基于有源浮充的低压大电流降压变换器研究
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摘要
电压调节模块(VRM)是专门为CPU、FPGA等集成电路供电的直流—直流模块电源,是现在开关电源领域中研究的一个热点和难点。随着超大规模集成电路的集成度越来越高,VRM低压大电流、快速动态响应、低输出电压纹波、高功率密度等特点,给电源设计者提出了前所未有的挑战。而低压大电流变换器是能满足此需求的较好方法。
本文在理论分析方面:首先分析电压调整变换器的特点,回顾过去低压大电流的发展,分析其动态过程特点,然后详细阐述变换器的设计难点、设计中应遵循的基本原则和现常用的设计技术。考虑到传统Buck变换器虽然具有结构简单、设计容易及采用交错并联技术的优点,但当输入、输出电压相差悬殊时其面临开关占空比过小、效率低等众多问题。为了充分利用Buck变换器的优点克服其缺点,在基于有源浮充平台思想基础之上,本课题将其应用到Buck变换器中,构造了一种适合应用于微处理器的电压调节电源电路。
本文主要研究工作:首先,基于有源浮充平台思想提出了带有源浮充平台的Buck变换器,应用传统Buck变换器思想,对新拓扑的工作原理、特点和小信模型进行了详细分析和阐述;其次,在分析比较VRM的传统控制方法的基础上,结合新拓扑的特点,就控制提出一种具有结构简单、动态响应快的组合型控制方法,详细分析了控制电路的工作原理。同时,对系统进行了建模分析;最后,具体深入分析了主电路参数设计和补偿网络设计原理,仿真结果论证了理论分析的正确性及设计方案的可行性。
The DC-DC converter intently powering modern microprocessors is known as a Voltage Regulator Module (VRM), which has been attracting more attention and has become a focus and challenge in the field of Switch Power. With the integration of ultra-large-scale integrated circuits getting higher and higher, the requirements for the VRM are more and more critical, for the future VRM, the output voltage is lower and lower while the total power needed is higher and higher, thus a twofold output current increase is introduced. At the same time, a faster transient response with very tight output voltage tolerance and high power density is required. All these prompts unprecedented challenges for designers of power supply. Today,5~12 V input DC/DC converter has been far and wide used in VRM’s design. To meet the requirements mentioned above, The Converter with low-voltage high-current has increasingly become a better solution.
In theory, this paper firstly analyzes the features of VRM and reviews the development of VRM. The characteristic of its transient response are analyzed. The main difficulties,the basic principles and the popular technologies met with in the design of VRM are discussed in detail. The traditional Buck converter has a simple designed structure and the merits of interleaving technology, but its switches duty cycle is so small which will bring lots of side-effect when it has high input voltage but low output voltage. So in order to take full advantages of Buck converter and avoid its disadvantages, on the base of Active Floating Charge Landing theory, a novel voltage regulator module—Buck converter with Active Floating Charge Landing is proposed.
In this paper, the main study includes: Firstly, presents a novel VRM topology—Buck converter with Active Floating Charge Landing, the detailed steady operation principle, small signal model and merits of this new topology are presented compared to traditional Buck converter. Secondly, based on the comparison of traditional VRM control strategies and the characteristics of the new topology, proposes a novel control method with simple structure and fast transient response and gives its operation principle. Small signal model of the whole system is presented too; Base on deeply analyses the design of main circuit’s parameters and control circuit. Last, The simulation results show the correctness of the theory and the feasibility of the design.
本文在理论分析方面:首先分析电压调整变换器的特点,回顾过去低压大电流的发展,分析其动态过程特点,然后详细阐述变换器的设计难点、设计中应遵循的基本原则和现常用的设计技术。考虑到传统Buck变换器虽然具有结构简单、设计容易及采用交错并联技术的优点,但当输入、输出电压相差悬殊时其面临开关占空比过小、效率低等众多问题。为了充分利用Buck变换器的优点克服其缺点,在基于有源浮充平台思想基础之上,本课题将其应用到Buck变换器中,构造了一种适合应用于微处理器的电压调节电源电路。
本文主要研究工作:首先,基于有源浮充平台思想提出了带有源浮充平台的Buck变换器,应用传统Buck变换器思想,对新拓扑的工作原理、特点和小信模型进行了详细分析和阐述;其次,在分析比较VRM的传统控制方法的基础上,结合新拓扑的特点,就控制提出一种具有结构简单、动态响应快的组合型控制方法,详细分析了控制电路的工作原理。同时,对系统进行了建模分析;最后,具体深入分析了主电路参数设计和补偿网络设计原理,仿真结果论证了理论分析的正确性及设计方案的可行性。
The DC-DC converter intently powering modern microprocessors is known as a Voltage Regulator Module (VRM), which has been attracting more attention and has become a focus and challenge in the field of Switch Power. With the integration of ultra-large-scale integrated circuits getting higher and higher, the requirements for the VRM are more and more critical, for the future VRM, the output voltage is lower and lower while the total power needed is higher and higher, thus a twofold output current increase is introduced. At the same time, a faster transient response with very tight output voltage tolerance and high power density is required. All these prompts unprecedented challenges for designers of power supply. Today,5~12 V input DC/DC converter has been far and wide used in VRM’s design. To meet the requirements mentioned above, The Converter with low-voltage high-current has increasingly become a better solution.
In theory, this paper firstly analyzes the features of VRM and reviews the development of VRM. The characteristic of its transient response are analyzed. The main difficulties,the basic principles and the popular technologies met with in the design of VRM are discussed in detail. The traditional Buck converter has a simple designed structure and the merits of interleaving technology, but its switches duty cycle is so small which will bring lots of side-effect when it has high input voltage but low output voltage. So in order to take full advantages of Buck converter and avoid its disadvantages, on the base of Active Floating Charge Landing theory, a novel voltage regulator module—Buck converter with Active Floating Charge Landing is proposed.
In this paper, the main study includes: Firstly, presents a novel VRM topology—Buck converter with Active Floating Charge Landing, the detailed steady operation principle, small signal model and merits of this new topology are presented compared to traditional Buck converter. Secondly, based on the comparison of traditional VRM control strategies and the characteristics of the new topology, proposes a novel control method with simple structure and fast transient response and gives its operation principle. Small signal model of the whole system is presented too; Base on deeply analyses the design of main circuit’s parameters and control circuit. Last, The simulation results show the correctness of the theory and the feasibility of the design.
引文
[1] J. Wei,P. Xu,H. Wu,F. C. Lee,K. Yao,M. Ye.Comparison of three topology candidates for 12V VRM[J].Proceedings of IEEE annual applied power electronics conference and exposition.Anaheim,USA,IEEE APEC'01,2001(1):245-251.
[2] Lee F.C,Barbosa P.,Peng Xu,Jindong Zhang,Bo Yang.Topologies and design considerations for distributed power system applications[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,2001,89(6):939-950.
[3] Michael, T.Zhang, Milan M.Jovanovic et.al. Design considerations for Low-Voltage On-Board DC/DC Modules for Next Generations of Data Processing Circuits [J]. IEEE Trans on Power Electronics,1996,11(2):328-337.
[4]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计[M].(修订版)北京:电子工业出版社,2004:177-185.
[5] Moisseev, S., Sato, S., Hamada, S., Nakaoka, M.. Full bridge soft-switching phase-shifted PWM DC-DC converter using tapped inductor filter[J]. Power Electronics Specialist Conference, 2003. PESC '03. 2003 IEEE 34th Annual, Vol.4, 15-19, June 2003:1826-1831.
[6] Kaiwei Yao,Mao Ye,Ming Xu,Fred C. Lee.Tapped inductor Buck converter for high step down DC–DC Conversion[J].IEEE transactions on power electronics,2005,20(4):775-780
[7] P. Xu,J. Wei,and F. C. Lee.The active clamp couple Buck converter-a novel high efficiency voltage regulator modules[J] . Proceedings of IEEE annual applied power electronics conference and exposition.Anaheim,USA,IEEE APEC'01,2001(1):252-257.
[8] T. E Wu,J.C. Hung,Y d. Lai,et al.Analysis and design of an active clamp Buck converter with coupled inductors[J].IEEE transactions on power electronics,2005,20(5):399-405
[9] Peng Xu,Jia Wei,Kaiwei Yao,Yu Meng,F.C.Lee.Investigation of candidate topologies for 12V VRM[J].Proceedings of IEEE annual applied power electronics conference and exposition.Dallas,USA.IEEE APEC'02.2002(1):686-692.
[10]梁锦桃,王志强.适用于48 V供电系统的VRM拓扑分析[J].通信电源技术,2005,22(3):18-20.
[11] M. Ye, P. Xu, B. Yang, and F.C. Lee, Investigation of topology candidates for 48V VRM[J]. In Proc. IEEE APEC’2002:699-705.
[12] Xunwei Zhou,Mauro Donati,Luca Amoroso,Fred C. Lee.Improved light load efficiency for synchronous rectifier voltage regulator module[J].IEEE transactions on power electronics,2000,15(5):826-834.
[13] Erickson R W,Maksimovic D.Fundamentals of power electronics [M].2,New York,USA:John Wiley,1950.
[14]周志敏,周纪海,纪爱华.模块化DC/DC实用电路[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2004,26-27.
[15] Peng Xu. Multiphase Voltage Regulator Modules with Magnetic Integration to Power Microprocessors[M].[Doctors‘paper]. USA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2002.
[16] Conor Quinn, Karl Rinne, Terence O’Donnell, Maeve Duffy, Cian.O. Mathuna. A review of planar magnetic techniques and technologies[J]. IEEE-APEC 2001:1175-1183.
[17] Ed Bloom. New integrated magnetic DC-DC power converter circuits & systems[J]. IEEE APEC, 1987:57-66.
[18] Wong Pit Leong,Peng Xu,Yang P,et al.Performance improvements of interleaving VRMs with coupling inductors[J].IEEE Trans on Power Electronics,2001,16(4):499-507.
[19] Chen Wei,Hua Guichao,Dan Sable,et al.Design of high efficiency,low profile,low voltage converter with integrated magnetics[J].IEEE VPEC,1997,17(28):14-20.
[20]陈乾宏,阮新波,严仰光.开关电源中磁集成技术及其应用[J].电工技术学报,2003,19(3):1-8.
[21] Gordon Bloom,Rudy Severns.The generalized use of integrated magnetics and zero-ripple techniques in switchmode power converters[J].IEEE-PESC,1984:15-33.
[22]陆治国,邓文东,杨雪松,等.带有源浮充平台的单相功率因数校正变换器[J].电网技术,2007,16(31):68-71.
[23] Voltage Regulator-Down (VRD)10.0 Design Guide[J], by Intel, November 2003.
[24]章赛军,杨永宏,柯建兴,李达义.电压反馈型BUCK变换器环路补偿设计[J].通信电源技术,2004,21(6):4-5.
[25] Dong Matfingly.Designing Stable Compensation Network for Single Phase Voltage Mode Buck Regulators[J].Intersil Technical Brief.
[26] Zhao J.,Sato T.,Nabeshima T.,Nakano T..Steady state and dynamic analysis of a Buck converter using a hysteretic PWM contro[J]l.Proceedings of the IEEE power electronics specialists conference.Aachen,Germany,PESC'04,5(20):3654-3658.
[27]赵剑锋,王浔,潘诗锋.基于双脉宽调制变换器和电压滞环控制的电能质量信号发生装置[J].电网技术,2005,29(4):41-44.
[28] M. Castilla, L. Garc!?a de Vicu*na, J.M. Guerrero, J. Matas and J. Miret. Design of voltage-mode hysteretic controllers for synchronous buck converters supplying microprocessor loads[J]. IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., 2005, 152(5):1171-1178.
[29] Jaber Abu-Qahouq, Hong Mao, and Issa Batarseh. Multiphase Voltage-Mode Hysteretic Controlled DC–DC Converter With Novel Current Sharing[J]. IEEE transactions on powerelectronics,2004,19(6):1397-1407.
[30]王凤岩,许建平,许峻峰. V2控制Buck变换器分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(12):67-72.
[31]王凤岩,许建平. V2C控制Buck变换器分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(2):121-126.
[32]王志正,黄志武.DC-DC变流器电流型控制的原理与实现[J].机车电传动,2002,2(2):29-32.
[33] Philip Cooke. Modeling Average Current Mode Control[J]. IEEE, 2000:256-262.
[34] R.D. MIDDLEBROOK. Modeling current-programmed buck and boost regulators[J]. IEEE transactions on power electronics,1989,4(1):36-52.
[35] Wei Tang, Fred C. Lee, Raymond B. Ridley. Small-Signal Modeling of Average Current-Mode Control[J]. IEEE transactions on power electronics,1993,8(2):112-119
[36]刘树林,刘健,钟久明.峰值电流控制变换器斜坡补偿电路的优化设计[J].电力电子技术, 2005,39(5):78-81.
[37]卢增艺,林维明.DC-DC变换器AVP控制方法的分析[J].电子技术应用,2003,(12):41-42.
[38] Wenkang Huang. The Design of a High-Frequency Multiphase Voltage Regulator with Adaptive Voltage Positioning and All Ceramic Capacitors[J]. IEEE,2005:270-275.
[39] Kaiwei Yao, Yuancheng Ren, Fred C. Lee, etc. Adaptive Voltage Position Design for Voltage Regulators[J]. IEEE Dissertation of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,2004:272-278.
[40] Wei Tang,Fred C. Lee,Raymond B. Ridley,Isaac Cohen.Charge control:modeling,analysis and design[J].IEEE transactions on power electronics,1993,8(4):396-403.
[41] Vorperian. V . The charge controlled PWM switch[J] . Power electronics specialists conference.PESC'96,1:533-542.
[42] Fakhralden A, Huliehel Wei Tang, Fred C. Lee, Bo H. Cho. Modeling, Analysis, and Design of the Quasi-Charge Control[J]. IEEE transactions on power electronics,1995:597-604.
[43]朱艳萍,张纯江.基于电荷控制的Buck变换器[J].电力电子技术,2005,39(1):37-39.
[44] Pit-Leong Wong, Fred C. Lee, Peng Xu, Member, Kaiwei Yao. Critical Inductance in Voltage Regulator Modules[J]. IEEE transactions on power electronics,2002,17(4):485-492.
[45] Kaiwei Yao, Yu Meng and Fred C. Lee. Control Bandwidth and Transient Response of Buck Converters[J]. IEEE. Proc.PESC’2002.
[46] P.L. Wong, F.C. Lee, X. Zhou, Stability study of PC power system[J]. IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., 2001, 37(1):73-80.
[2] Lee F.C,Barbosa P.,Peng Xu,Jindong Zhang,Bo Yang.Topologies and design considerations for distributed power system applications[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,2001,89(6):939-950.
[3] Michael, T.Zhang, Milan M.Jovanovic et.al. Design considerations for Low-Voltage On-Board DC/DC Modules for Next Generations of Data Processing Circuits [J]. IEEE Trans on Power Electronics,1996,11(2):328-337.
[4]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计[M].(修订版)北京:电子工业出版社,2004:177-185.
[5] Moisseev, S., Sato, S., Hamada, S., Nakaoka, M.. Full bridge soft-switching phase-shifted PWM DC-DC converter using tapped inductor filter[J]. Power Electronics Specialist Conference, 2003. PESC '03. 2003 IEEE 34th Annual, Vol.4, 15-19, June 2003:1826-1831.
[6] Kaiwei Yao,Mao Ye,Ming Xu,Fred C. Lee.Tapped inductor Buck converter for high step down DC–DC Conversion[J].IEEE transactions on power electronics,2005,20(4):775-780
[7] P. Xu,J. Wei,and F. C. Lee.The active clamp couple Buck converter-a novel high efficiency voltage regulator modules[J] . Proceedings of IEEE annual applied power electronics conference and exposition.Anaheim,USA,IEEE APEC'01,2001(1):252-257.
[8] T. E Wu,J.C. Hung,Y d. Lai,et al.Analysis and design of an active clamp Buck converter with coupled inductors[J].IEEE transactions on power electronics,2005,20(5):399-405
[9] Peng Xu,Jia Wei,Kaiwei Yao,Yu Meng,F.C.Lee.Investigation of candidate topologies for 12V VRM[J].Proceedings of IEEE annual applied power electronics conference and exposition.Dallas,USA.IEEE APEC'02.2002(1):686-692.
[10]梁锦桃,王志强.适用于48 V供电系统的VRM拓扑分析[J].通信电源技术,2005,22(3):18-20.
[11] M. Ye, P. Xu, B. Yang, and F.C. Lee, Investigation of topology candidates for 48V VRM[J]. In Proc. IEEE APEC’2002:699-705.
[12] Xunwei Zhou,Mauro Donati,Luca Amoroso,Fred C. Lee.Improved light load efficiency for synchronous rectifier voltage regulator module[J].IEEE transactions on power electronics,2000,15(5):826-834.
[13] Erickson R W,Maksimovic D.Fundamentals of power electronics [M].2,New York,USA:John Wiley,1950.
[14]周志敏,周纪海,纪爱华.模块化DC/DC实用电路[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2004,26-27.
[15] Peng Xu. Multiphase Voltage Regulator Modules with Magnetic Integration to Power Microprocessors[M].[Doctors‘paper]. USA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2002.
[16] Conor Quinn, Karl Rinne, Terence O’Donnell, Maeve Duffy, Cian.O. Mathuna. A review of planar magnetic techniques and technologies[J]. IEEE-APEC 2001:1175-1183.
[17] Ed Bloom. New integrated magnetic DC-DC power converter circuits & systems[J]. IEEE APEC, 1987:57-66.
[18] Wong Pit Leong,Peng Xu,Yang P,et al.Performance improvements of interleaving VRMs with coupling inductors[J].IEEE Trans on Power Electronics,2001,16(4):499-507.
[19] Chen Wei,Hua Guichao,Dan Sable,et al.Design of high efficiency,low profile,low voltage converter with integrated magnetics[J].IEEE VPEC,1997,17(28):14-20.
[20]陈乾宏,阮新波,严仰光.开关电源中磁集成技术及其应用[J].电工技术学报,2003,19(3):1-8.
[21] Gordon Bloom,Rudy Severns.The generalized use of integrated magnetics and zero-ripple techniques in switchmode power converters[J].IEEE-PESC,1984:15-33.
[22]陆治国,邓文东,杨雪松,等.带有源浮充平台的单相功率因数校正变换器[J].电网技术,2007,16(31):68-71.
[23] Voltage Regulator-Down (VRD)10.0 Design Guide[J], by Intel, November 2003.
[24]章赛军,杨永宏,柯建兴,李达义.电压反馈型BUCK变换器环路补偿设计[J].通信电源技术,2004,21(6):4-5.
[25] Dong Matfingly.Designing Stable Compensation Network for Single Phase Voltage Mode Buck Regulators[J].Intersil Technical Brief.
[26] Zhao J.,Sato T.,Nabeshima T.,Nakano T..Steady state and dynamic analysis of a Buck converter using a hysteretic PWM contro[J]l.Proceedings of the IEEE power electronics specialists conference.Aachen,Germany,PESC'04,5(20):3654-3658.
[27]赵剑锋,王浔,潘诗锋.基于双脉宽调制变换器和电压滞环控制的电能质量信号发生装置[J].电网技术,2005,29(4):41-44.
[28] M. Castilla, L. Garc!?a de Vicu*na, J.M. Guerrero, J. Matas and J. Miret. Design of voltage-mode hysteretic controllers for synchronous buck converters supplying microprocessor loads[J]. IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Appl., 2005, 152(5):1171-1178.
[29] Jaber Abu-Qahouq, Hong Mao, and Issa Batarseh. Multiphase Voltage-Mode Hysteretic Controlled DC–DC Converter With Novel Current Sharing[J]. IEEE transactions on powerelectronics,2004,19(6):1397-1407.
[30]王凤岩,许建平,许峻峰. V2控制Buck变换器分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(12):67-72.
[31]王凤岩,许建平. V2C控制Buck变换器分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2006,26(2):121-126.
[32]王志正,黄志武.DC-DC变流器电流型控制的原理与实现[J].机车电传动,2002,2(2):29-32.
[33] Philip Cooke. Modeling Average Current Mode Control[J]. IEEE, 2000:256-262.
[34] R.D. MIDDLEBROOK. Modeling current-programmed buck and boost regulators[J]. IEEE transactions on power electronics,1989,4(1):36-52.
[35] Wei Tang, Fred C. Lee, Raymond B. Ridley. Small-Signal Modeling of Average Current-Mode Control[J]. IEEE transactions on power electronics,1993,8(2):112-119
[36]刘树林,刘健,钟久明.峰值电流控制变换器斜坡补偿电路的优化设计[J].电力电子技术, 2005,39(5):78-81.
[37]卢增艺,林维明.DC-DC变换器AVP控制方法的分析[J].电子技术应用,2003,(12):41-42.
[38] Wenkang Huang. The Design of a High-Frequency Multiphase Voltage Regulator with Adaptive Voltage Positioning and All Ceramic Capacitors[J]. IEEE,2005:270-275.
[39] Kaiwei Yao, Yuancheng Ren, Fred C. Lee, etc. Adaptive Voltage Position Design for Voltage Regulators[J]. IEEE Dissertation of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,2004:272-278.
[40] Wei Tang,Fred C. Lee,Raymond B. Ridley,Isaac Cohen.Charge control:modeling,analysis and design[J].IEEE transactions on power electronics,1993,8(4):396-403.
[41] Vorperian. V . The charge controlled PWM switch[J] . Power electronics specialists conference.PESC'96,1:533-542.
[42] Fakhralden A, Huliehel Wei Tang, Fred C. Lee, Bo H. Cho. Modeling, Analysis, and Design of the Quasi-Charge Control[J]. IEEE transactions on power electronics,1995:597-604.
[43]朱艳萍,张纯江.基于电荷控制的Buck变换器[J].电力电子技术,2005,39(1):37-39.
[44] Pit-Leong Wong, Fred C. Lee, Peng Xu, Member, Kaiwei Yao. Critical Inductance in Voltage Regulator Modules[J]. IEEE transactions on power electronics,2002,17(4):485-492.
[45] Kaiwei Yao, Yu Meng and Fred C. Lee. Control Bandwidth and Transient Response of Buck Converters[J]. IEEE. Proc.PESC’2002.
[46] P.L. Wong, F.C. Lee, X. Zhou, Stability study of PC power system[J]. IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., 2001, 37(1):73-80.