高压输入两级式电压调节模块研究
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摘要
本文首先回顾了VRM的发展历程、研究现状和面临的挑战，并结合设计的关键性问题以及目前应用于VRM的交错并联技术，研究了一种新型适合未来VRM发展要求的拓扑结构。
本文系统分析了48V输入VRM设计的关键问题，针对CPU对VRM的高压输入、低压大电流输出，快速动态响应，高效率等需求，讨论了输入滤波器、同步整流技术、VRM控制技术及其补偿回路的设计。
本文全面论述了低电压输入的VRM非隔离性同步整流准方波Buck变换器拓扑特性、稳态和动态性能，参数设计等。在此基础上对多通道交错并联技术的原理和交错并联拓扑性能及磁集成技术进行深入分析。研究结果表明：采用磁集成技术的交错并联SR-QSW-Buck拓扑结构具有效率高、体积小、瞬态响应速度快的特点，可以满足VRM的严格性能指标要求。
本文对提出的适合48V输入的VRM两级式变换器进行了重点研究，并进行了改进，说明该变换器具有控制简单、高效率、高功率密度的优点，并能改善动态响应，减小热应力。最后对这种电路拓扑结构进行了仿真和试验验证，证明了理论分析的正确性。
Firstly this paper reviewed the development course of the VRM, status and the facing challenges. The combination of design, as well as the current key issues of the VRM and interleaving parallel technology. A new topology for the future VRM is studied.
This paper systematically discussed the key design of 48V input VRM. In view of CUP to VRM's demanding of high-voltage input and low-voltage high-current output, dynamic response, high efficiency and so on., this paper discussed the input filter, synchronous rectifier technology, VRM control technology and its compensation circuit designing.
The non-insulated topology characteristics, steady and dynamic principles, parameter design of VRM applied for low-input voltage situation are mainly analyzed. The theory and capability of multi-channel interleaving topology and the magnetic integrated technique are investigated thoroughly. The result of study shows the SR-QSW-Buck converter structure adopted interleaving and magnetic integrated techniques achieves high efficiency, low volume, fast transient response, and satisfies severe performance requirements of VRM.
This article has putted the key research on proposed suit to 48V input VRM two-stage converter, and has made the improvement. It explained this converter have some merits of the control to be simple, the high efficiency and the power density. As well as it can improve the dynamic response and reduce the thermal load. Finally the paper has carried on the simulation and the experimental confirmation to this kind of electric circuit topology. Thus the paper has proven the theoretical accuracy.
本文系统分析了48V输入VRM设计的关键问题，针对CPU对VRM的高压输入、低压大电流输出，快速动态响应，高效率等需求，讨论了输入滤波器、同步整流技术、VRM控制技术及其补偿回路的设计。
本文全面论述了低电压输入的VRM非隔离性同步整流准方波Buck变换器拓扑特性、稳态和动态性能，参数设计等。在此基础上对多通道交错并联技术的原理和交错并联拓扑性能及磁集成技术进行深入分析。研究结果表明：采用磁集成技术的交错并联SR-QSW-Buck拓扑结构具有效率高、体积小、瞬态响应速度快的特点，可以满足VRM的严格性能指标要求。
本文对提出的适合48V输入的VRM两级式变换器进行了重点研究，并进行了改进，说明该变换器具有控制简单、高效率、高功率密度的优点，并能改善动态响应，减小热应力。最后对这种电路拓扑结构进行了仿真和试验验证，证明了理论分析的正确性。
Firstly this paper reviewed the development course of the VRM, status and the facing challenges. The combination of design, as well as the current key issues of the VRM and interleaving parallel technology. A new topology for the future VRM is studied.
This paper systematically discussed the key design of 48V input VRM. In view of CUP to VRM's demanding of high-voltage input and low-voltage high-current output, dynamic response, high efficiency and so on., this paper discussed the input filter, synchronous rectifier technology, VRM control technology and its compensation circuit designing.
The non-insulated topology characteristics, steady and dynamic principles, parameter design of VRM applied for low-input voltage situation are mainly analyzed. The theory and capability of multi-channel interleaving topology and the magnetic integrated technique are investigated thoroughly. The result of study shows the SR-QSW-Buck converter structure adopted interleaving and magnetic integrated techniques achieves high efficiency, low volume, fast transient response, and satisfies severe performance requirements of VRM.
This article has putted the key research on proposed suit to 48V input VRM two-stage converter, and has made the improvement. It explained this converter have some merits of the control to be simple, the high efficiency and the power density. As well as it can improve the dynamic response and reduce the thermal load. Finally the paper has carried on the simulation and the experimental confirmation to this kind of electric circuit topology. Thus the paper has proven the theoretical accuracy.
引文
1 张占松，蔡宣三．开关电源的设计与原理．第2版．北京：电子工业出版社，2005：6-15 177-185
2 郑春龙，徐德鸿．电压调整模块(VRM)拓扑综述．电源技术应用，2001，12(12)：601-606
3 周志敏，周纪海，纪爱华．模块化DC／DC实用电路．北京：电子工业出版社，2004：1-89
4 P. Xu, J. Wei, K. Yao; Y. Meng, etc Investigation of Candidate Topologies for 12V VRM, IEEE APEC, 2002, 2:686-692
5 Jia Wei, Peng Xu, Ho-Pu Wu, etc. Comparison of Three Topology Candidates for 12 V VRM. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2001, 1: 245-251
6 J. Wei, P. Xu, H. P. Wu, etc Comparison of Three Topology Candidates for 12 V VRM, in Proc. IEEE APEC, 2001, 6: 245-251
7 Mao Ye, Peng Xu, Bo Yang, etc. Investgation of Topology Candidates for 48 V VRM, IEEE Annual Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2002, 5: 699-705
8 梁小国，48V输入电压调节模块(VRM)的研究，硕士学位论文，江苏南京，南京航空航天大学，2002年
9 K. Teixeira, Bumpless. Build-up Layer Package Technology. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2000, 15(2): 1000-1005
10 S. Towle, H. Brauniseh, C. Hu, etc. Bumpless Build Bumpless Build-up Layer Packaging up Layer Packaging. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2004, 2: 1275-1281
11 Jose A, Maiz. From Micro to Nanotechnology. International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2004, 2: 526-531
12 Prismark partners 11c. Power Demands in High-End Microprocessors, IEEE Power Electronics Specialist Conference, 2003, 1: 132-137
13 H. Visairo, E. Rodriguez, etc. Switching Power Magazine by Ridley Engineering Inc. Out of Silver Box. IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2004, 2: 999-1003
14 Lee-Hun Kim, Kwang-Su Chun. Intersil's Endura Technology Wire VRM 9.0 Market. IEEE Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2000, 3: 1510-1515
15 P. L. Wong, C. Lee Fred, P. Xu, etc, Critical Inductance in Voltage Regulator Modules, IEEE Trans. Power Electron, vol. 17, No.4, July. 2002, 7: 485-492
16 于春龙，王志刚．提高电压调节模块瞬态响应速度的拓扑方法．四川工业学院学报，2002．0031-02
17 X. Zhou, P. L, Wong, P. Xu, etc. Investigation of Candidate VRM Topologies for Future Microprocessors, IEEE Tram Power Electron, vol, 15, No. 6. Nov. 2000, 8: 1172-1182.
18 K. Walters, B. Werner. Introduction to Schottky Rectifiers. IEEE Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2000, 3: 1510-1515
19 L. Balogh. Design and Application Guide for High Speed MOSFET Gate Drive Circuits. IEEE APEC. Texas, USA, 1999: 866-872
20 A. Guerra, K Andohand, S. Fi. Miani. Ultra-Fast Recovery Diodes Meet Today's Requirements for High Frequency Operation and Power Ratings in SNIPS Applications. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2001, 16(6): 803-811
21 B. Ozpineci, S. K. Islam, M. C. hinthavali. Comparison of Wide Bandgap Semiconductor for Power Applications. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Texas, USA, 1999, 2: 840-846
22 王凤岩，许建平，吴松荣．开关电源V~2控制方法．机车电传动，2001，(3)：22-24
23 Xunwei Zhou, Bo Yang, Luca Amoroso, Fred C. Lee, A Novel High-Input-Voltage, High Efficiency and Fast Transient Voltage Regulator Module-Push-pull Forward Converter, 1999 IEEE APEC, 9: 279-283
24 秦海鸿，杨正龙，任华，等．隔离式低压／大电流输出DC／DC变换器中几种副边整流电路的比较．电源技术应用，2001，12(12)：607-614
25 Pit-Leong Wong, Xunwei Zhou, Bo Yang and Fred C. Lee, Fast VRM with High Voltage, 1998 VPEC, 4: 201-206.
26 D. Matingly. Designing Stable Compensation Networks for Single Phase Voltage Mode Buck Regulators. Application Note, Intersil, May 2003.
27 M. Qiao, P. Parto and R. Amirani. Stabilize the Buck Converter with Transconductance Amplifier. Application Note, International Rectifier, Oct 2002.
28 吴松荣，VRM电路拓扑与控制方法研究，硕士学位论文，四川绵阳，西南交通大学，2002
29 秦海鸿，张方华，王慧贞．准方波整流在电压调节模块(VRM)中的应用．中国电工技术学会电力电子学会第八届学术年会，深圳，2002．西安，中国电工技术学会，2002：287-296
30 Ognjen Djekic, Miki Brovic, Apurba Roy. High Frequency Synchronous Buck Converter for Low Voltage Applications, 1999 IEEE PESC, 2: 1248-1254
31 Pit-Leong Wong, Xunwei Zhou and Fred C. Lee, VRM Transience Study and Output Filter Design for Future Processor, 1997 VPEC Seminar
32 梁小国，危建，路侃，等．48 V输入电压调节模块的现状及未来．电力电子技术，2003，37(2)：89-93
33 Xunwei Zhou, Xu Peng and Fred C. Lee, A High Power Density, High Efficiency and Fast Transient Voltage Regulator Module with a Novel Current Sensing and Current Sharing Technique, 1999 VPEC, 5: 289-294.
34 Rais Mii, Ttakhutdinov. Optimal Design of Interleaved Synchronous Buck Converter at High Slew-Rate Current Transients. IEEE PESO 2001, 2(10): 101-107
35 任光，苗建龙，高潮．同步整流器自驱动方式及其典型整流电路分析．电源技术，2003，(9)：68-71
36 Ivier Treseases, Wai Tung Ng, Shuo Chen. Precision Gate Drive Timing in a Zero-Voltage-Switching DC-DC Converter. IEEE Power Semiconductor Devices and ICs, 2004, 16: 55-58
37 Agan Maksimovic. Design of the Zero-Voltage-Switching Quasi-Square-Wave Resonant Switch. IEEE Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1993: 323-329
38 J. Wei, P. Xu, H. P. Wu, F. C. Lee, etc. Comparison of Three Topology Candidates for 12 V VRM. In Proc. IEEE APEC, 2001, 3: 245-251
39 M. Ye, M. Xu, F. C. Lee. 1 MHz Multi-Resonant Push-Pull 48 V VRM, in Proc. IEEE APEC, 2003, 12: 413-419
40 X. Liang, J. Wei, X. Ruan. An Interleaved Three-Level forward Converter Suitable for the Application of Voltage Regulator Module (VRM). In Proc. IEEE ESC, 2003, 11: 127-131
41 蔡拥军，谢小高，叶欣，等．隔离型低压大电流VRM标准拓扑研究．电力电子技术，2005，39(4)：32-35
42 海鸿，杨正龙，任昱华，等．隔离式低压大电流输出DC／DC变换器中几种副边整流电路的比较．电源应用技术，2001，4(12)：607-614
43 梁锦桃，王志强．适用于48V供电系统的VRM拓扑分析．通信电源技术，2005，22(3)：18-20
44 Yuri panov. Design Consideration for 12 W1.5 V, 50 A Voltage Reglator Mdoules, IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2001: 776-783
45 Mao Ye, Peng Xu, F. C. Lee, etc. Study of Three Topology Candidates for 48 V VRM. CPES Seminar, 2001: 271-278
46 X. Xie, J. C. P. Liu, F. N. K. Poon, etc. A Novel High Frequency Current-Driven Synchronous Rectifier Applicable to Most Switching Topologies. IEEE Trans. Power Electron, vol.16, No.5, Sept.2001, 9: 635-648
47 P. Alou, P. Pirez-Bedmar, J. A. Cobos, etc. A High Efficiency Voltage Regulator Module with Single Winding Self-Driven Synchronous Rectification. IEEE Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2000, 3: 1510-1515
48 任光，苗建龙，高潮．同步整流器自驱动方式及其典型整流电路分析．电源技术，2003，(9)：68-71
49 倪海东，蒋玉萍．高频开关电源集成控制器．北京：机械工业出版社，2005：22-28
50 郭炯杰．SG3525在开关电源中的应用．集成电路应用，2004，(6)：63-64
51 黄晓林．脉宽调制器SG3525及其在变频电源中的应用研究．电气传动，2005，35(10)：31-34
52 谭建成．电机控制集成电路．北京：机械工业出版社，1997：464-473
53 Eric Lenoir．陶瓷电容在DC-DC转换器中的应用．国外电子元器件，2003，7(12)：63-69
54 楚斌．IR2110功率驱动集成芯片应用．电子工程师．2004，30(10)：33-35
55 梁锦桃，王志强．适用于48V供电系统的VRM拓扑分析．通信电源技术，2005，22(3)：18-20
2 郑春龙，徐德鸿．电压调整模块(VRM)拓扑综述．电源技术应用，2001，12(12)：601-606
3 周志敏，周纪海，纪爱华．模块化DC／DC实用电路．北京：电子工业出版社，2004：1-89
4 P. Xu, J. Wei, K. Yao; Y. Meng, etc Investigation of Candidate Topologies for 12V VRM, IEEE APEC, 2002, 2:686-692
5 Jia Wei, Peng Xu, Ho-Pu Wu, etc. Comparison of Three Topology Candidates for 12 V VRM. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2001, 1: 245-251
6 J. Wei, P. Xu, H. P. Wu, etc Comparison of Three Topology Candidates for 12 V VRM, in Proc. IEEE APEC, 2001, 6: 245-251
7 Mao Ye, Peng Xu, Bo Yang, etc. Investgation of Topology Candidates for 48 V VRM, IEEE Annual Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2002, 5: 699-705
8 梁小国，48V输入电压调节模块(VRM)的研究，硕士学位论文，江苏南京，南京航空航天大学，2002年
9 K. Teixeira, Bumpless. Build-up Layer Package Technology. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2000, 15(2): 1000-1005
10 S. Towle, H. Brauniseh, C. Hu, etc. Bumpless Build Bumpless Build-up Layer Packaging up Layer Packaging. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2004, 2: 1275-1281
11 Jose A, Maiz. From Micro to Nanotechnology. International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2004, 2: 526-531
12 Prismark partners 11c. Power Demands in High-End Microprocessors, IEEE Power Electronics Specialist Conference, 2003, 1: 132-137
13 H. Visairo, E. Rodriguez, etc. Switching Power Magazine by Ridley Engineering Inc. Out of Silver Box. IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2004, 2: 999-1003
14 Lee-Hun Kim, Kwang-Su Chun. Intersil's Endura Technology Wire VRM 9.0 Market. IEEE Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2000, 3: 1510-1515
15 P. L. Wong, C. Lee Fred, P. Xu, etc, Critical Inductance in Voltage Regulator Modules, IEEE Trans. Power Electron, vol. 17, No.4, July. 2002, 7: 485-492
16 于春龙，王志刚．提高电压调节模块瞬态响应速度的拓扑方法．四川工业学院学报，2002．0031-02
17 X. Zhou, P. L, Wong, P. Xu, etc. Investigation of Candidate VRM Topologies for Future Microprocessors, IEEE Tram Power Electron, vol, 15, No. 6. Nov. 2000, 8: 1172-1182.
18 K. Walters, B. Werner. Introduction to Schottky Rectifiers. IEEE Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2000, 3: 1510-1515
19 L. Balogh. Design and Application Guide for High Speed MOSFET Gate Drive Circuits. IEEE APEC. Texas, USA, 1999: 866-872
20 A. Guerra, K Andohand, S. Fi. Miani. Ultra-Fast Recovery Diodes Meet Today's Requirements for High Frequency Operation and Power Ratings in SNIPS Applications. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2001, 16(6): 803-811
21 B. Ozpineci, S. K. Islam, M. C. hinthavali. Comparison of Wide Bandgap Semiconductor for Power Applications. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Texas, USA, 1999, 2: 840-846
22 王凤岩，许建平，吴松荣．开关电源V~2控制方法．机车电传动，2001，(3)：22-24
23 Xunwei Zhou, Bo Yang, Luca Amoroso, Fred C. Lee, A Novel High-Input-Voltage, High Efficiency and Fast Transient Voltage Regulator Module-Push-pull Forward Converter, 1999 IEEE APEC, 9: 279-283
24 秦海鸿，杨正龙，任华，等．隔离式低压／大电流输出DC／DC变换器中几种副边整流电路的比较．电源技术应用，2001，12(12)：607-614
25 Pit-Leong Wong, Xunwei Zhou, Bo Yang and Fred C. Lee, Fast VRM with High Voltage, 1998 VPEC, 4: 201-206.
26 D. Matingly. Designing Stable Compensation Networks for Single Phase Voltage Mode Buck Regulators. Application Note, Intersil, May 2003.
27 M. Qiao, P. Parto and R. Amirani. Stabilize the Buck Converter with Transconductance Amplifier. Application Note, International Rectifier, Oct 2002.
28 吴松荣，VRM电路拓扑与控制方法研究，硕士学位论文，四川绵阳，西南交通大学，2002
29 秦海鸿，张方华，王慧贞．准方波整流在电压调节模块(VRM)中的应用．中国电工技术学会电力电子学会第八届学术年会，深圳，2002．西安，中国电工技术学会，2002：287-296
30 Ognjen Djekic, Miki Brovic, Apurba Roy. High Frequency Synchronous Buck Converter for Low Voltage Applications, 1999 IEEE PESC, 2: 1248-1254
31 Pit-Leong Wong, Xunwei Zhou and Fred C. Lee, VRM Transience Study and Output Filter Design for Future Processor, 1997 VPEC Seminar
32 梁小国，危建，路侃，等．48 V输入电压调节模块的现状及未来．电力电子技术，2003，37(2)：89-93
33 Xunwei Zhou, Xu Peng and Fred C. Lee, A High Power Density, High Efficiency and Fast Transient Voltage Regulator Module with a Novel Current Sensing and Current Sharing Technique, 1999 VPEC, 5: 289-294.
34 Rais Mii, Ttakhutdinov. Optimal Design of Interleaved Synchronous Buck Converter at High Slew-Rate Current Transients. IEEE PESO 2001, 2(10): 101-107
35 任光，苗建龙，高潮．同步整流器自驱动方式及其典型整流电路分析．电源技术，2003，(9)：68-71
36 Ivier Treseases, Wai Tung Ng, Shuo Chen. Precision Gate Drive Timing in a Zero-Voltage-Switching DC-DC Converter. IEEE Power Semiconductor Devices and ICs, 2004, 16: 55-58
37 Agan Maksimovic. Design of the Zero-Voltage-Switching Quasi-Square-Wave Resonant Switch. IEEE Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1993: 323-329
38 J. Wei, P. Xu, H. P. Wu, F. C. Lee, etc. Comparison of Three Topology Candidates for 12 V VRM. In Proc. IEEE APEC, 2001, 3: 245-251
39 M. Ye, M. Xu, F. C. Lee. 1 MHz Multi-Resonant Push-Pull 48 V VRM, in Proc. IEEE APEC, 2003, 12: 413-419
40 X. Liang, J. Wei, X. Ruan. An Interleaved Three-Level forward Converter Suitable for the Application of Voltage Regulator Module (VRM). In Proc. IEEE ESC, 2003, 11: 127-131
41 蔡拥军，谢小高，叶欣，等．隔离型低压大电流VRM标准拓扑研究．电力电子技术，2005，39(4)：32-35
42 海鸿，杨正龙，任昱华，等．隔离式低压大电流输出DC／DC变换器中几种副边整流电路的比较．电源应用技术，2001，4(12)：607-614
43 梁锦桃，王志强．适用于48V供电系统的VRM拓扑分析．通信电源技术，2005，22(3)：18-20
44 Yuri panov. Design Consideration for 12 W1.5 V, 50 A Voltage Reglator Mdoules, IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2001: 776-783
45 Mao Ye, Peng Xu, F. C. Lee, etc. Study of Three Topology Candidates for 48 V VRM. CPES Seminar, 2001: 271-278
46 X. Xie, J. C. P. Liu, F. N. K. Poon, etc. A Novel High Frequency Current-Driven Synchronous Rectifier Applicable to Most Switching Topologies. IEEE Trans. Power Electron, vol.16, No.5, Sept.2001, 9: 635-648
47 P. Alou, P. Pirez-Bedmar, J. A. Cobos, etc. A High Efficiency Voltage Regulator Module with Single Winding Self-Driven Synchronous Rectification. IEEE Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2000, 3: 1510-1515
48 任光，苗建龙，高潮．同步整流器自驱动方式及其典型整流电路分析．电源技术，2003，(9)：68-71
49 倪海东，蒋玉萍．高频开关电源集成控制器．北京：机械工业出版社，2005：22-28
50 郭炯杰．SG3525在开关电源中的应用．集成电路应用，2004，(6)：63-64
51 黄晓林．脉宽调制器SG3525及其在变频电源中的应用研究．电气传动，2005，35(10)：31-34
52 谭建成．电机控制集成电路．北京：机械工业出版社，1997：464-473
53 Eric Lenoir．陶瓷电容在DC-DC转换器中的应用．国外电子元器件，2003，7(12)：63-69
54 楚斌．IR2110功率驱动集成芯片应用．电子工程师．2004，30(10)：33-35
55 梁锦桃，王志强．适用于48V供电系统的VRM拓扑分析．通信电源技术，2005，22(3)：18-20