泡沫水泥轻质土在公路建设中的应用与研究
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摘要
轻质材料是指使用人工材料制作的表观密度较低，而强度较高的材料，其主要特点是表观密度比一般的土体小，而强度和变形特性可以达到甚至超过良好土体。泡沫水泥轻质土具有良好的流动性、水硬性、施工性及经济性等特点，应用前景非常广阔。
本文详细介绍了泡沫水泥轻质土材料的基本性质，一般其表观密度在500～1500kg／m~3的范围内调整；其抗压强度可以在0.1～1.5MPa的范围内进行调整；其流动性指标即扩展度在180±20mm左右。浸水后表观密度有所增加，增加幅度约8％左右。在实际应用时，其自身的压缩下沉量可以忽略不计，其抗剪强度约为单轴抗压强度的1／3左右。若将反复疲劳荷载控制在单轴抗压强度的50％左右时，其对强度的影响可以忽略不计。
对于泡沫水泥轻质土用于路堤等设计的具体理论，本文亦作了具体论述，设计时应考虑背面土压、水压、自重、上部载荷、水平土压力、浮力、地震力、冲击力等因素以及不同条件下的安全系数，其稳定分析项目包括局部稳定分析与整体稳定分析。
本文对泡沫水泥轻质土的实际应用也作了详细介绍，施工时，应根据设计条件事先进行配合比设计，以确认原料土的性质、轻质土表观密度、强度和施工的流动性及材料抗离析力。其施工工序为：挖掘、整地→防、排水工程→挡墙工程→发泡、混合搅拌→输送→浇注、铺设→养生保护。其施工时质量控制重点为确认其是否达到了规定的流动性和表观密度。
泡沫水泥轻质土具有广阔的应用前景，可以进行垂直填土，保护环境；作为路基填料能有效控制道路工后沉降并增大稳定、安全系数；可以减轻路堤自重，降低地基应力，提高结构物使用的安全性及使用寿命，能有效消除桥头跳车现象。
本文的研究对于公路建设中的软基处理、桥头处理、公路扩幅等问题的解决提出了一种新的方法和理念。
As a kind of geotechnical material, light material is made of artificial materials, the primary character of which is that it is lighter than common soil while the intensity and the deformation feature may be equal to or even be better than good soil. Foamed Cement Banking (FCB), a kind of light material, is mainly discussed. Possessing of the good qualities on flowability, self-hardening, construction and economy, FCB gets a very wide application foreground.
The substantial behavior of the FCB material is introduced thouroughly in this paper. Generally, the apparent density ranges between 500 and 1500 kg/m3 while the compression strength varies from 0.1 to 1.5MPa. Because FCB is fluid and self-hardening, the flow value is often controlled at about 180?0mm. The apparent density of FCB has an increasing of about 8 % atter immersion. The compression settling of FCB itself can be ignored in practice. The flexural strength is in a proportion of about 1/3 to the one-axis compression strength and the effect on strength can be ignored.
The specific design theory for the FCB material when it was applied in the design of embankment and etc. was also presented in the paper. In specific design, the following loading factors should be taken into account: back soil pressure, water pressure, dead weight, overburden, horizontal soil force, buoyancy, seismic force and impact force. The different safety factors under different conditions should also be considered. The items concerning the stability can be divided into two aspects, for example, internal stability and external stability.
Furthermore, the actual application of the FCB is introduced in the paper. The mix design of FCB should be performed according to the design conditions before construction. In the design, the properties of raw soil, the apparent density and strength of light soil, the flowability in construction and the resistance disassociation should be given. The following are the construction process steps: digging, preparing soil drainage and
water-proof project retaining wall works foaming, mixing and agitating transferrin placing, layin curing maintenance. The key point of FCB quality control is to make it clear whether FCB has reached its flowability and apparent density specified.
It is obvious that the FCB material will get a very wide application foreground in future. FCB can be used for vertical filling to make the best of limited soil resource and to protect environment, for bank-filling on soft-base to control the post subsidence efficiently and to promote the stability and the security, for filling behind structures, such as abutment, to reduce the subgrade stress and to lessen the soil pressure supported by the back of the structures as much as possible by lighten the embankment greatly with the ultimate object is to improve the structures' using safety factor and to prolong the using life, and then to eliminate the jumping at bridge-head.
A new method and concept are presented in the paper for the settlements of the problems in road construction, which includes soft-base treatment, jumping at bridge-head and pavement widening.
本文详细介绍了泡沫水泥轻质土材料的基本性质，一般其表观密度在500～1500kg／m~3的范围内调整；其抗压强度可以在0.1～1.5MPa的范围内进行调整；其流动性指标即扩展度在180±20mm左右。浸水后表观密度有所增加，增加幅度约8％左右。在实际应用时，其自身的压缩下沉量可以忽略不计，其抗剪强度约为单轴抗压强度的1／3左右。若将反复疲劳荷载控制在单轴抗压强度的50％左右时，其对强度的影响可以忽略不计。
对于泡沫水泥轻质土用于路堤等设计的具体理论，本文亦作了具体论述，设计时应考虑背面土压、水压、自重、上部载荷、水平土压力、浮力、地震力、冲击力等因素以及不同条件下的安全系数，其稳定分析项目包括局部稳定分析与整体稳定分析。
本文对泡沫水泥轻质土的实际应用也作了详细介绍，施工时，应根据设计条件事先进行配合比设计，以确认原料土的性质、轻质土表观密度、强度和施工的流动性及材料抗离析力。其施工工序为：挖掘、整地→防、排水工程→挡墙工程→发泡、混合搅拌→输送→浇注、铺设→养生保护。其施工时质量控制重点为确认其是否达到了规定的流动性和表观密度。
泡沫水泥轻质土具有广阔的应用前景，可以进行垂直填土，保护环境；作为路基填料能有效控制道路工后沉降并增大稳定、安全系数；可以减轻路堤自重，降低地基应力，提高结构物使用的安全性及使用寿命，能有效消除桥头跳车现象。
本文的研究对于公路建设中的软基处理、桥头处理、公路扩幅等问题的解决提出了一种新的方法和理念。
As a kind of geotechnical material, light material is made of artificial materials, the primary character of which is that it is lighter than common soil while the intensity and the deformation feature may be equal to or even be better than good soil. Foamed Cement Banking (FCB), a kind of light material, is mainly discussed. Possessing of the good qualities on flowability, self-hardening, construction and economy, FCB gets a very wide application foreground.
The substantial behavior of the FCB material is introduced thouroughly in this paper. Generally, the apparent density ranges between 500 and 1500 kg/m3 while the compression strength varies from 0.1 to 1.5MPa. Because FCB is fluid and self-hardening, the flow value is often controlled at about 180?0mm. The apparent density of FCB has an increasing of about 8 % atter immersion. The compression settling of FCB itself can be ignored in practice. The flexural strength is in a proportion of about 1/3 to the one-axis compression strength and the effect on strength can be ignored.
The specific design theory for the FCB material when it was applied in the design of embankment and etc. was also presented in the paper. In specific design, the following loading factors should be taken into account: back soil pressure, water pressure, dead weight, overburden, horizontal soil force, buoyancy, seismic force and impact force. The different safety factors under different conditions should also be considered. The items concerning the stability can be divided into two aspects, for example, internal stability and external stability.
Furthermore, the actual application of the FCB is introduced in the paper. The mix design of FCB should be performed according to the design conditions before construction. In the design, the properties of raw soil, the apparent density and strength of light soil, the flowability in construction and the resistance disassociation should be given. The following are the construction process steps: digging, preparing soil drainage and
water-proof project retaining wall works foaming, mixing and agitating transferrin placing, layin curing maintenance. The key point of FCB quality control is to make it clear whether FCB has reached its flowability and apparent density specified.
It is obvious that the FCB material will get a very wide application foreground in future. FCB can be used for vertical filling to make the best of limited soil resource and to protect environment, for bank-filling on soft-base to control the post subsidence efficiently and to promote the stability and the security, for filling behind structures, such as abutment, to reduce the subgrade stress and to lessen the soil pressure supported by the back of the structures as much as possible by lighten the embankment greatly with the ultimate object is to improve the structures' using safety factor and to prolong the using life, and then to eliminate the jumping at bridge-head.
A new method and concept are presented in the paper for the settlements of the problems in road construction, which includes soft-base treatment, jumping at bridge-head and pavement widening.
引文
[1] 陈忠平等．泡沫水泥轻质土的关键技术开发及其在高等级公路上的应用．广东省科技厅科研课题立项报告，2003，1-20
[2] Young F. D. Experimental foamed plastic base course. Highway Research Record No. 101, Highway Research Board, Washington, D. C., U. S. A., 1965, 1-15
[3] 江苏宁沪高速公路股份有限公司，河海大学主编．交通土建软土地基工程手册．北京：人民交通出版社，2001，4：33-40
[4] 孔祥金，周春儿．对公路软基常用处理方法及评价．见：珠江三角洲高含水量粘土地基工程特性及快速加固机理研究论文集，2000，9：50-53
[5] 张荣堂，周北雁．浅论复合地基在高速公路软基处理中的应用．中南公路工程，1997，(3)：5-7
[6] 三嵨信雄．泡沫水泥轻质土工法．理工図书株式会社，2000，40-45
[7] "Mat(?)riaux legers pour remblais/lightweight filling materials; remblai 1(?)ger en mousse de b(?)ton/lightweight foamed concrete fill", Document No. 12.02.B, PIARC-World Road Association, La Defense, France, 1997, 106-135 (in English and French)
[8] 菊池喜昭，规矩大义，林康弘等．軽量地盘材料物性评价方法(1)．土基础，2001，(4)：51-56
[9] 矢岛寿一，大岭圣，荻迫栄治等．軽量地盘材料物性评价方法(4)．土基础，2001，(3)：40-50
[10] 规矩大义，安原一哉，堀内澄夫等．軽量地盘材料物性评价方法(3)．土基础，2001，(4)：47-51
[11] 安原一哉，土田孝，小桥秀俊．地盘軽量化技术軽量土物性．土基础，2001，(2)：56-57
[12] 洪毓康．土质学与土力学．北京：人民交通出版社，1979，20-30
[13] 菊池喜昭，加藤诚，长坂勇二等．軽量地盘材料设计法．土基础，2001，(3)：37-42
[14] 三嵨信雄，星野克行．気泡混合軽量盛土工法(泡沫水泥軽质土工法)．基础工，1994，(10)：16-21
[15] 《德国地基基础规范》(DIN 4084)．王铁宏译，1991，15-20
[16] 长尾和之，入山务，国分健一．気泡混合軽量土用桥台背面土圧軽减工法．基础工，1994，(10)：71-75
[17] 青山宪明．裹込材用発泡构造物背面及影响．基础工，1990，(12)：21-25
[18] 安原一哉．讲座始．土基础，2001，(3)：49-53
[19] 森范行，草刈太一，佐藤常雄等．气泡混合补强土工法．基础工，1994，(10)：28-34
[20] 三嶋他．気泡混合軽量盛土工法．基础工 1994，22(10)：16-21
[21] 顾达欢，顾熙．影响泡沫轻质土工材料施工稳定性的因素及其试验研究．岩土工程技术，2003，(1)：24-27
[22] 巻内勝彦，佐藤嘉広，中村和之．軽量地盘材料物性评价适用軽量地盘材料施工法事例(1)．土基础，2001，(3)：41-46
[23] 陈忠平等．轻质土的关键技术开发及其施工工艺的研究．交通部联合攻关重点课题课题报告，2003，21-30
[24] 樋口靖明．発泡盛土工法．基础工，1990，(12)：11-14，16-17
[25] 张锡祥，柳军．泡沫复合材料基础工程应用探讨．重庆交通学院学报，1999，(1)：10-13
[26] 郭树棠．泡沫水泥填土法．国外公路，1995，(6)：21-24
[27] 地基处理手册编写委员会，地基处理手册，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998，45-52
[28] 长尾他．気泡混合軽量土用东名高速道路拡幅工事．基础工，1994，22(10)：76-80
[29] 三嶋他．気泡軽量盛土工法泡沫水泥轻质土工法．土木施工，1992，33(9)：37-44
[30] 陈忠平．泡沫水泥轻质土及其应用．中外公路，2003，3：17-20
[31] 三嶋他．気泡混合軽量土用高速道路改筑工事．土木技术 1994，49(8)：64-70
[32] 冈田．赤羽駅付近立体交差化工事．日经，1994，(3)：38-42
[33] 肖礼经．泡沫混合轻质填土技术在解决高等级公路软基路堤桥头跳车问题中的应用．中外公路，2003，23(5)：121-123
[34] 魏宏志．轻质填土材料在高等级公路软基路堤中的应用．中国公路，2003，(3)：20-24
[35] 长坂勇二，新舎博，小桥秀俊等．軽量地盘材料施工法事例(
3)．土基础，2001，(4)：40-46
[36] 横田他．気泡工法．土木技术，1996，51(2)：73-81
[37] 古谷．軽量盛土材気泡．土基础，1989，37：73-77
[38] 赤井．高速道路道路盛土利用．基础工 1990，18(12)：49-50
[39] 都筑．道路盛土适用例．基础工，1990，18(12)：102-108
[40] 长尾他．気泡混合軽量土用桥台背面土圧軽减工法．基础工，1994，22(10)：70-75
[2] Young F. D. Experimental foamed plastic base course. Highway Research Record No. 101, Highway Research Board, Washington, D. C., U. S. A., 1965, 1-15
[3] 江苏宁沪高速公路股份有限公司，河海大学主编．交通土建软土地基工程手册．北京：人民交通出版社，2001，4：33-40
[4] 孔祥金，周春儿．对公路软基常用处理方法及评价．见：珠江三角洲高含水量粘土地基工程特性及快速加固机理研究论文集，2000，9：50-53
[5] 张荣堂，周北雁．浅论复合地基在高速公路软基处理中的应用．中南公路工程，1997，(3)：5-7
[6] 三嵨信雄．泡沫水泥轻质土工法．理工図书株式会社，2000，40-45
[7] "Mat(?)riaux legers pour remblais/lightweight filling materials; remblai 1(?)ger en mousse de b(?)ton/lightweight foamed concrete fill", Document No. 12.02.B, PIARC-World Road Association, La Defense, France, 1997, 106-135 (in English and French)
[8] 菊池喜昭，规矩大义，林康弘等．軽量地盘材料物性评价方法(1)．土基础，2001，(4)：51-56
[9] 矢岛寿一，大岭圣，荻迫栄治等．軽量地盘材料物性评价方法(4)．土基础，2001，(3)：40-50
[10] 规矩大义，安原一哉，堀内澄夫等．軽量地盘材料物性评价方法(3)．土基础，2001，(4)：47-51
[11] 安原一哉，土田孝，小桥秀俊．地盘軽量化技术軽量土物性．土基础，2001，(2)：56-57
[12] 洪毓康．土质学与土力学．北京：人民交通出版社，1979，20-30
[13] 菊池喜昭，加藤诚，长坂勇二等．軽量地盘材料设计法．土基础，2001，(3)：37-42
[14] 三嵨信雄，星野克行．気泡混合軽量盛土工法(泡沫水泥軽质土工法)．基础工，1994，(10)：16-21
[15] 《德国地基基础规范》(DIN 4084)．王铁宏译，1991，15-20
[16] 长尾和之，入山务，国分健一．気泡混合軽量土用桥台背面土圧軽减工法．基础工，1994，(10)：71-75
[17] 青山宪明．裹込材用発泡构造物背面及影响．基础工，1990，(12)：21-25
[18] 安原一哉．讲座始．土基础，2001，(3)：49-53
[19] 森范行，草刈太一，佐藤常雄等．气泡混合补强土工法．基础工，1994，(10)：28-34
[20] 三嶋他．気泡混合軽量盛土工法．基础工 1994，22(10)：16-21
[21] 顾达欢，顾熙．影响泡沫轻质土工材料施工稳定性的因素及其试验研究．岩土工程技术，2003，(1)：24-27
[22] 巻内勝彦，佐藤嘉広，中村和之．軽量地盘材料物性评价适用軽量地盘材料施工法事例(1)．土基础，2001，(3)：41-46
[23] 陈忠平等．轻质土的关键技术开发及其施工工艺的研究．交通部联合攻关重点课题课题报告，2003，21-30
[24] 樋口靖明．発泡盛土工法．基础工，1990，(12)：11-14，16-17
[25] 张锡祥，柳军．泡沫复合材料基础工程应用探讨．重庆交通学院学报，1999，(1)：10-13
[26] 郭树棠．泡沫水泥填土法．国外公路，1995，(6)：21-24
[27] 地基处理手册编写委员会，地基处理手册，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1998，45-52
[28] 长尾他．気泡混合軽量土用东名高速道路拡幅工事．基础工，1994，22(10)：76-80
[29] 三嶋他．気泡軽量盛土工法泡沫水泥轻质土工法．土木施工，1992，33(9)：37-44
[30] 陈忠平．泡沫水泥轻质土及其应用．中外公路，2003，3：17-20
[31] 三嶋他．気泡混合軽量土用高速道路改筑工事．土木技术 1994，49(8)：64-70
[32] 冈田．赤羽駅付近立体交差化工事．日经，1994，(3)：38-42
[33] 肖礼经．泡沫混合轻质填土技术在解决高等级公路软基路堤桥头跳车问题中的应用．中外公路，2003，23(5)：121-123
[34] 魏宏志．轻质填土材料在高等级公路软基路堤中的应用．中国公路，2003，(3)：20-24
[35] 长坂勇二，新舎博，小桥秀俊等．軽量地盘材料施工法事例(
3)．土基础，2001，(4)：40-46
[36] 横田他．気泡工法．土木技术，1996，51(2)：73-81
[37] 古谷．軽量盛土材気泡．土基础，1989，37：73-77
[38] 赤井．高速道路道路盛土利用．基础工 1990，18(12)：49-50
[39] 都筑．道路盛土适用例．基础工，1990，18(12)：102-108
[40] 长尾他．気泡混合軽量土用桥台背面土圧軽减工法．基础工，1994，22(10)：70-75