带有源浮充平台的陡降型Buck变换器研究
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摘要
随着计算机和互联网技术的迅猛发展,CPU对信息处理容量日益增加、处理速度不断提高,工作电流越来越大;与此同时,其工作电压却越来越低。低压大电流的负载特性对为其供电的电源模块提出了严峻的挑战,电力电子技术,特别是开关电源技术的高速发展,为解决CPU供电瓶颈提供了解决方案。
本文结合未来CPU发展对电源技术的要求,分析了为其供电的非隔离型12V输入电压调整模块(Voltage Regular Module,VRM)的典型电路拓扑以及控制方法,研究了各种拓扑和控制方法的优点和缺点。根据VRM输出电压低、输出电流大的特点,将有源浮充平台(Floating Charge Landing,FCL)技术应用于传统Buck变换器中,构成带有源浮充平台的陡降型Buck变换器。由于有源浮充平台的加入,降低了Buck变换器的部分输入或者输出电压,因此该变换器在扩展占空比的同时更易于实现较低的输出电压,采用电荷控制可以减小输出电压纹波并具有良好的动态响应特性,使其适合于未来CPU的供电。论文的主要工作如下:
①对VRM发展进行了回顾,研究了Buck型非隔离VRM变换器,简要分析了工作原理,总结了各种变换器的优缺点。
②分析了有源浮充平台的工作原理,将有源浮充平台加入到传统Buck变换器电路中,对比其在电路中所处位置,提出了带有源浮充平台的陡降型Buck变换器。分析了该变换器工作原理,建立了能够实现电压陡降的理论,推导出了该变换器的电压增益。
③对比了不同的电压型和电流型控制策略,分析其控制原理,总结了各种控制策略的优缺点。将电荷控制应用于带有源浮充平台的陡降型Buck变换器中,建立了系统控制框图。
④采用Saber仿真软件对带有源浮充平台的陡降型Buck变换器建模,并对稳态和系统发生干扰时的电路进行了仿真研究,验证了理论分析的正确性。
With the rapid development of computer and Internet technology,all capabilities of CPU have been improved greatly, such as the capability and speed of information processing, which result in the increase of its load current with a more and more lower load voltage.Therefore the power supply modules must be improved to satisfy the need of the development of CPU. In this case power electronics,especially the rapidly improved power switching technology, provide a solution of the power supply.
This paper first presents a description regarding the requirement for future power supply technology caused by the development of CPU. This paper concentrates on the study of typical topology and control methods of some non-isolated 12V input voltage regular module which supply for CPU by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the topology and control methods.Because voltage regular module (VRM) has the characteristic of low output voltage and high output current,this paper applies active floating charge landing (FCL) technology in the conventional Buck converter,by which a high step down Buck converter with FCL can be obtained.With a FCL,the input or output voltage of the converter can be lowered.This converter can expand the duty cycle and reduce the output voltage more easily and reduce the ripple of the output voltage. In addition it has the characteristic of nice dynamic response and it is suitable for future CPU.
Main work in this paper:
①Reviewed the development of VRM,and then studyed on the characteristics of non-isolated Buck converter and their advantages and disadvantages based on analyzing their operation principle.
②Based on the principle of FCL,applied it in a conventional Buck converter. By comparing its different places in Buck converter, this paper proposed a high step down Buck converter with FCL.Its operation principle and structure when the switches are at different sates were presented in detail. Function of high step down had been proved,according to which conversion ration of this converter can be deduced.
③According to the comparison among different voltage control mode and current control mode , analyzed the control principle and their advantages and disadvantages.And applied charge control in the high step down Buck converter with FCL , established the control system structure.
④Simulations regarding the steady state, input voltage disturbance and load disturbance of this converter have been carried out with Saber, and results indicated the feasibility of this method and converter studied in this paper.
本文结合未来CPU发展对电源技术的要求,分析了为其供电的非隔离型12V输入电压调整模块(Voltage Regular Module,VRM)的典型电路拓扑以及控制方法,研究了各种拓扑和控制方法的优点和缺点。根据VRM输出电压低、输出电流大的特点,将有源浮充平台(Floating Charge Landing,FCL)技术应用于传统Buck变换器中,构成带有源浮充平台的陡降型Buck变换器。由于有源浮充平台的加入,降低了Buck变换器的部分输入或者输出电压,因此该变换器在扩展占空比的同时更易于实现较低的输出电压,采用电荷控制可以减小输出电压纹波并具有良好的动态响应特性,使其适合于未来CPU的供电。论文的主要工作如下:
①对VRM发展进行了回顾,研究了Buck型非隔离VRM变换器,简要分析了工作原理,总结了各种变换器的优缺点。
②分析了有源浮充平台的工作原理,将有源浮充平台加入到传统Buck变换器电路中,对比其在电路中所处位置,提出了带有源浮充平台的陡降型Buck变换器。分析了该变换器工作原理,建立了能够实现电压陡降的理论,推导出了该变换器的电压增益。
③对比了不同的电压型和电流型控制策略,分析其控制原理,总结了各种控制策略的优缺点。将电荷控制应用于带有源浮充平台的陡降型Buck变换器中,建立了系统控制框图。
④采用Saber仿真软件对带有源浮充平台的陡降型Buck变换器建模,并对稳态和系统发生干扰时的电路进行了仿真研究,验证了理论分析的正确性。
With the rapid development of computer and Internet technology,all capabilities of CPU have been improved greatly, such as the capability and speed of information processing, which result in the increase of its load current with a more and more lower load voltage.Therefore the power supply modules must be improved to satisfy the need of the development of CPU. In this case power electronics,especially the rapidly improved power switching technology, provide a solution of the power supply.
This paper first presents a description regarding the requirement for future power supply technology caused by the development of CPU. This paper concentrates on the study of typical topology and control methods of some non-isolated 12V input voltage regular module which supply for CPU by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the topology and control methods.Because voltage regular module (VRM) has the characteristic of low output voltage and high output current,this paper applies active floating charge landing (FCL) technology in the conventional Buck converter,by which a high step down Buck converter with FCL can be obtained.With a FCL,the input or output voltage of the converter can be lowered.This converter can expand the duty cycle and reduce the output voltage more easily and reduce the ripple of the output voltage. In addition it has the characteristic of nice dynamic response and it is suitable for future CPU.
Main work in this paper:
①Reviewed the development of VRM,and then studyed on the characteristics of non-isolated Buck converter and their advantages and disadvantages based on analyzing their operation principle.
②Based on the principle of FCL,applied it in a conventional Buck converter. By comparing its different places in Buck converter, this paper proposed a high step down Buck converter with FCL.Its operation principle and structure when the switches are at different sates were presented in detail. Function of high step down had been proved,according to which conversion ration of this converter can be deduced.
③According to the comparison among different voltage control mode and current control mode , analyzed the control principle and their advantages and disadvantages.And applied charge control in the high step down Buck converter with FCL , established the control system structure.
④Simulations regarding the steady state, input voltage disturbance and load disturbance of this converter have been carried out with Saber, and results indicated the feasibility of this method and converter studied in this paper.
引文
[1] J. Wei,P. Xu,H. Wu,F. C. Lee,K. Yao,M. Ye.Comparison of three topology candidates for 12V VRM.Proceedings of IEEE annual applied power electronics conference and exposition.Anaheim,USA,IEEE APEC'01,2001,1,245-251
[2] 郑春龙,徐德鸿.电压调整模块(VRM)拓扑综述.电源技术应用,2001,12(12):601-606
[3] Lee F.C,Barbosa P.,Peng Xu,Jindong Zhang,Bo Yang.Topologies and design considerations for distributed power system applications.Proceedings of the IEEE,2001,89(6):939-950
[4] Xunwei Zhou,Xingzhu Zhang,Jiangang Liu,Pit Leong Wong,Jiabin Chen,Ho Pu Wu,Luca Amoroso,Fred C. Lee,Dan Y. Chen.Investigation of candidate VRM topologies for future microprocessors.Anaheim,IEEE APEC'98,1998,(1):145-150
[5] Bernard T. Murphy,Douglas E. Haggan,William W.From circuit miniaturization to the scalable IC.Proceedings of the IEEE,2000,88(5):691-703
[6] G Moore.Cramming more components onto integrated circuits.Proceedings of the IEEE,1998,86(1):82-85
[7] Saruman.下一代 Intel CPU Prescott 前瞻.电脑自做,2003,(12):121-123
[8] 任小永,阮新波.适用于高压输入低压输出的两级式变换器.中国电机工程学报,2005,25(23):153-157
[9] Intel.Voltage regulator down (VRD)10.0 design guide.2004:6-50
[10] Intel.Voltage regulator module(VRM) and enterprise voltage regulator down (EVRD) 11.0 design guidelines.2006:9-24
[11] Michael T. Zhang,Milan M. Jovanovic,F. C. Lee.Design considerations for low voltage on board DC/DC modules for next generations of data processing circuits.IEEE transactions on power electronics,1996,11(3):328-337
[12] 张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计.(修订版)北京:电子工业出版社,2004,6-15,177-185,
[13] 周志敏,周纪海,纪爱华.模块化 DC/DC 实用电路.北京:电子工业出版社,2004,26-27
[14] Peng Xu,Jia Wei,Kaiwei Yao,Yu Meng,F.C.Lee.Investigation of candidate topologies for 12V VRM . Proceedings of IEEE annual applied power electronics conference and exposition.Dallas,USA.IEEE APEC'02.2002,1,686-692
[15] 梁锦桃,王志强.适用于 48 V 供电系统的 VRM 拓扑分析.通信电源技术,2005,22(3):18-20
[16] Jia Wei,Peng Xu,Fred C. Lee.A high efficiency topology for 12V VRM—push-pull Buck andits integrated magnetics implementations . Proceedings of IEEE annual applied power electronics conference and exposition.Dallas,USA.IEEE APEC'02.2002,2,679-685
[17] 蔡拥军,谢小高,叶欣,钱照明.隔离型低压大电流 VRM 标准拓扑研究.电力电子技术,2005,39(4):32-35
[18] X. Xie,J.C.P Liu,et al.A novel high frequency current-driven synchronous rectifier applicable to most switching topologies.IEEE transactions on power electronics,2001,16(5):635-648
[19] 梁小国,危建,路侃,阮新波.48V 输入电压调整模块的现状及未来.电力电子技术,2003,37(2):89-93
[20] Yamashita.N,Murakami.N,Yachi.T.Conduction power loss in MOSFET synchronous rectifier with parallel connected Schottky barrier diode.IEEE transactions on power electronics,1998,3(4):667-673
[21] Xunwei Zhou,Mauro Donati,Luca Amoroso,Fred C. Lee.Improved light load efficiency for synchronous rectifier voltage regulator module.IEEE transactions on power electronics,2000,15(5):826-834
[22] Dragan Maksimovic.Design of the zero voltage switching quasi square wave resonant switch..IEEE annual power electronics specialists conference,1993:323-329
[23] Mariano LopeZ,Luis Garcia de Vicufia,Miguel Cast,Oscar Lopez,Joan Majo.Interleaving of parallel DC-DC converters using sliding mode control.IEEE transactions on power electronics,1998,3(6):1055-1059
[24] Peng Xu,Jia Wei,Fred C. Lee.Multiphase coupled Buck converter—a novel high efficient 12V voltage regulator module.IEEE transactions on power electronics,2003,18(1):74-82
[25]Kaiwei Yao,Mao Ye,Ming Xu,Fred C. Lee.Tapped inductor Buck converter for high step down DC–DC Conversion.IEEE transactions on power electronics,2005,20(4):775-780
[26] Kaiwei Yao,Fred C. Lee,Yu Meng,Jia Wei.Tapped inductor Buck converters with a lossless clamp circuit . Proceedings of IEEE annual applied power electronics conference and exposition.Dallas,USA.IEEE APEC'02.2002,2,693-698
[27] Kaiwei Yao,Yang Qiu,Ming Xu,Fred C. Lee.A novel winding coupled Buck converter for high frequency,high step down DC–DC conversion.IEEE transactions on power electronics,2005,20(5):1017-1024
[28] Jieli Li,Charles R. Sullivan,Aaron Schultz.Coupled inductor design optimization for fast response low voltage DC-DC converters . Proceedings of IEEE annual applied power electronics conference and exposition.Dallas,USA.IEEE APEC'02.2002,2:1-7
[29] 赵卓,谢小高,马瑜,钱照明.1MHz 软开关同步 Buck 变流器的研究.电力电子技术,2006,40(2):51-53
[30] P. Xu,J. Wei,and F. C. Lee.The active clamp couple Buck converter-a novel high efficiency voltage regulator modules.Proceedings of IEEE annual applied power electronics conference and exposition.Anaheim,USA,IEEE APEC'01,2001,1:252-257
[31] T. E Wu,J.C. Hung,Y d. Lai,et al.Analysis and design of an active clamp Buck converter with coupled inductors.IEEE transactions on power electronics,2005,20(5):399-405
[32] 卢增艺,林维明.12V 输入电压调整模块的现状与分析.中国仪器仪表,2004,(4):8-10
[33] 刘学超,张波,丘东元,余建生.多相并联磁集成电压调整模块的电路建模研究.中国电机工程学报,2006,26(19):145-150
[34] Qian J,Lee F C.Charge pump power factor correction technologies.IEEE transactions on power electronics,2000,15(1):121-139
[35] 石磊.带有源浮充平台的单相功率因数校正变换器的研究[硕士学位论文].重庆:重庆大学,2006
[36] 王俊,丘水生.电流控制技术在移相全桥变换器中的应用.广东自动化与信息工程,2002,(1):17-24
[37] Zhao J.,Sato T.,Nabeshima T.,Nakano T..Steady state and dynamic analysis of a Buck converter using a hysteretic PWM control.Proceedings of the IEEE power electronics specialists conference.Aachen,Germany,PESC'04,5(20),3654-3658
[38] 赵剑锋,王浔,潘诗锋.基于双脉宽调制变换器和电压滞环控制的电能质量信号发生装置.电网技术,2005,29(4):41-44
[39] 何晓琼,吴松荣,王凤岩.V2 控制 Buck 变换器建模及控制器优化.西南交通大学学报,2004,39(4):485-489
[40] 王凤岩,许建平.V2 控制 Buck 变换器分析.中国电机工程学报,2005,25(12):67-72
[41] 王志正,黄志武.DC-DC 变流器电流型控制的原理与实现.机车电传动,2002,2(2):29-32
[42] Perreault,D.J. Verghese.Time varying effects and averaging issues in models for current mode control.IEEE transactions on power electronics,1997,12(3):453-461
[43] 卢增艺,林维明.DC-DC 变换器 AVP 控制方法的分析.电子技术应用,2003,(12):41-42
[44] Wei Tang,Fred C. Lee,Raymond B. Ridley,Isaac Cohen.Charge control:modeling,analysis and design.IEEE transactions on power electronics,1993,8(4):396-403
[45] Vorperian. V . The charge controlled PWM switch . Power electronics specialists conference.PESC'96,1:533-542
[46] 朱艳萍,张纯江.基于电荷控制的 Buck 变换器.电力电子技术,2005,39(1):37-39
[47] 陆治国.电源的仿真技术.北京:科学出版社,2001,47-99
[2] 郑春龙,徐德鸿.电压调整模块(VRM)拓扑综述.电源技术应用,2001,12(12):601-606
[3] Lee F.C,Barbosa P.,Peng Xu,Jindong Zhang,Bo Yang.Topologies and design considerations for distributed power system applications.Proceedings of the IEEE,2001,89(6):939-950
[4] Xunwei Zhou,Xingzhu Zhang,Jiangang Liu,Pit Leong Wong,Jiabin Chen,Ho Pu Wu,Luca Amoroso,Fred C. Lee,Dan Y. Chen.Investigation of candidate VRM topologies for future microprocessors.Anaheim,IEEE APEC'98,1998,(1):145-150
[5] Bernard T. Murphy,Douglas E. Haggan,William W.From circuit miniaturization to the scalable IC.Proceedings of the IEEE,2000,88(5):691-703
[6] G Moore.Cramming more components onto integrated circuits.Proceedings of the IEEE,1998,86(1):82-85
[7] Saruman.下一代 Intel CPU Prescott 前瞻.电脑自做,2003,(12):121-123
[8] 任小永,阮新波.适用于高压输入低压输出的两级式变换器.中国电机工程学报,2005,25(23):153-157
[9] Intel.Voltage regulator down (VRD)10.0 design guide.2004:6-50
[10] Intel.Voltage regulator module(VRM) and enterprise voltage regulator down (EVRD) 11.0 design guidelines.2006:9-24
[11] Michael T. Zhang,Milan M. Jovanovic,F. C. Lee.Design considerations for low voltage on board DC/DC modules for next generations of data processing circuits.IEEE transactions on power electronics,1996,11(3):328-337
[12] 张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计.(修订版)北京:电子工业出版社,2004,6-15,177-185,
[13] 周志敏,周纪海,纪爱华.模块化 DC/DC 实用电路.北京:电子工业出版社,2004,26-27
[14] Peng Xu,Jia Wei,Kaiwei Yao,Yu Meng,F.C.Lee.Investigation of candidate topologies for 12V VRM . Proceedings of IEEE annual applied power electronics conference and exposition.Dallas,USA.IEEE APEC'02.2002,1,686-692
[15] 梁锦桃,王志强.适用于 48 V 供电系统的 VRM 拓扑分析.通信电源技术,2005,22(3):18-20
[16] Jia Wei,Peng Xu,Fred C. Lee.A high efficiency topology for 12V VRM—push-pull Buck andits integrated magnetics implementations . Proceedings of IEEE annual applied power electronics conference and exposition.Dallas,USA.IEEE APEC'02.2002,2,679-685
[17] 蔡拥军,谢小高,叶欣,钱照明.隔离型低压大电流 VRM 标准拓扑研究.电力电子技术,2005,39(4):32-35
[18] X. Xie,J.C.P Liu,et al.A novel high frequency current-driven synchronous rectifier applicable to most switching topologies.IEEE transactions on power electronics,2001,16(5):635-648
[19] 梁小国,危建,路侃,阮新波.48V 输入电压调整模块的现状及未来.电力电子技术,2003,37(2):89-93
[20] Yamashita.N,Murakami.N,Yachi.T.Conduction power loss in MOSFET synchronous rectifier with parallel connected Schottky barrier diode.IEEE transactions on power electronics,1998,3(4):667-673
[21] Xunwei Zhou,Mauro Donati,Luca Amoroso,Fred C. Lee.Improved light load efficiency for synchronous rectifier voltage regulator module.IEEE transactions on power electronics,2000,15(5):826-834
[22] Dragan Maksimovic.Design of the zero voltage switching quasi square wave resonant switch..IEEE annual power electronics specialists conference,1993:323-329
[23] Mariano LopeZ,Luis Garcia de Vicufia,Miguel Cast,Oscar Lopez,Joan Majo.Interleaving of parallel DC-DC converters using sliding mode control.IEEE transactions on power electronics,1998,3(6):1055-1059
[24] Peng Xu,Jia Wei,Fred C. Lee.Multiphase coupled Buck converter—a novel high efficient 12V voltage regulator module.IEEE transactions on power electronics,2003,18(1):74-82
[25]Kaiwei Yao,Mao Ye,Ming Xu,Fred C. Lee.Tapped inductor Buck converter for high step down DC–DC Conversion.IEEE transactions on power electronics,2005,20(4):775-780
[26] Kaiwei Yao,Fred C. Lee,Yu Meng,Jia Wei.Tapped inductor Buck converters with a lossless clamp circuit . Proceedings of IEEE annual applied power electronics conference and exposition.Dallas,USA.IEEE APEC'02.2002,2,693-698
[27] Kaiwei Yao,Yang Qiu,Ming Xu,Fred C. Lee.A novel winding coupled Buck converter for high frequency,high step down DC–DC conversion.IEEE transactions on power electronics,2005,20(5):1017-1024
[28] Jieli Li,Charles R. Sullivan,Aaron Schultz.Coupled inductor design optimization for fast response low voltage DC-DC converters . Proceedings of IEEE annual applied power electronics conference and exposition.Dallas,USA.IEEE APEC'02.2002,2:1-7
[29] 赵卓,谢小高,马瑜,钱照明.1MHz 软开关同步 Buck 变流器的研究.电力电子技术,2006,40(2):51-53
[30] P. Xu,J. Wei,and F. C. Lee.The active clamp couple Buck converter-a novel high efficiency voltage regulator modules.Proceedings of IEEE annual applied power electronics conference and exposition.Anaheim,USA,IEEE APEC'01,2001,1:252-257
[31] T. E Wu,J.C. Hung,Y d. Lai,et al.Analysis and design of an active clamp Buck converter with coupled inductors.IEEE transactions on power electronics,2005,20(5):399-405
[32] 卢增艺,林维明.12V 输入电压调整模块的现状与分析.中国仪器仪表,2004,(4):8-10
[33] 刘学超,张波,丘东元,余建生.多相并联磁集成电压调整模块的电路建模研究.中国电机工程学报,2006,26(19):145-150
[34] Qian J,Lee F C.Charge pump power factor correction technologies.IEEE transactions on power electronics,2000,15(1):121-139
[35] 石磊.带有源浮充平台的单相功率因数校正变换器的研究[硕士学位论文].重庆:重庆大学,2006
[36] 王俊,丘水生.电流控制技术在移相全桥变换器中的应用.广东自动化与信息工程,2002,(1):17-24
[37] Zhao J.,Sato T.,Nabeshima T.,Nakano T..Steady state and dynamic analysis of a Buck converter using a hysteretic PWM control.Proceedings of the IEEE power electronics specialists conference.Aachen,Germany,PESC'04,5(20),3654-3658
[38] 赵剑锋,王浔,潘诗锋.基于双脉宽调制变换器和电压滞环控制的电能质量信号发生装置.电网技术,2005,29(4):41-44
[39] 何晓琼,吴松荣,王凤岩.V2 控制 Buck 变换器建模及控制器优化.西南交通大学学报,2004,39(4):485-489
[40] 王凤岩,许建平.V2 控制 Buck 变换器分析.中国电机工程学报,2005,25(12):67-72
[41] 王志正,黄志武.DC-DC 变流器电流型控制的原理与实现.机车电传动,2002,2(2):29-32
[42] Perreault,D.J. Verghese.Time varying effects and averaging issues in models for current mode control.IEEE transactions on power electronics,1997,12(3):453-461
[43] 卢增艺,林维明.DC-DC 变换器 AVP 控制方法的分析.电子技术应用,2003,(12):41-42
[44] Wei Tang,Fred C. Lee,Raymond B. Ridley,Isaac Cohen.Charge control:modeling,analysis and design.IEEE transactions on power electronics,1993,8(4):396-403
[45] Vorperian. V . The charge controlled PWM switch . Power electronics specialists conference.PESC'96,1:533-542
[46] 朱艳萍,张纯江.基于电荷控制的 Buck 变换器.电力电子技术,2005,39(1):37-39
[47] 陆治国.电源的仿真技术.北京:科学出版社,2001,47-99