基于圆环和双层金属网栅结构的光学窗电磁屏蔽方法研究
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摘要
光学窗是精密光电仪器实现对外光学探测的必要信息通道,其透明性也使微波和无线电波能穿透光学窗而严重降低其抗电磁干扰能力,这就要求光学窗必须在保持高透明性的同时具有优异的电磁屏蔽功能。金属网栅频率滤波技术是实现光学窗电磁屏蔽的有效手段,其典型结构是单层方格金属网栅。随着雷达探测技术和精密光电仪器探测水平的不断进步,光学窗电磁屏蔽的要求越来越严格,既要实现强电磁屏蔽效率,又要保持高透光率并尽可能不影响成像质量。然而单层方格金属网栅的透光能力和屏蔽能力互相制约,无法同时具备高透光率和强电磁屏蔽效率,且其高级次衍射能量分布集中,降低了成像质量。解决上述问题涉及一系列重要科学问题和关键技术问题,国内外至今尚未解决,成为该领域的前沿性课题。
近年来,多种新颖形状的频率选择表面单元在多个波段应用,产生了优良的带通或带阻滤波特性;同时,具有异常光透射、负折射率、不依赖入射角的宽带或者窄带滤波等特性的多层周期性穿孔金属膜结构也获得了广泛关注。这些研究进展为金属网栅频率滤波技术指引了新的发展方向,例如,用具有新型网栅单元的双层或者多层网栅结构来改善传统单层方格金属网栅的光电性能。目前对于频率选择表面和多层周期性穿孔金属膜结构的研究多以带通或带阻等特性为主,研究的波长范围接近频率选择表面单元的特征尺寸或者穿孔的周期。然而金属网栅频率滤波技术本质上是频率上的高通滤波,即具有亚毫米周期的金属网栅允许波长远小于网栅周期的光波透过,而屏蔽波长远大于网栅周期的微波和无线电波。因此,探索新的研究方法和进行必要的实验来研究具有新型网栅单元的多层金属网栅在高频和低频波段的电磁传输机理和光电性能具有重要意义,然而目前国内外对此的研究报道较少。
本博士学位论文通过研究方格金属网栅屏蔽能力与透光能力的矛盾及其杂散光集中分布的原因,提出了基于圆环和双层金属网栅结构的光学窗电磁屏蔽新方法,同时对方格金属网栅在倾斜状态下的透光特性和电磁屏蔽效率的精确分析方法展开研究。论文在上述各方面进行了深入的理论与实验研究,主要内容和结果如下:
1.为解决传统方格金属网栅高级次衍射能量集中分布的问题,提出了一种基于圆环金属网栅结构的光学窗电磁屏蔽方法。通过采用连续金属圆环作为网栅结构,均化了网栅衍射强度分布系数,使高级次衍射能量分布均匀。同时,该结构减小了网栅单元的最大孔径尺度,提高了微波截止频率,使网栅屏蔽能力增强,并减小了网栅单元的覆盖金属面积,增大了孔隙比,使网栅透光能力提高。实验结果表明,圆环金属网栅的高级次衍射能量分布均匀,且与相同周期的方格金属网栅相比,在透光率均为97%时,其屏蔽效率提高2dB;
2.为解决传统方格金属网栅屏蔽能力与透光能力的矛盾,提出了一种基于双层金属网栅高低频电磁耦合差异的光学窗电磁屏蔽方法。光学波段网栅周期远大于波长,双层网栅之间电磁耦合较弱,层距对透光性能影响甚微;而微波波段网栅周期小于波长,双层网栅之间存在强电磁耦合,屏蔽效率随层距的增加迅速增加,且其增加趋势在层距达到三倍网栅周期之后迅速变缓。因此,通过选择层距,可在保持网栅透光率不变时显著提高其屏蔽效率。实验结果表明,双层圆环金属网栅与单层方格金属网栅相比,透光率均为94%时,屏蔽效率提高了12dB,且其高级次衍射能量分布均匀;
3.为分析金属网栅结构参数和倾斜角对网栅远场衍射斑形状和分布的影响,基于惠更斯-菲涅耳原理建立了倾斜金属网栅的夫琅和费衍射光强分布解析模型。分析表明,零级衍射中心位置与网栅结构参数和倾斜角均无关,网栅倾斜不改变零级衍射中心位置;衍射斑形状函数在网栅倾斜时发生拉伸和非对称,造成零级衍射斑形状、高级次衍射斑的位置和形状发生拉伸和非对称分布。实验结果表明,该模型可准确分析金属网栅倾斜时其远场衍射特性的变化;
4.基于Kohin等效膜法、LZ等效电抗模型和Ulrich半实验方法,建立了高透光率金属网栅屏蔽效率分析的等效折射率模型,解析地表达了网栅等效折射率与其结构参数和边界介质折射率的关系,并用模型系数反映高透光率金属网栅的屏蔽特征。该模型结合薄膜理论可精确计算电磁波任意角度入射时高透光率金属网栅的屏蔽效率,分析衬底对屏蔽效率的影响。实验表明,该模型将网栅屏蔽效率的分析精度由传统模型的4dB提高到2dB。
本文成功研制了光学窗,实验表明,其具有均匀杂散光分布,在透光率为94%时,18GHz的屏蔽效率优于35dB,该指标优于目前所见国内外相关报道的最好水平,解决了传统单层方格金属网栅电磁屏蔽效率与透光率的矛盾及其杂散光集中分布的问题。同时,本文提出的金属网栅倾斜于光轴时的光电特性精确分析方法,为曲面光学窗的高性能电磁屏蔽奠定了理论基础。
Optical windows are communication channels used for optical detection in precise optoelectronic instruments. Microwave and radio waves can pass through them and decrease their anti-electromagnetic interference capability. It is therefore of great significance to improve the shielding performance of an optical window while its good transmittance is maintained at the same time. Metallic mesh frequency filtering technique can be used to improve the electromagnetic shielding capability of an optical window with a typical single-layer square mesh structure. With the fast development of radar searching techniques and precise optoelectronic detection techniques, the electromagnetic shielding requirement for optical windows is getting more and more stringent, especially when strong electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, high transmissivity and low effect on imaging quality are required at the same time. However, a traditional single-layer square mesh exhibits an inherent conflict between good transmissivity and strong electromagnetic shielding. It degrades imaging quality for the concentration of high order diffraction energy. The solution of above mentioned problems involves a series of important scientific problems and key techniques, and this is why it becomes a cutting-edge subject in this field and is not solved so far.
Many kinds of cells with novel shape have been used in recent years in frequency selective surfaces (FFSs) at several wavebands to produce excellent band-pass or band-stop filtering performance. Multi-layer periodic perforated metal films have attracted much attention from the research community for their extraordinary performances such as extraordinary optical transmission, negative index metamaterials, and wide or narrow band filtering with incident angle independence. These will cause new research trends for metallic mesh frequency filtering technique, for example, to improve optoelectronic performances of traditional single-layer square metallic meshes with double or multi-layer metallic mesh structures with new mesh cells. Most of the researches on FFSs and multi-layer periodic perforated metal films are focused on the band-pass or band-stop filtering performance at the wavelengths near the periodic scale of FFSs or perforated holes. However, the metallic mesh frequency filtering technique is essentially a high-pass frequency filtering technique. This means the mesh with submillimeter period allows the transmission of waves at a wavelength far less than the mesh period at optical frequency and the shielding of those waves at a wavelength much longer than the mesh period at microwave and radio frequencies. It is therefore of great significance to use new theoretical methods and necessary experiments to identify the electromagnetic transmitting mechanisms and optoelectronic performances at high and low frequencies for double or multi-layer metallic meshes with new mesh cells. However, to the best of our knowledge, not much work has been done on this particular aspect so far.
By finding the reason for the inherent conflict between transmissivity and electromagnetic shielding and the cause for the concentration of high order diffraction energy of a square metallic mesh, electromagnetic shielding methods for optical windows based on ring and double-layer metallic meshes are proposed, and the methods for accurate analysis on the shielding effectiveness and the optical transmitting performance of a tilted square metallic mesh are studied as well. Theoretical and experimental studies were proceeded on above aspects in this doctoral thesis, and the main investigation work and achievements are described as follows:
1. In order to solve the problem of concentration of high order diffraction energy for traditional square metallic meshes, an electromagnetic shielding method for optical windows based on ring metallic mesh is proposed. By taking contiguous metallic rings as the mesh structure, the uniform distribution of high order diffraction energy is obtained due to the homogenization of diffraction coefficients. At the same time, the cutoff frequency of microwave is increased because of the reduction of the maximum aperture of a mesh cell, and the porosity of the mesh is increased because of the reduction of the total metal area in the mesh cell, which improve the shielding effectiveness and the optical transmissivity respectively. Experimental results show that, the ring metallic mesh has uniform distribution of high order diffractions and obtains the shielding effectiveness improvement of 2dB comparing with the square mesh with the same period and at the same transmissivity of 97%.
2. In order to overcome the inherent conflict between electromagnetic shielding effectiveness and optical transmissivity for traditional square metallic meshes, an electromagnetic shielding method for optical windows based on the electromagnetic coupling difference at high and low frequencies of double-layer metallic meshes is proposed. When the mesh period is far larger than the wavelengths at optical band, the electromagnetic coupling is attenuated and the transmissivity is little changed at different layer spacings. However, when the mesh period is far less than the wavelengths at microwave band, the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness increases quickly with the increasing layer spacings because of the strong electromagnetic coupling, while the increasing tendency is rapidly slowed down when the spacing reaches three times of the mesh period. Thus the conflict mentioned above can be overcome by determining a proper layer spacing. Experimental results show that, the double-layer ring metallic mesh improves the shielding effectiveness of 12dB and has uniform distribution of high order diffractions comparing with the single-layer square metallic mesh at the same transmissivity of 94%.
3. In order to analyze the effects of mesh structural parameters and tilted angle on the shape and distribution of diffraction spots at far field, an optical intensity distribution model of Fraunhofer diffraction is established for a tilted square metallic mesh using Huygens-Fresnel diffraction theory. Analysis shows that, when a mesh is tilted, the location of zero order diffraction centre does not change because it is independent of mesh structural parameters and tilted angle. But the shape function of diffraction spots is asymmetrical and is stretched, which causes the stretching and asymmetrical distribution of the shape for zero order diffraction spot, and both the shape and location for high order diffraction spots. Experimental results show that, the model established can accurately analyze the change of diffraction characteristics in far field for a tilted square metallic mesh.
4. A novel equivalent refractive index model of metallic mesh with high transparency is proposed to calculate the shielding effectiveness more accurately. Based on Ulrich’s empirical method, LZ’s equivalent reactance model and Kohin’s equivalent film method, the proposed model accurately establishes the relationship among mesh equivalent refractive index, structure parameters and dielectric boundary refractive indexes. And the coefficient of this model is adjusted to reflect the shielding characteristic of the metallic mesh with high transparency. Combining with the classical film theory, the model can be used easily to calculate the mesh shielding effectiveness at various incident angles and further analyze the influence of substrate on the shielding effectiveness. Experimental results show that, the obtained calculation accuracy of the model established is 2dB, more accurate than that of traditional models of 4dB.
Based on the above study, corresponding optical windows were fabricated successfully. Experimental results show that, they exhibit the uniform distribution of stray light, and achieve the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of more than 35dB at 18GHz at the transmissivity of 94%, which exceeds the best performances reported so far. It can be therefore concluded that the study contributes to the solution of the inherent conflict between high transmissivity and strong electromagnetic shielding effectiveness and the problem of concentration of high order diffraction energy for traditional single-layer square metallic meshes. And the proposed methods for accurate analysis on optoelectronic performances of tilted square metallic mesh provide a key theoretical basis for electromagnetic shielding of curved optical windows with high performance.
近年来,多种新颖形状的频率选择表面单元在多个波段应用,产生了优良的带通或带阻滤波特性;同时,具有异常光透射、负折射率、不依赖入射角的宽带或者窄带滤波等特性的多层周期性穿孔金属膜结构也获得了广泛关注。这些研究进展为金属网栅频率滤波技术指引了新的发展方向,例如,用具有新型网栅单元的双层或者多层网栅结构来改善传统单层方格金属网栅的光电性能。目前对于频率选择表面和多层周期性穿孔金属膜结构的研究多以带通或带阻等特性为主,研究的波长范围接近频率选择表面单元的特征尺寸或者穿孔的周期。然而金属网栅频率滤波技术本质上是频率上的高通滤波,即具有亚毫米周期的金属网栅允许波长远小于网栅周期的光波透过,而屏蔽波长远大于网栅周期的微波和无线电波。因此,探索新的研究方法和进行必要的实验来研究具有新型网栅单元的多层金属网栅在高频和低频波段的电磁传输机理和光电性能具有重要意义,然而目前国内外对此的研究报道较少。
本博士学位论文通过研究方格金属网栅屏蔽能力与透光能力的矛盾及其杂散光集中分布的原因,提出了基于圆环和双层金属网栅结构的光学窗电磁屏蔽新方法,同时对方格金属网栅在倾斜状态下的透光特性和电磁屏蔽效率的精确分析方法展开研究。论文在上述各方面进行了深入的理论与实验研究,主要内容和结果如下:
1.为解决传统方格金属网栅高级次衍射能量集中分布的问题,提出了一种基于圆环金属网栅结构的光学窗电磁屏蔽方法。通过采用连续金属圆环作为网栅结构,均化了网栅衍射强度分布系数,使高级次衍射能量分布均匀。同时,该结构减小了网栅单元的最大孔径尺度,提高了微波截止频率,使网栅屏蔽能力增强,并减小了网栅单元的覆盖金属面积,增大了孔隙比,使网栅透光能力提高。实验结果表明,圆环金属网栅的高级次衍射能量分布均匀,且与相同周期的方格金属网栅相比,在透光率均为97%时,其屏蔽效率提高2dB;
2.为解决传统方格金属网栅屏蔽能力与透光能力的矛盾,提出了一种基于双层金属网栅高低频电磁耦合差异的光学窗电磁屏蔽方法。光学波段网栅周期远大于波长,双层网栅之间电磁耦合较弱,层距对透光性能影响甚微;而微波波段网栅周期小于波长,双层网栅之间存在强电磁耦合,屏蔽效率随层距的增加迅速增加,且其增加趋势在层距达到三倍网栅周期之后迅速变缓。因此,通过选择层距,可在保持网栅透光率不变时显著提高其屏蔽效率。实验结果表明,双层圆环金属网栅与单层方格金属网栅相比,透光率均为94%时,屏蔽效率提高了12dB,且其高级次衍射能量分布均匀;
3.为分析金属网栅结构参数和倾斜角对网栅远场衍射斑形状和分布的影响,基于惠更斯-菲涅耳原理建立了倾斜金属网栅的夫琅和费衍射光强分布解析模型。分析表明,零级衍射中心位置与网栅结构参数和倾斜角均无关,网栅倾斜不改变零级衍射中心位置;衍射斑形状函数在网栅倾斜时发生拉伸和非对称,造成零级衍射斑形状、高级次衍射斑的位置和形状发生拉伸和非对称分布。实验结果表明,该模型可准确分析金属网栅倾斜时其远场衍射特性的变化;
4.基于Kohin等效膜法、LZ等效电抗模型和Ulrich半实验方法,建立了高透光率金属网栅屏蔽效率分析的等效折射率模型,解析地表达了网栅等效折射率与其结构参数和边界介质折射率的关系,并用模型系数反映高透光率金属网栅的屏蔽特征。该模型结合薄膜理论可精确计算电磁波任意角度入射时高透光率金属网栅的屏蔽效率,分析衬底对屏蔽效率的影响。实验表明,该模型将网栅屏蔽效率的分析精度由传统模型的4dB提高到2dB。
本文成功研制了光学窗,实验表明,其具有均匀杂散光分布,在透光率为94%时,18GHz的屏蔽效率优于35dB,该指标优于目前所见国内外相关报道的最好水平,解决了传统单层方格金属网栅电磁屏蔽效率与透光率的矛盾及其杂散光集中分布的问题。同时,本文提出的金属网栅倾斜于光轴时的光电特性精确分析方法,为曲面光学窗的高性能电磁屏蔽奠定了理论基础。
Optical windows are communication channels used for optical detection in precise optoelectronic instruments. Microwave and radio waves can pass through them and decrease their anti-electromagnetic interference capability. It is therefore of great significance to improve the shielding performance of an optical window while its good transmittance is maintained at the same time. Metallic mesh frequency filtering technique can be used to improve the electromagnetic shielding capability of an optical window with a typical single-layer square mesh structure. With the fast development of radar searching techniques and precise optoelectronic detection techniques, the electromagnetic shielding requirement for optical windows is getting more and more stringent, especially when strong electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, high transmissivity and low effect on imaging quality are required at the same time. However, a traditional single-layer square mesh exhibits an inherent conflict between good transmissivity and strong electromagnetic shielding. It degrades imaging quality for the concentration of high order diffraction energy. The solution of above mentioned problems involves a series of important scientific problems and key techniques, and this is why it becomes a cutting-edge subject in this field and is not solved so far.
Many kinds of cells with novel shape have been used in recent years in frequency selective surfaces (FFSs) at several wavebands to produce excellent band-pass or band-stop filtering performance. Multi-layer periodic perforated metal films have attracted much attention from the research community for their extraordinary performances such as extraordinary optical transmission, negative index metamaterials, and wide or narrow band filtering with incident angle independence. These will cause new research trends for metallic mesh frequency filtering technique, for example, to improve optoelectronic performances of traditional single-layer square metallic meshes with double or multi-layer metallic mesh structures with new mesh cells. Most of the researches on FFSs and multi-layer periodic perforated metal films are focused on the band-pass or band-stop filtering performance at the wavelengths near the periodic scale of FFSs or perforated holes. However, the metallic mesh frequency filtering technique is essentially a high-pass frequency filtering technique. This means the mesh with submillimeter period allows the transmission of waves at a wavelength far less than the mesh period at optical frequency and the shielding of those waves at a wavelength much longer than the mesh period at microwave and radio frequencies. It is therefore of great significance to use new theoretical methods and necessary experiments to identify the electromagnetic transmitting mechanisms and optoelectronic performances at high and low frequencies for double or multi-layer metallic meshes with new mesh cells. However, to the best of our knowledge, not much work has been done on this particular aspect so far.
By finding the reason for the inherent conflict between transmissivity and electromagnetic shielding and the cause for the concentration of high order diffraction energy of a square metallic mesh, electromagnetic shielding methods for optical windows based on ring and double-layer metallic meshes are proposed, and the methods for accurate analysis on the shielding effectiveness and the optical transmitting performance of a tilted square metallic mesh are studied as well. Theoretical and experimental studies were proceeded on above aspects in this doctoral thesis, and the main investigation work and achievements are described as follows:
1. In order to solve the problem of concentration of high order diffraction energy for traditional square metallic meshes, an electromagnetic shielding method for optical windows based on ring metallic mesh is proposed. By taking contiguous metallic rings as the mesh structure, the uniform distribution of high order diffraction energy is obtained due to the homogenization of diffraction coefficients. At the same time, the cutoff frequency of microwave is increased because of the reduction of the maximum aperture of a mesh cell, and the porosity of the mesh is increased because of the reduction of the total metal area in the mesh cell, which improve the shielding effectiveness and the optical transmissivity respectively. Experimental results show that, the ring metallic mesh has uniform distribution of high order diffractions and obtains the shielding effectiveness improvement of 2dB comparing with the square mesh with the same period and at the same transmissivity of 97%.
2. In order to overcome the inherent conflict between electromagnetic shielding effectiveness and optical transmissivity for traditional square metallic meshes, an electromagnetic shielding method for optical windows based on the electromagnetic coupling difference at high and low frequencies of double-layer metallic meshes is proposed. When the mesh period is far larger than the wavelengths at optical band, the electromagnetic coupling is attenuated and the transmissivity is little changed at different layer spacings. However, when the mesh period is far less than the wavelengths at microwave band, the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness increases quickly with the increasing layer spacings because of the strong electromagnetic coupling, while the increasing tendency is rapidly slowed down when the spacing reaches three times of the mesh period. Thus the conflict mentioned above can be overcome by determining a proper layer spacing. Experimental results show that, the double-layer ring metallic mesh improves the shielding effectiveness of 12dB and has uniform distribution of high order diffractions comparing with the single-layer square metallic mesh at the same transmissivity of 94%.
3. In order to analyze the effects of mesh structural parameters and tilted angle on the shape and distribution of diffraction spots at far field, an optical intensity distribution model of Fraunhofer diffraction is established for a tilted square metallic mesh using Huygens-Fresnel diffraction theory. Analysis shows that, when a mesh is tilted, the location of zero order diffraction centre does not change because it is independent of mesh structural parameters and tilted angle. But the shape function of diffraction spots is asymmetrical and is stretched, which causes the stretching and asymmetrical distribution of the shape for zero order diffraction spot, and both the shape and location for high order diffraction spots. Experimental results show that, the model established can accurately analyze the change of diffraction characteristics in far field for a tilted square metallic mesh.
4. A novel equivalent refractive index model of metallic mesh with high transparency is proposed to calculate the shielding effectiveness more accurately. Based on Ulrich’s empirical method, LZ’s equivalent reactance model and Kohin’s equivalent film method, the proposed model accurately establishes the relationship among mesh equivalent refractive index, structure parameters and dielectric boundary refractive indexes. And the coefficient of this model is adjusted to reflect the shielding characteristic of the metallic mesh with high transparency. Combining with the classical film theory, the model can be used easily to calculate the mesh shielding effectiveness at various incident angles and further analyze the influence of substrate on the shielding effectiveness. Experimental results show that, the obtained calculation accuracy of the model established is 2dB, more accurate than that of traditional models of 4dB.
Based on the above study, corresponding optical windows were fabricated successfully. Experimental results show that, they exhibit the uniform distribution of stray light, and achieve the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of more than 35dB at 18GHz at the transmissivity of 94%, which exceeds the best performances reported so far. It can be therefore concluded that the study contributes to the solution of the inherent conflict between high transmissivity and strong electromagnetic shielding effectiveness and the problem of concentration of high order diffraction energy for traditional single-layer square metallic meshes. And the proposed methods for accurate analysis on optoelectronic performances of tilted square metallic mesh provide a key theoretical basis for electromagnetic shielding of curved optical windows with high performance.
引文
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