIinguistics. Edward Arnold, pp. 201-239.
Johansson, Stig, ed. 1982. Computer Corpora in English Language Research. Bergen: Norwegian Computing Center for the Humanities.
Kirsten, Malmkjae ed. 1991. The Linguistics Encyclopedia. Routledge.
Kittay, E. F. 1987. Metaphor: its Cognitive Force and Linguistic Structure. Clarendon Press.
Leech, G. N. 1980. Language and Tact.. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
----1983, Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Levinson, S. C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Linnell, J., Porter, F. L., Stone, H., & Chen, Wan-Lai. 1992. Can you apologize me? An investigation of speech act performance among non-native speakers of English. Penn Working Papers in Educational Linguistics, 8(2), 33-53.
Martin, J. R. et al. 1997. Working with Functional Grammar. Arnold.
Matthews, P. H. 2000. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
McCarthy, M. 1991. Discourse Analysis for Language Teacher. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Norrick, N. R. 1978. "Expressive illocutionary acts". Journal of Pragmatics 2: pp. 277-91.
Moffett, James. 1985. "Liberating Inner Speeches." College Composition and Communication, 33(3): 304-308.
Owen, M. 1983. Apologies and Remedial Interchanges: A Study of Language Use in Social Interaction. Berlin: Mouton, Walter de Gruyter.
Quirk, R. et al. 1989. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Beijing: World Publishing Corp.
Richards, J. et al. 1985. Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics. Longman.
Searl, J. R. 1969. Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Searl, J. R. 1979. Expression and Meaning: Studies in Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Searl, J. R. et al. On Searl on Conversation. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Sinlair, J. M. & R. M. Coulthard. 1975. Towards an Analysis of Discourse, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Spolsky, Bernard. 2000. Sociolinguistics. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Svartik, Jan. & Quirk, Randolph, eds. 1980. A Corpus of English Conversation. Lund: CWK Gleerup.
Thomas, J. 1985. "Complex illocutionary acts and the analysis of discourse", Lancaster Papers in Linguistics 11, Lancaster: University of Lancaster.
Thomas, J. 1995. Meaning in interaction: An introduction to Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Thompson, Geoff. 2000. Introducing Functional Grammar. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Trosberg, A. 1987. "Apology Strategies in natives/non-natives", Journal of Pragmatics 11: pp. 147-67.
Tsui, A. B. M. 2000. English Conversation. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford University Press.
----2000. The study of language. Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press.
Yule, G. 1996. The Study of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zuskin, R. 1993. L2 Learners interpretations of the DCT prompt: Sociolinguistics inference generated from the context. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico.
范文芳，2000，“英语语气隐喻”，《外国语》，第四期。
顾明华，1988，“韩礼德论书面语与口头语”，《外语与外语教学》，增刊。
何自然，1997，《语用学与外语学习》，上海外语教育出版社。
胡壮麟等，1986，《系统功能语法概论》，湖南教育出版社。
胡壮麟等，1990，《语言系统与功能》，北京大学出版社。
胡壮麟等，1996，“语气隐喻”，《外语教学与研究》，第四期。
姜望琪，2000，《语用学—理论及应用》，北京大学出版社。
李国庆，2001，“韩礼德语气隐喻理论：分析桑提亚哥与曼诺林之间的关系”，《四川外语学报》，第四期。
李基安，1998，情态意义研究，《外国语》，1998年第三期。
李战子，200l，“功能语法中的人际意义框架的扩展”，《外语研究》，第一期。
林书武，1997，“国外隐喻研究综述”，《外语教学与研究》，第一期。
刘世生，1994，“系统功能文体学研究” 博士论文，北京大学英语系。
刘世生，“The interpersonal function in literary narration"，胡壮麟，方琰，1997，《功能语言学在中国的进展》。
秦秀白，1987，《文体学概论》，湖南教育出版社。
王爱华，2001，“英汉拒绝言语行为研究”，《外语教学与研究》，第三期。
王佐良、丁往道，1990，《英语文体学引论》，外语教学与研究出版社。
徐丹晖，1999，《语言艺术探索》，北京广播学院出版社。
张德禄，1998，《功能文体学》，山东教育出版社。
Asher, R. C. ed. 1994. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Vol. 2. Pergamon Press.
Bex, T. 1996. Variety in Written English. Routledge.
Biber, Douglas. 1985. "Investigating Macroscopic Textual Variation through Multifeature/Multidimensional Analyses." Linguistics, 23:337-360.
-----. 1986. "Spoken and Written Textual Dimensions in English." Language, 62(2):384-414.
Boyd, J. & J. P. Throne. 1969. "The Semantics of Modal Verbs", Journal of Linguistics 6.
Brown, Gillian et. al. eds. 2000. Language and Understanding. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Brown, G & G. Yule. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
Brown, P. & Levinson, S. 1978. Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena, in E. N. Goody ed. Questions and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.56-289.
-----1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bryant, M. 1959. A Functional English Grammar, D. C. Heath and Company.
Buret, C. S. 1985. Systemic Linguistics: Theory and Application, London: Batsford Academic and Educational.
Bybee, J. & S. Fleischman eds. 1995. Modality in Grammar and Discourse., Philadelphia and Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Caner, R. 1997. Investing English Discourse. Routledge.
Cohen, A. D., & Olshtain, E. 1981. Developing a measure of sociocultural competence: The case of apology. Language Learning, 31,113-134.
Cohen, A. D., Olshtain, E., & Rosenstein, D. S. 1986. Advanced EFL apologies: What remains to be learned. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 62, 51-74.
Comrie, Bernard. 1985. Tense. Cambridge University Press.
Cook, Guy & Barbara Seidholfer. 2000. Principles & Practice in Applied Linguistics. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Coulmas, F. 1981. "Poison to your soul. Thanks and apologies contrastively viewed", in F. Coulmas ed. Conversational Routine. The Hague: Mouton, pp.69-91.
Coulmas. F. ed. 1997. "Spoken and Written Language". The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Crystal, David. 1991. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Beijing: Basil Blackwell World Publishing Corp.
Davies, M. & L. Ravelli. Eds. 1992. Advances in Systemic Linguistics: Recent Theory and Practice, London and New York: Pinter Publishers.
Edmondson, W. J. 1981. "On saying you are sorry", in F. Coulmas ed. Conversational Routine. The Hague: Mouton, pp.273-88.
Edmundson, R. J. 1992. Evidence for native speaker notions of apologizing and accepting apologies in American English. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Bloomington: Indiana University.
Finegan, Edward. 1999. Language: Its structure and use. Harcourt Brace & Company.
Firth, J. R. 1951. General Linguistics and Descriptive Grammar. Trans. Phil. Soc. 69-87.
Fraser, B. 1980. On Apologizing. in F. Coulmas ed., Conversational Routines (pp. 259-271). The Hague: Mouton.
Frescura, M. A. 1993. A sociolinguistic comparison of "reactions to complaints". Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Toronto: University of Toronto, Graduate Department of Eduaction.
Goffman, E. 1967. Interaction Ritual. New York: Anchor.
Goffman, E. 1974. Frame Analysis. New York: Harper and Row.
Grundy, P. 1995, Doing Pragmatics. Edward Arnold.
Gumperz, J. 1971, Language in Social Groups. Standford: Standford University.
Haliday, M. A. K. 1970a. A Course in Spoken English: Intonation. Oxford University Press.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1970b "Language structure and language function", in Lyons, J., ed., New Horizons in Linguistics, Penguin, pp. 138-145.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1973. Explorations in the Functions of Language. Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K. & R. Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in English. Longman.
Halliday, M. A. K. & R. Hasan. 1985. Language, Context and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social Semiotic Perspective. Greelong, vic: Deakin University.
Halliday, M. A. K. & J. R. Martin. 1981. Readings in Systemic Linguistics. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K.1978. Language as Social Semiotic. Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K.1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar Arnold,Hanks, Patrick, Mclead, W. T.& Urdang, Laurence. 1986. Collins Dictionary of the English Language.
Hawkins, J. M. & Allen, Robert, ed. 1991. The Oxford Encyclopedia English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Heidr, F. 1958. The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley.Holmes, J. 1990. "Apologies in New Zealand English", in Cheshire, J. & Trudgill, P. ed.The SocioIinguistics. Edward Arnold, pp. 201-239.
Johansson, Stig, ed. 1982. Computer Corpora in English Language Research. Bergen: Norwegian Computing Center for the Humanities.
Kirsten, Malmkjae ed. 1991. The Linguistics Encyclopedia. Routledge.
Kittay, E. F. 1987. Metaphor: its Cognitive Force and Linguistic Structure. Clarendon Press.
Leech, G. N. 1980. Language and Tact.. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
----1983, Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Levinson, S. C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Linnell, J., Porter, F. L., Stone, H., & Chen, Wan-Lai. 1992. Can you apologize me? An investigation of speech act performance among non-native speakers of English. Penn Working Papers in Educational Linguistics, 8(2), 33-53.
Martin, J. R. et al. 1997. Working with Functional Grammar. Arnold.
Matthews, P. H. 2000. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
McCarthy, M. 1991. Discourse Analysis for Language Teacher. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Norrick, N. R. 1978. "Expressive illocutionary acts". Journal of Pragmatics 2: pp. 277-91.
Moffett, James. 1985. "Liberating Inner Speeches." College Composition and Communication, 33(3): 304-308.
Owen, M. 1983. Apologies and Remedial Interchanges: A Study of Language Use in Social Interaction. Berlin: Mouton, Walter de Gruyter.
Quirk, R. et al. 1989. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Beijing: World Publishing Corp.
Richards, J. et al. 1985. Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics. Longman.
Searl, J. R. 1969. Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Searl, J. R. 1979. Expression and Meaning: Studies in Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Searl, J. R. et al. On Searl on Conversation. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Sinlair, J. M. & R. M. Coulthard. 1975. Towards an Analysis of Discourse, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Spolsky, Bernard. 2000. Sociolinguistics. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Svartik, Jan. & Quirk, Randolph, eds. 1980. A Corpus of English Conversation. Lund: CWK Gleerup.
Thomas, J. 1985. "Complex illocutionary acts and the analysis of discourse", Lancaster Papers in Linguistics 11, Lancaster: University of Lancaster.
Thomas, J. 1995. Meaning in interaction: An introduction to Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Thompson, Geoff. 2000. Introducing Functional Grammar. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Trosberg, A. 1987. "Apology Strategies in natives/non-natives", Journal of Pragmatics 11: pp. 147-67.
Tsui, A. B. M. 2000. English Conversation. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford University Press.
----2000. The study of language. Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press.
Yule, G. 1996. The Study of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zuskin, R. 1993. L2 Learners interpretations of the DCT prompt: Sociolinguistics inference generated from the context. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico.
范文芳，2000，“英语语气隐喻”，《外国语》，第四期。
顾明华，1988，“韩礼德论书面语与口头语”，《外语与外语教学》，增刊。
何自然，1997，《语用学与外语学习》，上海外语教育出版社。
胡壮麟等，1986，《系统功能语法概论》，湖南教育出版社。
胡壮麟等，1990，《语言系统与功能》，北京大学出版社。
胡壮麟等，1996，“语气隐喻”，《外语教学与研究》，第四期。
姜望琪，2000，《语用学—理论及应用》，北京大学出版社。
李国庆，2001，“韩礼德语气隐喻理论：分析桑提亚哥与曼诺林之间的关系”，《四川外语学报》，第四期。
李基安，1998，情态意义研究，《外国语》，1998年第三期。
李战子，200l，“功能语法中的人际意义框架的扩展”，《外语研究》，第一期。
林书武，1997，“国外隐喻研究综述”，《外语教学与研究》，第一期。
刘世生，1994，“系统功能文体学研究” 博士论文，北京大学英语系。
刘世生，“The interpersonal function in literary narration"，胡壮麟，方琰，1997，《功能语言学在中国的进展》。
秦秀白，1987，《文体学概论》，湖南教育出版社。
王爱华，2001，“英汉拒绝言语行为研究”，《外语教学与研究》，第三期。
王佐良、丁往道，1990，《英语文体学引论》，外语教学与研究出版社。
徐丹晖，1999，《语言艺术探索》，北京广播学院出版社。
张德禄，1998，《功能文体学》，山东教育出版社。