基于ANSYS的梁格计算方法研究与应用
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摘要
随着我国国民经济和交通事业的持续快速发展,桥梁建设进入一个飞跃发展的新阶段,诸如斜拉桥、悬索桥、弯梁桥以及宽箱梁桥等新的桥梁结构形式不断涌现。传统基于杆系及横向分布理论的分析方法逐渐无法满足工程设计需要,对桥梁结构进行空间内力及活载效应分析已成为必然。
目前通用的多种桥梁结构空间分析方法的工程应用对比显示,梁格法具有概念清晰、便于理解和应用、计算效率高以及结果输出简单且合乎现行桥规等优点,并能满足一般设计精度要求。以荷载横向分布理论为基础,通过横向分布系数将空间问题转化为平面问题考虑活载效应的分析方法,其精度取决于所采用的横向分布理论的适用性和准确性。
应用梁格法的重点及难点在于梁格系网格划分以及构件刚度的计算。本文基于梁格法的基本等效原理,探讨和总结不同桥梁上部结构形式的梁格网格划分及构件截面特性等效计算的一般原则和方法,同时对传统梁格模型作一定的改进和推广,并开发基于大型通用有限元软件ANSYS的梁格计算程序,以满足实际工程设计需要。此外,本文利用APDL参数化编程技术在ANSYS中实现梁格空间影响面的求解,并在此基础上综合利用Fortran、C等工具,编写影响面加密及空间动态规划加载的程序,且通过UFPs接口与ANSYS实现数据共享,以实现活载效应空间分析。
最后,通过若干算例验证梁格计算程序及活载效应分析程序的有效性和正确性。
With the sustaining and fast development of economy and transportation in our country, bridge constructing has come into a brand new stage. New bridge structures, such as cable-stayed bridge、suspension bridge、curved box grider bridge and wide box grider bridge, have put into practice. Gradually, traditional analysis methods based on pole systems and landscape orientation distribution theories could not satisfy the need of engineering design. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the space internal force and live load effect of bridge structures.
Comparing to other commonly used bridge structure analysis methods, grillage method is clear in concept and convenient for understanding and applying. Moreover, its computing has high efficiency and the output results which are simple and accord with current bridge criterions could meet the needs of general design precision. As the space problem transferred into plane problems, the precision and applicability of live-load effect method is determined by load landscape orientation distribution theory .
The emphases and difficulties of grillage method application are how to mesh girder and calculate component stiffness. With basic equivalent principles of girder method, this paper has discussed general rules and ways of meshing various bridge deck girders and reckoning component section characteristic equivalent. Then, based on large FEM software ANSYS, this paper has developed a program to the demand of practical engineering design. With tools such as Fortran, C programs and APDL and UFPs in ANSYS, this paper has also written coherent programs to analyze live load effect in space and share data with ANSYS.
Finally, the effectiveness and correctness of girder computing program and live load effect program has validated by several exemple
目前通用的多种桥梁结构空间分析方法的工程应用对比显示,梁格法具有概念清晰、便于理解和应用、计算效率高以及结果输出简单且合乎现行桥规等优点,并能满足一般设计精度要求。以荷载横向分布理论为基础,通过横向分布系数将空间问题转化为平面问题考虑活载效应的分析方法,其精度取决于所采用的横向分布理论的适用性和准确性。
应用梁格法的重点及难点在于梁格系网格划分以及构件刚度的计算。本文基于梁格法的基本等效原理,探讨和总结不同桥梁上部结构形式的梁格网格划分及构件截面特性等效计算的一般原则和方法,同时对传统梁格模型作一定的改进和推广,并开发基于大型通用有限元软件ANSYS的梁格计算程序,以满足实际工程设计需要。此外,本文利用APDL参数化编程技术在ANSYS中实现梁格空间影响面的求解,并在此基础上综合利用Fortran、C等工具,编写影响面加密及空间动态规划加载的程序,且通过UFPs接口与ANSYS实现数据共享,以实现活载效应空间分析。
最后,通过若干算例验证梁格计算程序及活载效应分析程序的有效性和正确性。
With the sustaining and fast development of economy and transportation in our country, bridge constructing has come into a brand new stage. New bridge structures, such as cable-stayed bridge、suspension bridge、curved box grider bridge and wide box grider bridge, have put into practice. Gradually, traditional analysis methods based on pole systems and landscape orientation distribution theories could not satisfy the need of engineering design. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the space internal force and live load effect of bridge structures.
Comparing to other commonly used bridge structure analysis methods, grillage method is clear in concept and convenient for understanding and applying. Moreover, its computing has high efficiency and the output results which are simple and accord with current bridge criterions could meet the needs of general design precision. As the space problem transferred into plane problems, the precision and applicability of live-load effect method is determined by load landscape orientation distribution theory .
The emphases and difficulties of grillage method application are how to mesh girder and calculate component stiffness. With basic equivalent principles of girder method, this paper has discussed general rules and ways of meshing various bridge deck girders and reckoning component section characteristic equivalent. Then, based on large FEM software ANSYS, this paper has developed a program to the demand of practical engineering design. With tools such as Fortran, C programs and APDL and UFPs in ANSYS, this paper has also written coherent programs to analyze live load effect in space and share data with ANSYS.
Finally, the effectiveness and correctness of girder computing program and live load effect program has validated by several exemple
引文
[1] 项海帆. 21 世纪世界桥梁工程的展望 [J].土木工程学报,2000,33(3):1-6
[2] 胡秋香. 大跨度桥梁的结构优化研究综述 [J].建筑技术开发,2005,32(1): 94-98
[3] 纳启财. 简论特大跨径桥梁的现状与发展 [J].青海交通科技,2004,5:14-18
[4] 于忠涛,朱芳芳. 桥梁结构体系发展综述 [J].辽宁省交通高等专科学校学报,2004,6 (3): 28-30
[5] 伊藤学[日]著,刘健新,丕庄译. 桥梁造型 [M].北京:人民交通出版社,1998
[6] 戴公连,李德建. 桥梁结构空间分析设计方法与应用 [M].北京:人民交通出版社,2001
[7] 肖汝诚. 桥梁结构空间分析及程序系统 [M].北京:人民交通出版社,2002
[8] Bathe KJ. Finite element procedures in engineering analysis [M].PrenticeOHall ,Inc., Englewood cliffs ,New Jersey 07632,1982:342-371
[9] 王勖成,劭敏. 有限元法基本原理和数值方法 [M].北京:清华大学出版社,1997
[10] Sherif El-Tawil, PhD, PE ,Ayman M.Okeil, PhD, PE. Behavior and Design of Curved Composite Box Girder Bridge [R].Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2450
[11] Okeil,A.M.,El-Tawil,S. Considerations for Opening New Access Holes in Curved Box Girders [J].Practice Periodical of Structural Design and Construction,ASCE, Vol. 7, No. 1: 26-36.
[12] 孙向东,陈湘华. 弯桥梁建模分析 [J].东北公路,2001,24(3):58-59
[13] Hambly, E. C. and Pennells, E.Grillage analysis applied to cellular bridge decks [J]. Struct. Eng,1975,53(7): 267–275
[14] K.A. Murray,D.J. Cleland b,S. Gilbert. The development of a non-linear numerical model to simulate the behaviour of reinforced concrete flat slabs in the vicinity of edge columns [J]. Construction and Building Materials,2005,19:703-712
[15] Maisel,B.I.Review of literature related to the analysis and design of thin walled beams [R].Technical Report 42.440,Cement and Concrete Association,London, July.
[16] Sawko,F. Recent development in the analysis of steel bridges using electronic computers [R].BCSA Conference on Steel Bridges, London:39-48
[17] Edmund C.Hambly. Bridge Deck Behaviour [M].Chapman And Hall,London,1976
[18] 王卫国. 苏州南枢纽跨线桥设计 [J].华东公路,2002,5 (10):37-39
[19] 王文清,方锐等. 单柱墩连续梁桥的受力特征 [J].华东公路,2001,4:45-47
[20] Shanmugam, N. E. and Balendra, T. Experimental and theoretical study of multi-cell structures curved in plan [J]. Thin-Walled Struct.,1991,12(5):373-387
[21] 小西一郎[日]. 钢桥 [M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1983
[22] Khaled M. Sennah, M.ASCE, and John B. Kennedy,F.ASCE. Literature Review in Analysis of Box-Girder Bridges [J].JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING / MARCH/APRIL 2002:134-143
[23] Cheung, M. S., Bakht, B., and Jaeger, L. G.. Analysis of boxgirder bridges by grillage and orthotropic plate methods [J]. Can. J. Civ.Eng., 1982,9(7):595–601
[24] Masahiko Fujikubo,Tetsuya Yao. Structural modeling for global response analysis of VLFS [J].Marine Strictures,2001,14:295-310
[25] Christopher D. Eamona, Andrzej S.Nowakb. Effect of secondary elements on bridge structural system reliability considering moment capacity [J].Structural Safety,2004,26: 29-47
[26] D.L. KEOGH ,E.J. O’BRIEN. Recommendations on the use of a 3-D grillage model for bridge deck analysis [J].Structural Engineering Review,1996,8(4): 357-366
[27] Wright, R.N.,Abdel-samad, S.R. and Robinson, A,R.. BEF for analysis of box girders [J].Journal of Structural Division of the A.S.C.E,1994,9(7):1719-1743
[28] Shushkewich, K.W.. Approximate analysis of concrete box girder bridge [J]. Journal of Structure Engineering,1988,114(7):1644-1657.
[29] Maisel, B. I.. Analysis of concrete box beams using small computer capacity [J]. Can. J. Civ. Eng., 1985,12(2):265-278.
[30] Kermani,B.,Waldron,P. Behaviour of concrete box girder bridges of deformable cross-section [J].Proc., Inst. Civ. Eng., London,1993,99(2):109-122.
[31] 韩皓. 曲线箱梁有限元分析方法 [J].内蒙古公路与运输,1997,3: 4-7
[32] 王荣辉,曾庆元. 薄壁箱梁空间计算的板梁单元法 [J].铁道学报,1999,21(5): 94-98
[33] 窦鹏. 混凝土自锚式悬索桥设计计算及箱形加劲梁的受力研究 [D].大连理工大学图书馆,2003
[34] 陈翰新. 独柱式连续空心板桥的横向设计 [J].城市道桥与防洪,1999,9(3): 17-19
[35] 戴公连,李德建. 浏阳河洪山大桥异形斜拉桥主梁空间受力及稳定性分析 [J].中国公路学报,2002,15(3):53-56
[36] 戴公连,李德建,曾庆元. 无背索斜拉桥主梁空间内力分析方法 [J].中南工业大学学报.2002,33(6):348-351
[37] 戴公连,李德建,曾庆元等. 单拱面预应力混凝土系杆拱梁桥极限承载力分析的截面内力塑性系数法 [J].土木工程学报,2002,35(1):40-43
[38] 戴公连,李德建. 深圳市芙蓉大桥连续系杆拱桥空间稳定性分析 [J].中国公路学报, 2001,14 (1):48-51
[39] E.J. O'Brien,D.L. Keogh. A discussion on neutral axis location in bridge deck cantilevers [J].Computers and Structures,1999,73:295-301
[40] 张海龙. 桥梁的结构分析?程序设计?施工监控 [M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[41] 杨炳成. 公路桥梁电算 [M].北京:人民交通出版社,1996
[42] 郭向荣,戴公连. 桥梁结构影响面加载和影响线加载 [J].长沙铁道学院学报,1998,16(4):26-30
[43] 胡肇滋. 桥跨结构简化分析—荷载横向分布 [M].北京:人民交通出版社,1996
[44] Hailing Zhang,Dongzhou Huang. Lateral Load Distribution in Curved Steel I-Girder Bridges [J]. Journal of Bridge Engineering, MAY/JUNE 2005:281-290
[45] 沈为平,刘钢. 内力影响面分析的机动法 [M].北京:人民交通出版社,1994
[46] Canadian highway bridge design code (CHBDC 2000) [S]. Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Downsview, Ontario,Canada.
[47] Paavola,J.. Study of curved thin-walled girder [D]. Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Espoo, Finland,1990
[48] E.J. O'Brien,D.L. Keogh. Upstand finite element analysis of slab bridge [J].Computers and Structure,1998,69:671-683
[49] ANSYS Theory Reference Release 9.0 [Z].
[50] 甘应爱,田丰等. 运筹学 [M].北京:清华大学出版社,2000
[51] 薛履中. 工程最优化技术 [M].天津:天津大学出版社,1989
[52] 杨德灿,张焕. 曲线连续箱梁桥活载作用下结构空间效应分析 [J].武汉大学学报,2004,37(1):86-88
[53] 中华人民共和国交通部. 公路桥涵设计通用规范(JTG60-2004) [S].北京:人民交通出版社,2004
[2] 胡秋香. 大跨度桥梁的结构优化研究综述 [J].建筑技术开发,2005,32(1): 94-98
[3] 纳启财. 简论特大跨径桥梁的现状与发展 [J].青海交通科技,2004,5:14-18
[4] 于忠涛,朱芳芳. 桥梁结构体系发展综述 [J].辽宁省交通高等专科学校学报,2004,6 (3): 28-30
[5] 伊藤学[日]著,刘健新,丕庄译. 桥梁造型 [M].北京:人民交通出版社,1998
[6] 戴公连,李德建. 桥梁结构空间分析设计方法与应用 [M].北京:人民交通出版社,2001
[7] 肖汝诚. 桥梁结构空间分析及程序系统 [M].北京:人民交通出版社,2002
[8] Bathe KJ. Finite element procedures in engineering analysis [M].PrenticeOHall ,Inc., Englewood cliffs ,New Jersey 07632,1982:342-371
[9] 王勖成,劭敏. 有限元法基本原理和数值方法 [M].北京:清华大学出版社,1997
[10] Sherif El-Tawil, PhD, PE ,Ayman M.Okeil, PhD, PE. Behavior and Design of Curved Composite Box Girder Bridge [R].Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2450
[11] Okeil,A.M.,El-Tawil,S. Considerations for Opening New Access Holes in Curved Box Girders [J].Practice Periodical of Structural Design and Construction,ASCE, Vol. 7, No. 1: 26-36.
[12] 孙向东,陈湘华. 弯桥梁建模分析 [J].东北公路,2001,24(3):58-59
[13] Hambly, E. C. and Pennells, E.Grillage analysis applied to cellular bridge decks [J]. Struct. Eng,1975,53(7): 267–275
[14] K.A. Murray,D.J. Cleland b,S. Gilbert. The development of a non-linear numerical model to simulate the behaviour of reinforced concrete flat slabs in the vicinity of edge columns [J]. Construction and Building Materials,2005,19:703-712
[15] Maisel,B.I.Review of literature related to the analysis and design of thin walled beams [R].Technical Report 42.440,Cement and Concrete Association,London, July.
[16] Sawko,F. Recent development in the analysis of steel bridges using electronic computers [R].BCSA Conference on Steel Bridges, London:39-48
[17] Edmund C.Hambly. Bridge Deck Behaviour [M].Chapman And Hall,London,1976
[18] 王卫国. 苏州南枢纽跨线桥设计 [J].华东公路,2002,5 (10):37-39
[19] 王文清,方锐等. 单柱墩连续梁桥的受力特征 [J].华东公路,2001,4:45-47
[20] Shanmugam, N. E. and Balendra, T. Experimental and theoretical study of multi-cell structures curved in plan [J]. Thin-Walled Struct.,1991,12(5):373-387
[21] 小西一郎[日]. 钢桥 [M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1983
[22] Khaled M. Sennah, M.ASCE, and John B. Kennedy,F.ASCE. Literature Review in Analysis of Box-Girder Bridges [J].JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING / MARCH/APRIL 2002:134-143
[23] Cheung, M. S., Bakht, B., and Jaeger, L. G.. Analysis of boxgirder bridges by grillage and orthotropic plate methods [J]. Can. J. Civ.Eng., 1982,9(7):595–601
[24] Masahiko Fujikubo,Tetsuya Yao. Structural modeling for global response analysis of VLFS [J].Marine Strictures,2001,14:295-310
[25] Christopher D. Eamona, Andrzej S.Nowakb. Effect of secondary elements on bridge structural system reliability considering moment capacity [J].Structural Safety,2004,26: 29-47
[26] D.L. KEOGH ,E.J. O’BRIEN. Recommendations on the use of a 3-D grillage model for bridge deck analysis [J].Structural Engineering Review,1996,8(4): 357-366
[27] Wright, R.N.,Abdel-samad, S.R. and Robinson, A,R.. BEF for analysis of box girders [J].Journal of Structural Division of the A.S.C.E,1994,9(7):1719-1743
[28] Shushkewich, K.W.. Approximate analysis of concrete box girder bridge [J]. Journal of Structure Engineering,1988,114(7):1644-1657.
[29] Maisel, B. I.. Analysis of concrete box beams using small computer capacity [J]. Can. J. Civ. Eng., 1985,12(2):265-278.
[30] Kermani,B.,Waldron,P. Behaviour of concrete box girder bridges of deformable cross-section [J].Proc., Inst. Civ. Eng., London,1993,99(2):109-122.
[31] 韩皓. 曲线箱梁有限元分析方法 [J].内蒙古公路与运输,1997,3: 4-7
[32] 王荣辉,曾庆元. 薄壁箱梁空间计算的板梁单元法 [J].铁道学报,1999,21(5): 94-98
[33] 窦鹏. 混凝土自锚式悬索桥设计计算及箱形加劲梁的受力研究 [D].大连理工大学图书馆,2003
[34] 陈翰新. 独柱式连续空心板桥的横向设计 [J].城市道桥与防洪,1999,9(3): 17-19
[35] 戴公连,李德建. 浏阳河洪山大桥异形斜拉桥主梁空间受力及稳定性分析 [J].中国公路学报,2002,15(3):53-56
[36] 戴公连,李德建,曾庆元. 无背索斜拉桥主梁空间内力分析方法 [J].中南工业大学学报.2002,33(6):348-351
[37] 戴公连,李德建,曾庆元等. 单拱面预应力混凝土系杆拱梁桥极限承载力分析的截面内力塑性系数法 [J].土木工程学报,2002,35(1):40-43
[38] 戴公连,李德建. 深圳市芙蓉大桥连续系杆拱桥空间稳定性分析 [J].中国公路学报, 2001,14 (1):48-51
[39] E.J. O'Brien,D.L. Keogh. A discussion on neutral axis location in bridge deck cantilevers [J].Computers and Structures,1999,73:295-301
[40] 张海龙. 桥梁的结构分析?程序设计?施工监控 [M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[41] 杨炳成. 公路桥梁电算 [M].北京:人民交通出版社,1996
[42] 郭向荣,戴公连. 桥梁结构影响面加载和影响线加载 [J].长沙铁道学院学报,1998,16(4):26-30
[43] 胡肇滋. 桥跨结构简化分析—荷载横向分布 [M].北京:人民交通出版社,1996
[44] Hailing Zhang,Dongzhou Huang. Lateral Load Distribution in Curved Steel I-Girder Bridges [J]. Journal of Bridge Engineering, MAY/JUNE 2005:281-290
[45] 沈为平,刘钢. 内力影响面分析的机动法 [M].北京:人民交通出版社,1994
[46] Canadian highway bridge design code (CHBDC 2000) [S]. Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Downsview, Ontario,Canada.
[47] Paavola,J.. Study of curved thin-walled girder [D]. Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Espoo, Finland,1990
[48] E.J. O'Brien,D.L. Keogh. Upstand finite element analysis of slab bridge [J].Computers and Structure,1998,69:671-683
[49] ANSYS Theory Reference Release 9.0 [Z].
[50] 甘应爱,田丰等. 运筹学 [M].北京:清华大学出版社,2000
[51] 薛履中. 工程最优化技术 [M].天津:天津大学出版社,1989
[52] 杨德灿,张焕. 曲线连续箱梁桥活载作用下结构空间效应分析 [J].武汉大学学报,2004,37(1):86-88
[53] 中华人民共和国交通部. 公路桥涵设计通用规范(JTG60-2004) [S].北京:人民交通出版社,2004