韭菜迟眼蕈蚊生物学特性及抗寒性研究
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摘要
韭菜迟眼蕈蚊是葱蒜类蔬菜的重要害虫，幼虫俗称韭蛆，尤喜食韭菜。由于其生活习性特点和缺乏有效的防治药剂，防治难度较大，对韭菜生产造成严重损失，同时因生产中使用高毒农药对食用韭菜的安全性也构成威胁。韭菜迟眼蕈蚊是我国的特有害虫，1990年以前主要进行了简单的生物学特性观察和田间发生规律研究，但试验简单且缺乏系统性，不同研究结果之间存在一定差异；而1990年以后的研究多集中在有效药剂的筛选和防治技术上，但有效的防治方法仍很少。总体上，我国对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的研究相当匮乏，特别对其基本的生物学特性研究严重不足，这也是造成目前韭蛆防治难的主要原因之一。
保持适宜的湿度是室内饲养韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的关键，本论文利用培养皿滤纸保湿和琼脂保湿均能获得大量试虫，其中用2.5％琼脂和滤纸两种保湿方法相结合，可明显减少操作时间和病原菌的侵染，提高幼虫存活率。
在15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃四个温度梯度下研究了韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的生物学特性。韭菜迟眼蕈蚊各虫态的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短，15℃全世代的发育历期最长为72.36天，而30℃仅为21.63天，20℃和25℃分别为27.24天和23.85天；韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵、幼虫、蛹、卵-蛹的发育起点温度分别为5.85、8.72、3.34、7.8℃，有效积温分别为77.68、267.22、75.72、418.2日·度；韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫寿命呈随温度升高而逐渐缩短的趋势，雄虫寿命在15℃下长达7.73天，而在30℃只有4.70天，雌虫寿命在20℃时最长为11.65天，在300℃最短，仅存活4.13天，除30℃外其它温度雌虫寿命均长于雄虫；单雌产卵量在20℃最高，平均为159.86粒，30℃最低为114.73粒，温度过高或过低都不利于其产卵；建立了四个温度下韭菜迟眼蕈蚊实验种群生命表，温度对一龄幼虫和蛹的存活率影响较大，20℃～25℃是韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的最适生长温度，种群趋势指数最高，且具有较高的内禀增长率，各温度下的平均存活率约为60％。
连续观察同一堆卵发育至成虫羽化，结果显示，在11堆卵中全部发育成雌性个体的占36.3％，全部发育为雄性个体的45.4％，而雌雄个体都有的只占18.2％。室内连续观察了五代雌雄性比情况，各代的雌雄性比分别是1.36、1.31、0.7、0.84、1.39，说明局部的性比失调对整个种群的影响不大。影响雌雄性比失调的因素很多，对不同雌雄配对后代雌雄性比的统计结果表明，雌雄按1:1、2:1、3:1和4:1比例配对后，后代的雌雄比例范围在2.28～4.11之间，雌虫所占比例偏高，这种现象可能对种群的繁衍更为有利。
韭菜迟眼蕈蚊三龄幼虫的过冷却点及冰点分别为-14.05℃、-11.07℃，四龄幼虫分别为-13.98℃、-9.94℃，三龄与四龄之间无显著性差异。蛹的过冷却点和冰点较高，分别为-11.6℃、-8.08℃，说明幼虫比蛹更耐低温。
韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫经不同时间低温处理后均得到七条酯酶同工酶带，低温没有导
致酶带的增减，但个别酶带出现活性显著增强的现象，表明低温对酷酶同工酶带具有
诱导作用。
韭菜迟眼覃蚊四龄幼虫经不同时间低温处理后，对其体内的海藻糖、糖原和总糖
含量进行了测定。结果显示，低温处理后幼虫体内海藻糖含量显著增加，且随处理时
间的延长含量逐渐升高。低温处理后糖原含量下降，1天后又开始上升，但总体上均
低于20℃对照含量。表明海藻糖是主要抗寒物质，低温下糖原可以转化为海藻糖。
Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang is one of the most important insect pests on edible alliaceae and its most favor host plant is Chinese leek. The local name of its larvae is root maggot. It is difficult to control the pest because of its life behavior and limited number of insecticides that can be used safely on crops. Therefore, great damages have been caused to leek production. What is more serious that many farmers turn to apply insecticides with high toxicities to mammals, which leads to high level of insecticide residue in commercial leek product. And few consumers would like to risk life to buy leek product up to now. B. odoriphaga is a insect specifically to China. Before 1990, simple biological characteristics and occurrence law were investigated. But no systematically data were obtained, and usually there was significant difference between different results. After 1990, the research work on the insect was focused on selecting effective insecticides and control methods, but still no effective control strategy was formed. In general we know little about the insect, which is one of the main reasons of difficult control, and there is much research work need to be done.
To keep a feasible humidity is the most crucial factor to rear B. odoriphaga in laboratory successfully. In present study keeping humidity by moistened filter paper or 2.5% agar in Petri dish can both obtain large number of experimental insects. Combing two methods can save labor and decrease the possibility of infection of bacteria obviously, and at the same time increase the survival rate of the larvae.
The biological characteristics of B. odoriphaga at 15℃, 20℃, 25℃ and 30℃ were investigated. Results showed that the developmental period of different stages was shortened with the increased temperature. The longest development period of the whole generation was found at 15℃, which was 72.36 days. And the shortest was at 30℃, which was 21.63 days. Others at 20℃ and 25℃ were 27.24 days and 23.85 days respectively. The developmental zero of egg, larva, pupa, adult and egg-pupa of B. odoriphaga was 5.85 ℃, 8.27℃, 3.34℃ and 7.8℃. And the effective accumulative temperature was 77.68, 267.22, 75.72 and 48.2 day temperature respectively. The lifespan of B. odoriphaga adult was shortened with the increased temperature too. The longevity of male adult at 15℃ was 7.73 days, however it was only 4.70 days at. The lifespan of female was 11.65 days at 20℃, and shortest was 4.13 days at 30℃. As a whole, the lifespan of female was longer than that of male adult expect the 30℃ condition. The maximum number of eggs laid by per female was 159.86 at 20℃, the least was 114.73 at 30℃. Both over high and over low temperature were not helpful to oviposition. The life tables of B. odoriphaga at 15℃, 20℃, 25℃ and
30℃ were established. Results indicated that temperature had great effect on the survival rate of the first instar larvae. The most favorable range of development temperature was 20 ℃ to 25℃, during which there was the highest population trend index and higher innate capacity of natural increase. The average survival rate was 60% at the four different temperatures.
A continuous observation of 11 piles of egg developing from hatching to eclosion was conducted. Results showed that the rate of egg file developing into entire female was 36.3%, the male was 45.4%, and some male and some female was 18.2%. The sexual ratio of five continuous generations was also observed. The ratio of female to male were 1.36, 1.31, 0.84 and 1.39 respectively. These results indicated that the sexual ratio disorder in part of population had no great effect on the whole population.
The supercooling points and ice points of 3rd instar larvae of B. odoriphaga were -14.05℃ and -11.07℃, and the fourth instar larvae were -13.98℃ and -9.94℃. There was no significant difference between 3rd and 4th instar larvae. But the supercooling point and ice point of pupa is higher than 3rd and 4th instar larvae, which were -11.6℃ and -8.08 ℃ respectively. The
保持适宜的湿度是室内饲养韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的关键，本论文利用培养皿滤纸保湿和琼脂保湿均能获得大量试虫，其中用2.5％琼脂和滤纸两种保湿方法相结合，可明显减少操作时间和病原菌的侵染，提高幼虫存活率。
在15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃四个温度梯度下研究了韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的生物学特性。韭菜迟眼蕈蚊各虫态的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短，15℃全世代的发育历期最长为72.36天，而30℃仅为21.63天，20℃和25℃分别为27.24天和23.85天；韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵、幼虫、蛹、卵-蛹的发育起点温度分别为5.85、8.72、3.34、7.8℃，有效积温分别为77.68、267.22、75.72、418.2日·度；韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫寿命呈随温度升高而逐渐缩短的趋势，雄虫寿命在15℃下长达7.73天，而在30℃只有4.70天，雌虫寿命在20℃时最长为11.65天，在300℃最短，仅存活4.13天，除30℃外其它温度雌虫寿命均长于雄虫；单雌产卵量在20℃最高，平均为159.86粒，30℃最低为114.73粒，温度过高或过低都不利于其产卵；建立了四个温度下韭菜迟眼蕈蚊实验种群生命表，温度对一龄幼虫和蛹的存活率影响较大，20℃～25℃是韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的最适生长温度，种群趋势指数最高，且具有较高的内禀增长率，各温度下的平均存活率约为60％。
连续观察同一堆卵发育至成虫羽化，结果显示，在11堆卵中全部发育成雌性个体的占36.3％，全部发育为雄性个体的45.4％，而雌雄个体都有的只占18.2％。室内连续观察了五代雌雄性比情况，各代的雌雄性比分别是1.36、1.31、0.7、0.84、1.39，说明局部的性比失调对整个种群的影响不大。影响雌雄性比失调的因素很多，对不同雌雄配对后代雌雄性比的统计结果表明，雌雄按1:1、2:1、3:1和4:1比例配对后，后代的雌雄比例范围在2.28～4.11之间，雌虫所占比例偏高，这种现象可能对种群的繁衍更为有利。
韭菜迟眼蕈蚊三龄幼虫的过冷却点及冰点分别为-14.05℃、-11.07℃，四龄幼虫分别为-13.98℃、-9.94℃，三龄与四龄之间无显著性差异。蛹的过冷却点和冰点较高，分别为-11.6℃、-8.08℃，说明幼虫比蛹更耐低温。
韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫经不同时间低温处理后均得到七条酯酶同工酶带，低温没有导
致酶带的增减，但个别酶带出现活性显著增强的现象，表明低温对酷酶同工酶带具有
诱导作用。
韭菜迟眼覃蚊四龄幼虫经不同时间低温处理后，对其体内的海藻糖、糖原和总糖
含量进行了测定。结果显示，低温处理后幼虫体内海藻糖含量显著增加，且随处理时
间的延长含量逐渐升高。低温处理后糖原含量下降，1天后又开始上升，但总体上均
低于20℃对照含量。表明海藻糖是主要抗寒物质，低温下糖原可以转化为海藻糖。
Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang is one of the most important insect pests on edible alliaceae and its most favor host plant is Chinese leek. The local name of its larvae is root maggot. It is difficult to control the pest because of its life behavior and limited number of insecticides that can be used safely on crops. Therefore, great damages have been caused to leek production. What is more serious that many farmers turn to apply insecticides with high toxicities to mammals, which leads to high level of insecticide residue in commercial leek product. And few consumers would like to risk life to buy leek product up to now. B. odoriphaga is a insect specifically to China. Before 1990, simple biological characteristics and occurrence law were investigated. But no systematically data were obtained, and usually there was significant difference between different results. After 1990, the research work on the insect was focused on selecting effective insecticides and control methods, but still no effective control strategy was formed. In general we know little about the insect, which is one of the main reasons of difficult control, and there is much research work need to be done.
To keep a feasible humidity is the most crucial factor to rear B. odoriphaga in laboratory successfully. In present study keeping humidity by moistened filter paper or 2.5% agar in Petri dish can both obtain large number of experimental insects. Combing two methods can save labor and decrease the possibility of infection of bacteria obviously, and at the same time increase the survival rate of the larvae.
The biological characteristics of B. odoriphaga at 15℃, 20℃, 25℃ and 30℃ were investigated. Results showed that the developmental period of different stages was shortened with the increased temperature. The longest development period of the whole generation was found at 15℃, which was 72.36 days. And the shortest was at 30℃, which was 21.63 days. Others at 20℃ and 25℃ were 27.24 days and 23.85 days respectively. The developmental zero of egg, larva, pupa, adult and egg-pupa of B. odoriphaga was 5.85 ℃, 8.27℃, 3.34℃ and 7.8℃. And the effective accumulative temperature was 77.68, 267.22, 75.72 and 48.2 day temperature respectively. The lifespan of B. odoriphaga adult was shortened with the increased temperature too. The longevity of male adult at 15℃ was 7.73 days, however it was only 4.70 days at. The lifespan of female was 11.65 days at 20℃, and shortest was 4.13 days at 30℃. As a whole, the lifespan of female was longer than that of male adult expect the 30℃ condition. The maximum number of eggs laid by per female was 159.86 at 20℃, the least was 114.73 at 30℃. Both over high and over low temperature were not helpful to oviposition. The life tables of B. odoriphaga at 15℃, 20℃, 25℃ and
30℃ were established. Results indicated that temperature had great effect on the survival rate of the first instar larvae. The most favorable range of development temperature was 20 ℃ to 25℃, during which there was the highest population trend index and higher innate capacity of natural increase. The average survival rate was 60% at the four different temperatures.
A continuous observation of 11 piles of egg developing from hatching to eclosion was conducted. Results showed that the rate of egg file developing into entire female was 36.3%, the male was 45.4%, and some male and some female was 18.2%. The sexual ratio of five continuous generations was also observed. The ratio of female to male were 1.36, 1.31, 0.84 and 1.39 respectively. These results indicated that the sexual ratio disorder in part of population had no great effect on the whole population.
The supercooling points and ice points of 3rd instar larvae of B. odoriphaga were -14.05℃ and -11.07℃, and the fourth instar larvae were -13.98℃ and -9.94℃. There was no significant difference between 3rd and 4th instar larvae. But the supercooling point and ice point of pupa is higher than 3rd and 4th instar larvae, which were -11.6℃ and -8.08 ℃ respectively. The
引文
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