自锚式斜拉—悬索协作体系桥的Pushover分析及减隔震研究
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摘要
自锚式斜拉-悬索协作体系桥是一种新型的桥梁结构形式,不仅具备了传统的斜拉-悬索协作体系桥的诸多优点,而且由于取消了庞大的锚碇,更增加了其在不良地质环境条件下的竞争力,目前已被工程界采纳。但从目前已有的文献看,对这种桥型动力性能的研究还很少见,且主要以非线性时程分析为主。但是由于时程分析技术复杂、工作量大、结果处理繁杂,而且分析结果的准确性很大程度上依赖于所选择的输入地面运动情况,因此在实际工程设计中并没有得到广泛的应用。而Pushover分析方法概念明了,计算简便,能有效地评估结构的抗震性能,近年来逐渐受到结构工程师们的关注。但传统的Pushover方法皆采用固定的侧向荷载分布模式,没有考虑高阶振型的影响以及结构屈服后振动特性的改变,只适用于桥墩高度较低的梁式桥,不能对高阶振型影响显著桥梁进行抗震性能评价。为了克服这些局限性,结合以自锚式斜拉一悬索协作体系桥为研究主体的研究课题：交通部西部交通建设科技项目“斜拉一悬索协作体系桥梁的研究”,以已建的庄河建设大桥和大连湾跨海大桥设计方案为算例,对该新型结构体系的静力弹塑性分析和减隔震等动力问题进行了深入的研究,主要工作如下：
1.在动力学理论的基础上,对各阶振型完全解耦的MPA方法进行改进,提出了部分两阶段荷载模式的Pushover分析方法(PSMPA法)。通过单墩模型和受高阶振型影响的连续梁全桥模型的算例,对典型地震动输入下改进的部分两阶段Pushover方法、传统的Pushover分析方法及非线性时程分析方法进行对比分析；验证了提出的改进部分两阶段荷载模式的合理性和准确性,不论是对单墩模型还是全桥模型分析,改进的部分两阶段模态Pushover方法可以考虑高阶振型的影响以及结构屈服后振动特性的改变和内力重分配问题,其计算结果均比倒三角分布和均布荷载模式更接近时程分析的结果；尤其是受高阶振型影响明显的跨度较大的连续梁全桥模型的计算,改进的部分两阶段模态Pushover方法更显示出其优越性,计算精度高,误差小。
2.自锚式斜拉-悬索协作体系桥为复杂的多自由度结构体系,其在地震中的反应受高阶振型影响显著,等效地震力的分布模式十分复杂,传统的基于力的Pushover方法无法对协作体系桥纵桥向进行静力弹塑性分析。提出了基于位移的改进模态Pushover方法(简称DSMPA法),利用位移模式对结构进行Pushover分析,通过对一自锚式斜拉-悬索协作体系桥算例纵桥向地震反应的研究,验证该方法能真实的反应结构在地震作用下的动力特性,计算结果与动力时程分析的结果吻合的较好。同时,由于和采用双控方法确定参与计算振型数的结合,计算过程也大为简化。
3.引入地震反应位移修正系数的概念,提出了能够考虑高振型影响及结构屈服后振型形状向量改变的目标位移计算方法(IMP法)。对自锚式斜拉-悬索协作体系桥算例,采用了四种不同的目标位移计算方法预测结构纵向地震作用下的目标位移,结果与非线性时程分析相比,改进方法(MP)的结果与时程分析结果最为接近,能力谱方法稍差,等效单自由度体系法预测值偏小；等效位移系数法的预测值偏离程度最大。通过考察三个跨径不同的协作体系桥,采用四种目标位移计算方法预测结构的目标位移,根据计算结果,给出了目标位移修正系数的参考值,从而为该桥型应用Pushover分析方法来确定结构的非线性地震响应提供了依据和参考。
4.基于弹塑性分析结果,首先采用三种铅芯橡胶支座布置方案对大跨度自锚式斜拉-悬索协作体系桥进行了多维地震作用下的隔震分析；并在此三种铅芯橡胶支座布置方案基础上,在纵向地震输入情况下,对协作体系桥又加入粘滞阻尼器的耗能减震分析；粘滞阻尼器的设置方式采用三种工况：1)仅边墩与加劲梁之间设置阻尼器；2)边墩和主塔均与加劲梁之间设置阻尼器；3)仅主塔与加劲梁之间设置阻尼器。分析结果表明,与仅采用隔震支座的方案相比较可以看出,采用铅芯橡胶支座与粘滞阻尼器的混合振动控制对于控制节点位移和控制截面的内力的降低有更加明显的效果。
5.基于模糊决策理论,对大跨度自锚式斜拉-悬索协作体系桥的动力减隔震模型方案进行了多层多目标模糊优选,采用二元比较论解决了定性指标的量化问题,区分了“重要性”和“优越性”的概念；将模糊决策的方法与工程实践相结合,基于第四章自锚式斜拉-悬索协作体系桥算例的动力减隔震模型弹塑性分析结果,提出了五种方案进行多目标多层次模糊优选,比较分析认为边墩、主塔下横梁与加劲梁间均设置铅芯橡胶支座,主塔与加劲梁之间设置阻尼器相结合的方案相对合理,该方法为实际工程概念设计阶段的选型提供了借鉴和参考。
As a new type of bridge, self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridge has been widely used so far because it has not only some advantages of traditional cable-stayed suspension bridge, but also is more adaptive to being built in bad geologic conditions owing to canceling giant anchor block. Many researches have been devoted to the nonlinear time history analysis of this type of bridge while seldom to dynamic properties. Nonlinear time history analysis is considered to be the most accurate method for elasto-plastic analysis of bridges, but it isn't widely applied in engineering design owing to its complex technology, complicated calculation and miscellaneous result processing, and the accuracy depends greatly on the input ground motions. Recently, with the development of performance-based seismic design, Pushover analysis procedure has been accepted and gradually used for estimating the seismic performance for bridges because of its simple concept and easy calculation. All the classic Pushover analysis procedures are based on the invariant force distributions, but none of the invariant force distributions can account for the contributions of higher modes to response, or for a redistribution of inertia forces after structural yielding and the associated changes in the vibration properties of the structure. So the classic Pushover analysis procedures are just suitable for the beam bridges with low piers, not for high piers or cable-stayed bridge. To overcome these limitations, combining the West Traffic Construction Project of Science and Technology, the built Zhuanghe Bridge and the construction of Dalian Bay Sea-Crossing Bridge are taken as the project background. The research of static elasto-plastic analysis and seismic energy dissipation dynamic problems for this new type system are discussed, the main findings are listed as follows:
1. The MPA method complete decoupling for all order modes has been improved based on dynamics and the portion two-stage loading mode-based Pushover analysis method (PSMPA) is proposed. Taken single pier model and continuous beam entire bridge affected by high order formation as examples, analysis are compared among improved PSMPA method, classical Pushover method and nonlinear time history analysis method under typical seismic input. The effectiveness and feasibility of the improved mode is verified. No matter single pier model or continuous beam entire bridge is analyzed, the improved PSMPA method can consider the effect of high order models, the associated changes in the vibration properties of the structure and redistribution of inertia forces. The results are closer to the time analysis results than inverted triangular distribution and uniform load models. The advantage of improved PSMPA method is displayed in calculation precision and error especially for the calculation of continuous beam entire bridge affected by high order formation.
2. Self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridge is a system with complex multi-degree of freedom. It is affected by high order mode in the earthquake response. Equivalent earthquake force distribution patterns are very complex. The classic Pushover analysis procedure based on force can not do static elasto-plastic analysis for cooperation system bridges. An improved modal Pushover method based on displacement is proposed (DSMPA), which utilize displacement mode to do Pushover analysis for structures. The numerical analysis of a self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridge as an example demonstrates that this new method can indicate dynamic characteristics of structures under the earthquake actually and the calculating results have a good agreement with the results calculated from dynamic time history analysis. Meanwhile, the calculating procedure is more convenient because double control method is utilized to determine the number of involved vibration type.
3.Introducing the correction coefficient of seismic displacement response, a new method for calculating the target displacement is proposed. The new method considers the effect of high order mode and change of yield formation shape vector for structures (IMP). A self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridge is taken as an example and four different computation methods are used to predict the target displacement of structures. Compared with the results of nonlinear time history analysis, the predicting values of equivalent single degree of freedom system is smaller, while the deviation of predicting values of equivalent displacement coefficient method is the largest. In general, the results of IMP method are most close to those of time history analysis, while the capacity spectrum method is slightly worse. Considering three cooperation system bridges with different span, four methods are utilized to predict the target displacement of the structure. According to the results, the correction coefficients' value range of target displacements is suggested for self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridge, which gives suggestion and conclusions for application of Pushover method to determine the nonlinear seismic responses of structures.
4. Based on the results of elastic plastic analysis, three kinds of lead rubber bearing arrangement scheme are considered in the analysis of multidimensional seismic isolation for long span self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridge. For the three arrangement cases of lead rubber bearing, energy dissipation analysis are done for the cooperation system bridge with viscous dampers under the action of longitudinal seismic input. Three different arrangements of viscous dampers are done,1) Dampers only placed between pier and girder;2) Dampers are placed not only between pier and girder, but also main tower and girder;3) Dampers are only placed between main tower and girder. The numerical analysis indicates that using both lead rubber bearing and viscous dampers can reduce the joint displacement and internal forces of sections efficiently compared with only using isolation bearing.
5. Based on fuzzy decision theory, multi objective fuzzy optimization is done for the dynamic isolation model scheme of self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridge. Using two comparison theory solves the problem of quantifying the qualitative indexes and distinguish the concepts of importance and superiority. Combining the fuzzy decision method with engineering practice and using the results of chapter four, three cases are proposed for multi objective fuzzy optimization. Comparison results show that it is more reasonable to place viscous dampers not only between pier and girder, but also main tower and girder. This method can provide a reference for structure selection in practical conceptual design phase.
1.在动力学理论的基础上,对各阶振型完全解耦的MPA方法进行改进,提出了部分两阶段荷载模式的Pushover分析方法(PSMPA法)。通过单墩模型和受高阶振型影响的连续梁全桥模型的算例,对典型地震动输入下改进的部分两阶段Pushover方法、传统的Pushover分析方法及非线性时程分析方法进行对比分析；验证了提出的改进部分两阶段荷载模式的合理性和准确性,不论是对单墩模型还是全桥模型分析,改进的部分两阶段模态Pushover方法可以考虑高阶振型的影响以及结构屈服后振动特性的改变和内力重分配问题,其计算结果均比倒三角分布和均布荷载模式更接近时程分析的结果；尤其是受高阶振型影响明显的跨度较大的连续梁全桥模型的计算,改进的部分两阶段模态Pushover方法更显示出其优越性,计算精度高,误差小。
2.自锚式斜拉-悬索协作体系桥为复杂的多自由度结构体系,其在地震中的反应受高阶振型影响显著,等效地震力的分布模式十分复杂,传统的基于力的Pushover方法无法对协作体系桥纵桥向进行静力弹塑性分析。提出了基于位移的改进模态Pushover方法(简称DSMPA法),利用位移模式对结构进行Pushover分析,通过对一自锚式斜拉-悬索协作体系桥算例纵桥向地震反应的研究,验证该方法能真实的反应结构在地震作用下的动力特性,计算结果与动力时程分析的结果吻合的较好。同时,由于和采用双控方法确定参与计算振型数的结合,计算过程也大为简化。
3.引入地震反应位移修正系数的概念,提出了能够考虑高振型影响及结构屈服后振型形状向量改变的目标位移计算方法(IMP法)。对自锚式斜拉-悬索协作体系桥算例,采用了四种不同的目标位移计算方法预测结构纵向地震作用下的目标位移,结果与非线性时程分析相比,改进方法(MP)的结果与时程分析结果最为接近,能力谱方法稍差,等效单自由度体系法预测值偏小；等效位移系数法的预测值偏离程度最大。通过考察三个跨径不同的协作体系桥,采用四种目标位移计算方法预测结构的目标位移,根据计算结果,给出了目标位移修正系数的参考值,从而为该桥型应用Pushover分析方法来确定结构的非线性地震响应提供了依据和参考。
4.基于弹塑性分析结果,首先采用三种铅芯橡胶支座布置方案对大跨度自锚式斜拉-悬索协作体系桥进行了多维地震作用下的隔震分析；并在此三种铅芯橡胶支座布置方案基础上,在纵向地震输入情况下,对协作体系桥又加入粘滞阻尼器的耗能减震分析；粘滞阻尼器的设置方式采用三种工况：1)仅边墩与加劲梁之间设置阻尼器；2)边墩和主塔均与加劲梁之间设置阻尼器；3)仅主塔与加劲梁之间设置阻尼器。分析结果表明,与仅采用隔震支座的方案相比较可以看出,采用铅芯橡胶支座与粘滞阻尼器的混合振动控制对于控制节点位移和控制截面的内力的降低有更加明显的效果。
5.基于模糊决策理论,对大跨度自锚式斜拉-悬索协作体系桥的动力减隔震模型方案进行了多层多目标模糊优选,采用二元比较论解决了定性指标的量化问题,区分了“重要性”和“优越性”的概念；将模糊决策的方法与工程实践相结合,基于第四章自锚式斜拉-悬索协作体系桥算例的动力减隔震模型弹塑性分析结果,提出了五种方案进行多目标多层次模糊优选,比较分析认为边墩、主塔下横梁与加劲梁间均设置铅芯橡胶支座,主塔与加劲梁之间设置阻尼器相结合的方案相对合理,该方法为实际工程概念设计阶段的选型提供了借鉴和参考。
As a new type of bridge, self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridge has been widely used so far because it has not only some advantages of traditional cable-stayed suspension bridge, but also is more adaptive to being built in bad geologic conditions owing to canceling giant anchor block. Many researches have been devoted to the nonlinear time history analysis of this type of bridge while seldom to dynamic properties. Nonlinear time history analysis is considered to be the most accurate method for elasto-plastic analysis of bridges, but it isn't widely applied in engineering design owing to its complex technology, complicated calculation and miscellaneous result processing, and the accuracy depends greatly on the input ground motions. Recently, with the development of performance-based seismic design, Pushover analysis procedure has been accepted and gradually used for estimating the seismic performance for bridges because of its simple concept and easy calculation. All the classic Pushover analysis procedures are based on the invariant force distributions, but none of the invariant force distributions can account for the contributions of higher modes to response, or for a redistribution of inertia forces after structural yielding and the associated changes in the vibration properties of the structure. So the classic Pushover analysis procedures are just suitable for the beam bridges with low piers, not for high piers or cable-stayed bridge. To overcome these limitations, combining the West Traffic Construction Project of Science and Technology, the built Zhuanghe Bridge and the construction of Dalian Bay Sea-Crossing Bridge are taken as the project background. The research of static elasto-plastic analysis and seismic energy dissipation dynamic problems for this new type system are discussed, the main findings are listed as follows:
1. The MPA method complete decoupling for all order modes has been improved based on dynamics and the portion two-stage loading mode-based Pushover analysis method (PSMPA) is proposed. Taken single pier model and continuous beam entire bridge affected by high order formation as examples, analysis are compared among improved PSMPA method, classical Pushover method and nonlinear time history analysis method under typical seismic input. The effectiveness and feasibility of the improved mode is verified. No matter single pier model or continuous beam entire bridge is analyzed, the improved PSMPA method can consider the effect of high order models, the associated changes in the vibration properties of the structure and redistribution of inertia forces. The results are closer to the time analysis results than inverted triangular distribution and uniform load models. The advantage of improved PSMPA method is displayed in calculation precision and error especially for the calculation of continuous beam entire bridge affected by high order formation.
2. Self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridge is a system with complex multi-degree of freedom. It is affected by high order mode in the earthquake response. Equivalent earthquake force distribution patterns are very complex. The classic Pushover analysis procedure based on force can not do static elasto-plastic analysis for cooperation system bridges. An improved modal Pushover method based on displacement is proposed (DSMPA), which utilize displacement mode to do Pushover analysis for structures. The numerical analysis of a self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridge as an example demonstrates that this new method can indicate dynamic characteristics of structures under the earthquake actually and the calculating results have a good agreement with the results calculated from dynamic time history analysis. Meanwhile, the calculating procedure is more convenient because double control method is utilized to determine the number of involved vibration type.
3.Introducing the correction coefficient of seismic displacement response, a new method for calculating the target displacement is proposed. The new method considers the effect of high order mode and change of yield formation shape vector for structures (IMP). A self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridge is taken as an example and four different computation methods are used to predict the target displacement of structures. Compared with the results of nonlinear time history analysis, the predicting values of equivalent single degree of freedom system is smaller, while the deviation of predicting values of equivalent displacement coefficient method is the largest. In general, the results of IMP method are most close to those of time history analysis, while the capacity spectrum method is slightly worse. Considering three cooperation system bridges with different span, four methods are utilized to predict the target displacement of the structure. According to the results, the correction coefficients' value range of target displacements is suggested for self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridge, which gives suggestion and conclusions for application of Pushover method to determine the nonlinear seismic responses of structures.
4. Based on the results of elastic plastic analysis, three kinds of lead rubber bearing arrangement scheme are considered in the analysis of multidimensional seismic isolation for long span self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridge. For the three arrangement cases of lead rubber bearing, energy dissipation analysis are done for the cooperation system bridge with viscous dampers under the action of longitudinal seismic input. Three different arrangements of viscous dampers are done,1) Dampers only placed between pier and girder;2) Dampers are placed not only between pier and girder, but also main tower and girder;3) Dampers are only placed between main tower and girder. The numerical analysis indicates that using both lead rubber bearing and viscous dampers can reduce the joint displacement and internal forces of sections efficiently compared with only using isolation bearing.
5. Based on fuzzy decision theory, multi objective fuzzy optimization is done for the dynamic isolation model scheme of self-anchored cable-stayed suspension bridge. Using two comparison theory solves the problem of quantifying the qualitative indexes and distinguish the concepts of importance and superiority. Combining the fuzzy decision method with engineering practice and using the results of chapter four, three cases are proposed for multi objective fuzzy optimization. Comparison results show that it is more reasonable to place viscous dampers not only between pier and girder, but also main tower and girder. This method can provide a reference for structure selection in practical conceptual design phase.
引文
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