《罗得海商法》研究
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摘要
《罗得海商法》形成于公元8世纪左右,因地中海东南部的罗得岛而得名,是在地中海贸易往来日益频繁的大背景之下,产生于拜占庭帝国的成文法典,内容涉及海事贷款、船舶碰撞、共同海损、海难救助等海事法律制度,是研究拜占庭史和世界海商法史的极为珍贵的第一手资料。
     《罗得海商法》的产生不是偶然的,它是在继承和发展古代海商法律文明的基础上发展而来的。海商法具有非常悠久的历史,约公元前20世纪的《“苏美尔”法典》等法律文献中已经有了海商法的萌芽。《汉谟拉比法典》中与海商法有关的条款更是多达10个,内容涉及商船租金、船工责任、两船相撞责任等等,堪称当时世界最完善的海商法。古代埃及和腓尼基地区虽然未曾发现有与海商法有关的法典传世,但其造船业与航海业的发达让我们相信当时海事规则的存在,传说罗得岛上的海商法就是渊源于腓尼基人的海商法,我们寄希望于新的考古成果的发现能够给出有力的证明。早在古希腊时期,罗得岛就已经是东地中海一带的航海贸易中心,往来穿梭的各民族和地区的商人们都喜欢把海上贸易纠纷放在罗得岛来解决,久而久之,这里便逐渐形成了独具特色的海商法律文化。当时的罗得岛人是周围一带的海上主宰,有着强大的海上舰队和严明的组织纪律,他们及时总结了航海贸易中频繁发生的共同海损等习惯规则,由此形成了公元前3世纪左右的《罗得海法》。《罗得海法》在地中海地区有极大权威性,曾在相当长一段时期内用来调整该地区的海上贸易。但《罗得海法》的文本并没有完整保存下来,有关内容仅散见于古罗马法学家的著作中。从这一点来讲,罗马人对海商法虽然没有原创性的贡献,但是古罗马法学家们在著作中对《罗得海法》所做的有关记载,明显地影响了海商法的成长。
     拜占庭帝国早期,皇帝查士丁尼下令把古罗马著名法学家的学说著作及法律解答汇总整理,于533年编成《学说汇纂》,其中收录了法学家们就“有关的海事活动”和“罗得弃货法”所做的记载和法理阐述。在《学说汇纂》中纳入这部分内容,既是查士丁尼地中海统治政策的需要,也是地中海贸易发展的必然结果。
     进入公元7世纪以来,阿拉伯为争夺地中海霸权而进行的扩张战争,并没有在多大程度上影响到拜占庭帝国的商业经济。在希拉克略王朝和伊苏里亚王朝的努力下,拜占庭帝国形成了繁忙的商业性海运系统,海上贸易活动非常活跃,君士坦丁堡成为当时世界的商业转运口岸。频繁的海上贸易往来不仅推动了拜占庭商业经济的发展,而且促进了拜占庭法律文化的进步。拜占庭与东地中海的商人们在海上贸易实践活动中逐渐形成了较为固定的商业习惯,将这些约定俗成的贸易惯例加以整理,汇编一部法典供人们在航行与经商时共同遵行已是势在必行,《罗得海商法》正是在这样的大背景之下应运而生。它是若干世纪以来地中海航海习惯和贸易经验不断积累的结果,在性质上属于习惯法的汇编。
     就其所处的时代而言,《罗得海商法》的内容可谓非常全面,如关于船舶与货物的规定,就涉及到船舶的租赁、船舶运输的定价、运费的支付、船舶的适航义务、船上物品的保管、船舶与货物的损失等诸多方面;关于海上贸易活动参与者的规定,则涉及到船上工作人员及其薪酬、船上工作人员的权利义务、乘客的权利义务、在船上或港口发生的盗窃与抢劫、海盗与斗殴等方面;除了这些基本的规定外,《罗得海商法》还确立或重申了一些典型的、重要的海商法律制度,如海事合伙与贷款、船舶碰撞与海难救助、共同海损与比例分摊等等。
     《罗得海商法》在中世纪的拜占庭与东地中海贸易活动中发挥了重要作用,它的出现结束了拜占庭帝国与东地中海一带的海上贸易无法可依的局面,使海上贸易活动有了更大的安全保障。《罗得海商法》通常被附在著名法典《埃克洛加》之后,作为帝国商业改革的措施而推广使用,其中的一些重要条款被吸收进了马其顿王朝的《帝国法典》之中。阿拉伯人在对拜占庭文化进行吸收和改造的过程中,也根据《罗得海商法》发展出了自己的海商法,于公元800—1050年间在西地中海地区广泛使用。不仅如此,比《罗得海商法》晚几个世纪的《阿玛斐表》、《康索拉多海法》、《奥列隆法典》、《威斯比海法》和《汉萨城镇条例》等众多海商法典也在很大程度上受到了《罗得海商法》的影响,对比一下法条内容后就会发现,其中的很多制度性规定如船舶弃货的程序、共同海损等等甚至是从《罗得海商法》照搬过来的,只不过是同一制度在不同的海商法典中做了不同的表述,或者进行了一定程度的改进。《罗得海商法》对中世纪的法律传统也产生了直间接的影响,这种影响体现在康孟达、灰脚法庭、商人法等领域。
     总之,《罗得海商法》上承古代两河流域和希腊等文明发达地区的海商法,在此基础上对查士丁尼《学说汇纂》中的海商法做了重要继承和发展,下启中世纪的《阿玛斐表》和《康索拉多海法》等著名海商法典。《罗得海商法》对保存和发展古代海商法律文明做了重要贡献,为后来的海商立法奠定了基础,它所确立或者重申的船舶碰撞、共同海损等方面的制度,影响从中世纪一直持续到现在。因此来说,《罗得海商法》具有承前启后的重要历史地位,是世界海商法史链条上不可或缺的重要一环。
The Rhodian Sea-Law was formed in the 8th century A.D., whose name come from the Rhode Island in southeastern Mediterranean, and resulting in the Byzantine Empire under the broader context of the increasingly frequent trade in the Mediterranean. As a written code of law, it covers maritime loans, ship collision, general average, salvage and other maritime law systems. It is extremely valuable first-hand information in the studying of Byzantine history and the history of the world's maritime law .
     The production of The Rhodian Sea-Law was not accidental, which developed from the inheritance of ancient maritime law civilization. Maritime law has a very long history.In about the Twentieth Century BC, the" Sumer Code" and other legal documents already had the seeds of maritime law. "Code of Hammurabi" had 10 related to maritime law terms, covering merchant rent, boatman responsibility, the responsibility of the two ships colliding and so on, be called the most comprehensive maritime law at that time of the world. While in the region of ancient Egypt and the Phoenician, maritime law code has not been found, but the shipbuilding and maritime industry were so developed that we believe the existence of maritime rules. It is said that the maritime law of Rhode Island resulted from maritime law of the Phoenician, we are looking forward to the results of new archaeological discoveries that can give a strong proof of this. As early as ancient Greece, the Rhode Island had been a trade center around the eastern Mediterranean. The business people of various ethnic groups and regions liked to settle disputes about sea trade on the Rhode Island. After a some time, a unique maritime legal culture formed gradually on Rhode Island. At the time, people of Rhode Island were masters of the seas and had a strong maritime fleet and strict organizational discipline. They promptly summed up average customary rules that occurred frequently in maritime trade, thus forming "Lex Rhodia" of the 3rd century BC. "Lex Rhodia" had a great authority in the Mediterranean region and used to adjust the region's maritime trade for a fairly long period of time. But the text of "Lex Rhodia" had not preserved, the contents of which are only scattered in writings of the ancient Roman jurists. From this point on, although the Romans had no original contribution to the Maritime, it relevant records about "Lex Rhodia" in the writings of ancient Roman jurists which obviously influenced the growth of maritime law.
     Early Byzantine Emperor Justinian ordered the doctrine and legal answers of eminent ancient Roman jurists to be summarized and ordered, then compiled into "Digesta" in 533 years, a collection of jurists on the "maritime-related activities" and the "On 'Law Rhode disposable goods'". It was the need of policy to rule Mediterranean by Justinian, and it was the inevitable result of development of the Mediterranean trade.
     Since the 7th century, the expansion of the war that the Arabs fought over hegemony in the Mediterranean did not affect the the commercial economy of the Byzantine Empire to a great extent. With efforts of the Herakleios dynasty and the Isaurian dynasty, the Byzantine Empire formed a busy commercial shipping system, maritime trade which was very active, and Constantinople became the world's business transshipment port. Frequent Byzantine sea trade not only promoted the economic development business, but also the progress of the Byzantine legal culture. Businessman of Byzantine and Eastern Mediterranean had gradually formed a habit of relatively fixed business practices in maritime trade practice. It was imperative to sort out these trade practices and to compile a code for people to comply with when navigating and doing business. It was in this macro-Background that the Rhodian Sea-Law emerged. The Rhodian Sea-Law was the result of sustained accumulation of navigation habits and trade experiences in the Mediterranean for centuries, whose nature was compilation of customary law.
     As far as that time is concerned, the content of the Rhodian Sea-Law could be described as very comprehensive, like the provisions on the ship, cargo, the involvement of the tenancy, the price of shipping, payment of freight, obligations of ship's seaworthiness, storage of goods on board, the loss of ship and cargo, etc. The provisions on participants of maritime trade, involved the crew and their salaries, the rights and obligations of the crew, the rights and obligations of passengers, theft and robbery that happened on board or in a port, pirates and fighting, etc.; In addition to these basic provisions, The Rhodian Sea-Law also established or reaffirmed a number of typical maritime law systems, such as maritime partners and loans, ship collision and salvage, general average and the percentage share and so on.
     The Rhodian Sea-Law had played an important role in the trading activities of the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Mediterranean. Its appearance terminated the situation that there was no law to observe for the maritime trade of the Byzantine Empire and the Eastern Mediterranean. The activities of maritime trade had a greater security. The Rhodian Sea-Law was usually attached to the famous Code "Ecloga" ,and used widely as measures for business reform of the Byzantine Empire ,whose many important provisions had been absorbed into the Macedonian Dynasty "Imperial Code". During this time the Arab absorbed and reformed the Byzantine culture in the absorption and transformation process, they developed their own maritime laws according to The Rhodian Sea-Law, which were used widely in the years 800-1050 AD in the western Mediterranean region. More than this, many famous maritime codes later than the Rhodian Sea-Law, such as "Amalphitan Table", "The Rules of Oleron","The Consulate of the Sea", "Rules of Wisby" and "The Laws of the Hanse Towns", were influenced heavily by The Rhodian Sea-Law for a few centuries. Comparing the contents of the Laws, we find that many institutional provisions such as the procedure of abandoning cargo from the ship, general average and so on, even copied from The Rhodian Sea-Law. The provisions were expressed in different code only under the same system of maritime law or improved to a certain degree. The Rhodian Sea-Law also had a direct indirect effect to the medieval legal tradition, which reflected in Commenda, Court of Piepowder, law merchant and other fields.
     In short, the Rhodian Sea-Law inherited maritime law of ancient Mesopotamia and Greece which had developed civilizations, furthermore, it made an important inheritance and development of Maritime Law in the Justinian’s "Digesta", then the Rhodian Sea-Law enlightened famous Maritime Code of middle ages including "Amalphitan Table"and"The Consulate of the Sea" and so on. The Rhodian Sea-Law made important contributions in preserving and developing the ancient maritime law civilization, which laid the foundation for later maritime legislation. The system of maritime law what the Rhodian Sea-Law had established or reaffirmed, such as ship collision, general average and other aspects of the system, whose impact last from the Middle Ages until now. Thus, the Rhodian Sea-Law has important historical position of inheriting fine tradition and ushering in the future mission, which is indispensable and important part of history of the world's maritime law.
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    ⑩王钺:《罗斯法典译注》,兰州:兰州大学出版社,1987年。11[古罗马]阿庇安:《罗马史》,谢德凤译,北京:商务印书馆,1985年。12[瑞士]雅各布·布克哈特:《君士坦丁大帝时代》,宋立宏等译,上海:上海三联书店,2006年。13[苏]列夫臣柯:《拜占庭》,葆煦译,北京:三联书店,1962年。14[美]罗斯托夫采夫:《罗马帝国社会经济史》,厉以宁译,北京:商务印书馆,1986年。
    ①[意]贝特鲁奇:《〈巴西尔法律全书〉的特色和在拜占廷法和欧洲法律传统中的地位》,徐国栋主编:《罗马法与现代民法》(第一卷),北京:中国法制出版社,2000年。
    ①古时的幼发拉底河和底格里斯河是直接与波斯湾相连的,现在两条河则先汇合为阿拉伯河再入波斯湾。
    ②国洪更、吴宇虹:《古代两河流域和巴林的海上国际贸易—楔形文字文献和考古发现中的狄勒蒙》,《东北师大学报》,2004年第5期,第82—88页。
    ③Amelie Kuhrt,The Ancient Near East, c.3000-330BC, London and New York, 1995, pp.92—95.
    ①林志纯主编:《世界通史资料选辑·上古部分》,北京:商务印书馆,1962年,第42页
    ②1库鲁约121公升。参见林志纯主编:《世界通史资料选辑·上古部分》,第45页。
    ③1卡约4/10至8/10公升。参见林志纯主编:《世界通史资料选辑·上古部分》,第45页。
    ④1苏图约4公升。参见林志纯主编:《世界通史资料选辑·上古部分》,第45页。
    ⑤按照当时的物价,大麦1库鲁合银1舍克勒。参见林志纯主编:《世界通史资料选辑·上古部分》,第45页。
    ⑥林志纯主编:《世界通史资料选辑·上古部分》,第46页。
    ⑦林志纯主编:《世界通史资料选辑·上古部分》,第53页。
    ⑧林志纯主编:《世界通史资料选辑·上古部分》,第86—89页。亦可见该法条的英文版本:Hammurabi's Code of Laws, http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/historical.html, 2009-02-01.
    
    ①[美]马文·佩里主编:《西方文明史》(上卷),胡万里等译,北京:商务印书馆,1993年,第21页。
    ②刘文鹏:《古代埃及史》,北京:商务印书馆,2000年,第6—7页。
    ③[美]约翰·H·威格摩尔:《世界法系概览》(下册),何勤华等译,上海:上海人民出版社,2004年,第747页。
    
    ①参见周启迪主编:《世界上古史》,北京:北京师范大学出版社,2004年,第39页。
    ②林志纯主编:《世界通史资料选辑·上古部分》,北京:商务印书馆,1962年,第17页。
    ③林志纯主编:《世界通史资料选辑·上古部分》,第25页。
    ④丘日庆主编:《各国法律概况》,北京:知识出版社,1981年,第5页。
    ①丘日庆主编:《各国法律概况》,北京:知识出版社,1981年,第1页。
    ②林榕年主编:《外国法制史》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999年,第16页。
    ③See John A. Wilson, The Burden of Egypt, Chicago:The University of Chicago Press, 1951, pp. 49—50.
    ④殷涵、尹红卿主编:《世界上下五千年》,北京:当代世界出版社,2003年,第35页。
    ⑤《圣经》中把雪松称为“植物之王”。腓尼基人说雪松是上帝所栽,称之为“上帝之树”或“神树”。这种树木质坚硬,纹路细密,抗腐性强,且有特殊的香气。参见舟欲行:《海的文明》,北京:海洋出版社,1991年,第6页。
    ⑥Colin Thubron,The Ancient Mariners,Virginia:TimeLife Books Inc,1981,p. 23.
    ⑦Galley. (2007). In Encyclop?dia Britannica. From Encyclop?dia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9379356,2009-7-15.
    ①船舶数字博物馆:腓尼基“希波”商帆船,http://shipmuseum.sjtu.edu.cn/zhanping_zx.asp?zpid=4194,2009-7-15.
    ②[法]卡利恩·萨伐:《腓尼基神话》,马佳盈译,天津:天津教育出版社,2006年,第8页。
    ③船舶数字博物馆:腓尼基人的商业活动,http://shipmuseum.sjtu.edu.cn/zhanping_zx.asp?zpid=5406,2009-7-30.
    ④Hassan Khalilieh, Admiralty And Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean Sea (Ca. 800—1050): The Kitaab Akriyat Al-sufun Vis-a-vis the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos, Leiden and Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006, p. 2.
    ①Hassan Khalilieh, Admiralty And Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean Sea (Ca. 800—1050): The Kitaab Akriyat Al-sufun Vis-a-vis the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos, p. 3.另外,还有下列学者及其论著持有此种观点: J. Dauvillier,“Le droit maritime phénicien,”Revue internationale des droits del’antiquité,3rd ser. 6 (1959), 33–63; Jean M. Pardessus, Collection de lois maritimes (Paris,1828), 1:18–20; Alexander Justice, A General Treatise of the Dominion of the Sea (London,1724), 18; Pitman Potter, The Freedom of the Seas in History, Law, and Politics (NewYork: Green and Co., 1924), 11; W. Paul Gormley,“The Development andSubsequent Influence of the Roman Legal Norm of‘Freedom of the Seas’,”Universityof Detroit Law Journal 40 (1963), 565; Sidney Smith,“The Ship Tyre,”PalestineExploration Fund 85 (1953), 97–110; Azuni, Maritime Law of Europe, 1:276; Wigmore,Panorama of the World’s Legal System, 3:880; McFee, Law of the Sea, 36–37; Gold,Maritime Transport, 5.参见:Hassan Khalilieh, Admiralty And Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean Sea (Ca. 800—1050): The Kitaab Akriyat Al-sufun Vis-a-vis the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos, p. 3.
    ②Gustave Glotz,Ancient Greece at Work,New York:Alfred A.Knopf Press,1926,p. 53.
    ③Johnnes Hasebroek, Trade and Politics in Acient Greece, London:Hafiner Publishing, 1965, p.111.
    ④Casson, Acient Trade and Society, Detroit:Wayne State University Press, 1984, p.23.
    ⑤Galley. (2007). In Encyclop?dia Britannica. From Encyclop?dia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9379356,2009-7-15.
    ③[美]约翰·H·威格摩尔:《世界法系概览》(下册),何勤华等译,上海:上海人民出版社,2004年,第751—752页。
    ④朱龙华:《罗马文化与古典传统》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,1993,第44页。
    ①Charlesworth, Trade-Routes and Commerce of the Roman Empire, Hildesheim:Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1961, p.1.
    ②[英]伯特兰·罗素:《西方的智慧》(上),崔权醴译,北京:文化艺术出版社,1997年,第239页。
    ③Chancellor James Kent,Of the History of Maritime Law,Commentaries on American Law,http://www.constitution.org/jk/jk_000.htm,2009-03-12.
    ④[加]威廉·台特雷:《国际海商法》,张永坚等译,北京:法律出版社,2005年,第8页。
    ①[意]卡洛·M·奇波拉:《欧洲经济史》,徐璇译,北京:商务印书馆,1988年,第121页。
    ②Jack Lindsay ,Byzantium into Europ : the story of Byzantium as the first Europe (326-1204 AD.) and its further contribution till 1453 A.D., London:Bodley Head, 1992,p.44.
    ③L.Brehire, The Life and Death of Byzantium, N.K.: North-Holland Pub. Co. , 1976,p.1—6.
    ④Grant Gilmore andCharles L. Black , J r. , The Law of Admiralty , New York : The Foundation Press , 1975, p.4.
    ⑤由于国内史学界一直使用“查士丁尼”这一译法,所以笔者遵从之,对于有的学者在著作名称中将其译为“优士丁尼”的情况,笔者亦遵从其原样不变。
    ①Alexander A. Vasiliev,History of the Byzantine Empire(324—1453):Vol. I , Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1961,p.148.
    ②[古罗马]查士丁尼(Justinian)《新律汇编》(Novellae Constitutiones)N0.30(44),II;K.E.扎哈利亚?冯林根塔尔(Zacharia von Lingenthal)编,I,276。
    ①[古罗马]优士丁尼:《法学阶梯》,徐国栋译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2005年,第3页。
    ②[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《民法大全选译·公法》,张礼洪译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999年,第75页。
    ③[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《民法大全选译·公法》,第65页。
    ④David J . Gerber. Prometheus Born :The High Middle Ages And The Relationship Between Law And Economic Conduct , http :/ / www.westlaw,2009-2-21.
    ⑤[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《民法大全选译·正义和法》,黄风译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992年,第39—40页。
    ⑥Tamara Talbot Rice , Everyday Life in Byzantium , New York:Dorset Press, 1967 , 96.
    ①[古罗马]优士丁尼:《法学阶梯》,徐国栋译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2005年,第3—5页。
    ②[古罗马]优士丁尼:《法学阶梯》,第11页。
    ③[古罗马]查士丁尼:《法学总论—法学阶梯》,张企泰译,北京:商务印书馆,1989年,第5—6页。
    ④Steven Runciman , Byzantine Civilisation , Lodon:Replika Process, 1959,p.76.
    ⑤徐家玲:《早期拜占庭和查士丁尼时代研究》,长春:东北师范大学出版社,1998年,第235页。
    ⑥[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《民法大全选译·物与物权》,范怀俊译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1993年,第10页。
    ⑦[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《民法大全选译·物与物权》,第14页。
    ⑧[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《民法大全选译·物与物权》,第11页。
    ①[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《契约之债与准契约之债》,丁玫译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998年,第273页。
    ②[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《契约之债与准契约之债》,第273页。
    ③[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《契约之债与准契约之债》,第273页。
    ④[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《契约之债与准契约之债》,第273页。
    ⑤[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《契约之债与准契约之债》,第275页。
    ⑥[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《契约之债与准契约之债》,第277页。
    ⑦[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《契约之债与准契约之债》,第277页。
    ①[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《契约之债与准契约之债》,丁玫译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998年,第275页。
    ②[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《契约之债与准契约之债》,第275页。
    ③[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《契约之债与准契约之债》,第279页。
    ④[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《契约之债与准契约之债》,第275页。
    ⑤[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《契约之债与准契约之债》,第275页。
    ①[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《契约之债与准契约之债》,丁玫译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998年,第277页。
    ②[英]戴维·M.沃克:《牛津法律大辞典》,李双元等译,北京:光明日报出版社,1988年,第552页。
    ③Mommsen&Krueger:Digesta,http://www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com/LatinLibrary/RomanLaw/Leges/ Rhodia_jactu.html,2009-08-16.
    ④Mommsen&Krueger:Digesta,http://www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com/LatinLibrary/RomanLaw/Leges/ Rhodia_jactu.html,2009-08-16.
    ⑤Mommsen&Krueger:Digesta,http://www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com/LatinLibrary/RomanLaw/Leges/ Rhodia_jactu.html,2009-08-16.
    ⑥Mommsen&Krueger:Digesta,http://www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com/LatinLibrary/RomanLaw/Leges/ Rhodia_jactu.html,2009-08-16.
    ①Mommsen&Krueger:Digesta,http://www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com/LatinLibrary/RomanLaw/Leges/ Rhodia_jactu.html,2009-08-16.
    ②Mommsen&Krueger:Digesta,http://www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com/LatinLibrary/RomanLaw/Leges/ Rhodia_jactu.html,2009-08-16.
    ①Mommsen&Krueger:Digesta,http://www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com/LatinLibrary/RomanLaw/Leges/ Rhodia_jactu.html,2009-08-16.
    ②Mommsen&Krueger:Digesta,http://www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com/LatinLibrary/RomanLaw/Leges/ Rhodia_jactu.html,2009-08-16.
    ③Mommsen&Krueger:Digesta,http://www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com/LatinLibrary/RomanLaw/Leges/ Rhodia_jactu.html,2009-08-16.
    ④Mommsen&Krueger:Digesta,http://www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com/LatinLibrary/RomanLaw/Leges/ Rhodia_jactu.html,2009-08-16.
    ①Mommsen&Krueger:Digesta,http://www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com/LatinLibrary/RomanLaw/Leges/ Rhodia_jactu.html,2009-08-16.
    ②Mommsen&Krueger:Digesta,http://www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com/LatinLibrary/RomanLaw/Leges/ Rhodia_jactu.html,2009-08-16.
    ③Mommsen&Krueger:Digesta,http://www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com/LatinLibrary/RomanLaw/Leges/ Rhodia_jactu.html,2009-08-16.
    ④Mommsen&Krueger:Digesta,http://www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com/LatinLibrary/RomanLaw/Leges/ Rhodia_jactu.html,2009-08-16.
    ①Mommsen&Krueger:Digesta,http://www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com/LatinLibrary/RomanLaw/Leges/ Rhodia_jactu.html,2009-08-16.
    ①Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,p.lxxv.
    ②[加]威廉·台特雷:《国际海商法》,张永坚等译,北京:法律出版社,2005年,第7页。
    ③[英]戴维·M·沃克:《牛津法律大辞典》,李双元等译,北京:光明日报出版社,1988年,第552页。
    ④[法]布瓦松纳:《中世纪欧洲生活和劳动》,潘源来译,北京:商务印书馆,1985年,第52页。
    ⑤[美]汤普逊:《中世纪经济社会史》(上册),耿淡如译,北京:商务印书馆,1961年,第226页。
    ①Alexander A. Vasiliev,History of the Byzantine Empire(324—1453):Vol. I , Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1961,p.230.
    ②[美]汤普逊:《中世纪经济社会史》(上册),耿淡如译,北京:商务印书馆,1961年,第226页。
    ①[比]亨利·皮朗:《中世纪欧洲经济社会史》,乐文译,上海:上海世纪出版集团,2001年,第7页。
    ②Renne Doehaerd, The Early Middle Age in the West:Economic and Society, North-Holland Publishing Company,1985 , p.172.
    ③[法]费尔南·布罗代尔:《资本主义的动力》,杨起译,北京:三联书店,1997年,第83页。
    ④[英]M.M.波斯坦主编:《剑桥欧洲经济史(第一卷):中世纪的农业生活》,王春法主译,北京:经济科学出版社,2002年,第186页。
    
    ①[法]布瓦松纳:《中世纪欧洲生活和劳动》,潘源来译,北京:商务印书馆,1985年,第48—49页。
    ②[法]布瓦松纳:《中世纪欧洲生活和劳动》,第54页。
    ③[法]布瓦松纳:《中世纪欧洲生活和劳动》,第54页。
    ①Carol M. Rose , The Public Domain : Romans ,Roads ,and Romantic Creators : Traditions of Public Property in the Information Age , In Law and Contemporary Problems , 66 ,2003 ,p. 97.
    ②[法]孟德斯鸠:《论法的精神》(下) ,张雁深译,北京:商务印书馆,1997年,第14页。
    ③See Trakman, Leon E. 1983, The Law Merchant:The Evolution of Commercial Law, L ittleton, Colo. : F. B.Rothman, 1983, p. 10.
    ①[德]马克斯·韦伯:《论经济与社会中的法律》,张乃根译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1998年,第20—21页。
    ②[德]恩格斯:《论住宅问题》,《马克思恩格斯选集》(第2卷),北京:人民出版社,1972年,第538—539页。
    ③[美]约翰·H·威格摩尔:《世界法系概览》(下册),何勤华等译,上海:上海人民出版社,2004年,第750页。
    ④[德]拉德布鲁赫著:《法学导论》,米健、朱林译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1997年,第74页。
    ⑤[法]勒内·达维德:《当代主要法律体系》,漆竹生译,上海:上海译文出版社,1984年,第37页。
    ①Perry Anderson , Lineages of the Absolutist State, London: Verso ,1979, p.27.
    ②Grant Gilmore and Charles L. Black ,J r. ,The Law of Adiralty , New York : The Foundation Press , 1975,p. 2.
    ③[英]弗里德利希·冯·哈耶克:《自由秩序原理》(上),邓正来译,北京:三联书店,1997年,第204—205页。
    ④邱锦添:《海商法》,台北:五南图书出版公司,2001年,第14—15页。
    ⑤[比]亨利·皮雷纳:《两中世纪的城市》,陈国梁译,北京:商务印书馆,1985年,第79页。
    ⑥[美]哈罗德·J·伯尔曼:《法律与革命—西方法律传统的形成》,贺卫方等译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1993年,第415—417页。
    ⑦[美]艾伦·沃森:《民法法系的演变及形成》,李静冰等译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992年,第226页。
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    ③[美]希提:《阿拉伯通史》,第195页。
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    ③Charanis,The Hellenization of Sicily,The American Historical Review,Vol.II,1946,pp.80—81.
    ④[美]希提:《阿拉伯通史》,马坚译,北京:商务印书馆,1979年,第225页。
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    ①Warren Treadgold , A History of the Byzantine State and Society , Stanford University Press , California , 1997,pp.327—330.
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    ①Alexander A. Vasiliev,History of the Byzantine Empire(324—1453):Vol. I , Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1958,p p.250—251.
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    ③Alexander A. Vasiliev,History of the Byzantine Empire(324—1453):Vol. I , Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1958,p. 251.
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    ②[英]埃里克、罗尔著《经济思想史》,陆元诚译,北京:商务印书馆,1982年,第37页。
    ①[美]E.P.克伯雷:《外国教育史料》,任宝祥、任钟印主译,武汉:华中师范大学出版社,1991年,第28页。
    ②参见普鲁塔克:《希腊罗马名人传》(上册),黄宏煦,陆永庭等译,北京:商务印书馆,1990年,第366页。
    ③李雅书、杨共乐:《古代罗马史》,北京:北京师范大学出版社,1994年,第373页。④Paul Veyne,A History of Private Life, Cambridge:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1987,p.23.
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    ⑥T.E Page,Litt.D. and W.H.D.Rouse,Litt.D.,Cicero De Officiis,BookⅡ,New York:The Macmillan Co.,1921, p. 18.
    ①[美]E.P.克伯雷:《外国教育史料》,任宝祥、任钟印主译,武汉:华中师范大学出版社,1991年,第44页。
    ②[美]S.E.佛罗斯特:《西方教育的历史和哲学基础》,吴元训等译,北京:华夏出版社,1987年,第102页。
    ③George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State,Oxford:A..R.Mowbray&Co.Limited, 1956, p. 51.④Justinian, The Institutes of Justinian ,Translated into English with an Index by J.B. Moyle, 5th ed., Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1913, p. 1.
    ⑤Tamara Talbot Rice,Everyday Life in Byzantium,New York:Dorset Press,1967,p. 96.
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    ①Steven Runciman,Byzantine Civilisation,Lodon:Replika Process,1959,p. 76.
    ①Steven Runciman, Byzantine Civilisation,Lodon:Replika Process,1959,p.79.
    ①参见:Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909, pp.xvii-xlvi。
    ②George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State,Oxford:A..R.Mowbray&Co.Limited, 1956, p. 83.
    ③Alexander A. Vasiliev,History of the Byzantine Empire(324—1453):Vol. I , Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1961,p.248.
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    ②参见:Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909, p.lxxv.
     ①Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,p.121.
    ①Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909, p.lxxiv.
    ①Michael McCormick,Origins of the European economy :communications and commerce A.D. 300—900, New York :Cambridge University Press,2001,pp.415—418.
    ②参见:H.G.Liddell and R.Scott,A Greek-English Lexicon,New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, p.1161。
    ③本译文系依据阿什布尔内的权威校勘本译出,下文涉及《罗得海商法》法条内容时,直接用(第N条)表示。
    ④参见:H.G.Liddell and R.Scott,A Greek-English Lexicon,New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, p.1137。
    ⑤参见:Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,p.57。
    ⑥参见:Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,p.57。
    ⑦参见:Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,pp.57—59。
    
    ①Jennifer Lawler,Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire, Jefferson, N.C. :McFarland & Co. ,2004,p.305.
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    ③Edwin Hanson Freshfield,A Manual of Roman Law: The "Ecloga", Cambridge: The University Press,1926 ,p.56.
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    ②Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,p. clii.
    ③A. H. M. Jones, The Decline of the Ancient World,longman,1976, p. 313.
    ④[英]波斯坦主编:《剑桥欧洲经济史(第二卷):中世纪的贸易和工业》,钟和等译,北京:经济科学出版社,2004年,第122页。
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    ⑥Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,p.114.
    ①君士坦丁堡的特色,http://baike.baidu.com/view/8014.htm,2009-5-16.
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    ⑤Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909, p.89.
    ⑥H.G.Liddell and R.Scott,A Greek-English Lexicon, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996,p.1054.
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    ③Stanley S.Jados,trans. and ed., Consulate of the sea, and related documents, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1975, http://libro.uca.edu/consulate/consulate.htm,2009-01-08.
    ④Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909, p.96.
    ①Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909, pp.103—104.
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    ⑤David J . Gerber. Prometheus Born :The High Middle Ages And The Relationship Between Law And Economic Conduct , http :/ / www.westlaw,2009-06-06.
    ①[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《契约之债与准契约之债》,丁玫译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998年,第93页。
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    ③Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,p.cxliv.
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    ⑦Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,p.cxlii.
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    ①Ph. J.Thomas, Introduction to Roman law, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers , 1986, p.98.
    ②Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,p.99.
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    ⑥Robert S. Lopez ,The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages 950—1350 , Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1976, p. 79.
    
    ①Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,p.64.
    ②Walter Jaeger,“Partnership or Joint Venture”,Notre Damw Lawyer ,37, 1961,p.138.
    ①由嵘、张雅利、毛国权、李红梅编:《外国法制史参考资料汇编》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年,第26页。
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    ①Mommsen&Krueger:Digesta,http://www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com/LatinLibrary/RomanLaw/Leges/ Rhodia_jactu.html,2009-08-16.
    ②Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,p.57.
    ①Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,p.77—78.
    ②Edwin Hanson Freshfield ,A Manual of Later Roman Law: The "Ecloga", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1927,p.141.
    ③[意]彼德罗·彭梵得:《罗马法教科书》,黄风译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992年,第308页。
    ①[意]彼德罗·彭梵得:《罗马法教科书》,第308页。
    ②徐国栋,阿尔多·贝特鲁奇,纪蔚民译:《〈十二表法〉新译本》,《河北法学》,2005年第11期,第2—5页。
    ③徐国栋,阿尔多·贝特鲁奇,纪蔚民译:《〈十二表法〉新译本》。
    ④[古罗马]优士丁尼:《法学阶梯》,徐国栋译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2005年,第423页。
    ⑤参见:H.G.Liddell and R.Scott,A Greek-English Lexicon, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996,p.1747。
    ⑥参见:H.G.Liddell and R.Scott,A Greek-English Lexicon , p.874。
    ⑦[意]桑德罗·斯契巴尼选编:《民法大全选译·债私犯之债(Ⅱ)和犯罪》,徐国栋译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998年,第79页。
    ①Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,p.84.
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    ④徐国栋、阿尔多·贝特鲁奇、纪蔚民译,《〈十二表法〉新译本》,《河北法学》2005年第11期,第2—5页。
    ⑤由嵘、张雅利、毛国权、李红梅编:《外国法制史参考资料汇编》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年,第33页。
    ①徐国栋,阿尔多·贝特鲁奇,纪蔚民译:《〈十二表法〉新译本》,《河北法学》2005年第11期,第2—5页。。
    ②参见桑德罗·斯奇巴尼选编:《民法大全选译·债·契约之债》,丁玫译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992年版,第31页。
    ①参见:Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law , Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,p.lxviii, lxxxviii, cxiii。
    ①[罗马]优士丁尼:《法学阶梯》,徐国栋译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2005年,第423页。
    ①《埃克洛加》的颁布年代可谓众说纷纭,著名的拜占庭学者瓦西列夫和奥斯特洛格尔斯基均认为应是726年,《拜占庭文明》一书的作者朗西曼认为应是739年,《剑桥中世界史》第四卷的主编赫西则认为应是741年。笔者在综合考察《埃克洛加》的手稿等有关资料后,认为采用726年说较为确切。
    ②Edwin Hanson Freshfield, A Manual of Roman Law: The "Ecloga", Cambridge: The University Press,1926 , pp.77—83.
    ③LeoⅢ,“The sexual crimes and punishment in the 8th Century”in Ecloga,http://www.global.org/Pub/Leo_Ecloga.asp,2009-7-8.
    ①George Ostrogorsky,History of Byzantine State, translated by Joan Hussey,Oxford, 1956,p.142.
    ①Edwin Hanson Freshfield,A Manual of Roman Law: The "Ecloga", Cambridge:The University Press, 1926 ,p.79.
    ②罗斯社会的一种封建依附者,其法律地位接近于奴隶。
    ③罗斯的封建大贵族阶层,与大公、王公一起组成封建主统治集团,大公的亲兵在波雅尔贵族中占有重要地位。
    ④指罗斯王公和波雅尔贵族的的仆人,一般由非自由人担任,但可享有特权。
    ⑤王钺:《罗斯法典译注》,兰州:兰州大学出版社,1987年,第100页。
    ⑥[俄]瓦·奥·克柳切夫斯基:《俄国史教程》,张草韧、浦允南译,商务印书馆,1992年,第207—208页。
    ⑦John Meyendorff, Byzantium and the Rise of Russia: A Study of Byzantino-Russian relations in the fourteenth century, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1981 ,p.18.
    ⑧Clarence Gallagher SJ,Church Law and Church order in Rome and Byzantium, Aldershot:Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2002, p.106.
    ①John V. A .Fine,Jr. ,The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press, 1983, p.129.
    ②王钺:《罗斯法典译注》,兰州:兰州大学出版社,1987年,第18页。
    ③[俄]格列科夫:《罗斯法典》,第二卷,莫斯科,1947年。转引自王钺:《罗斯法典译注》,第18页。
    ④王钺:《罗斯法典译注》,第109页。
    ①陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,北京:人民出版社,2001年,第97页。
    ②厉以宁:《罗马—拜占庭经济史》(下册),北京:商务印书馆,2006年,第615—616页。
    ③[南]奥斯特洛格尔斯基:《拜占廷帝国》,陈志强译,西宁:青海人民出版社,2006年,第103页。
    ①Edwin Hanson Freshfield, A Manual of Roman Law: The "Ecloga", Cambridge: The University Press,1926 ,pp.183—184.
    ②拜占庭铜币,公元7世纪的时候,1苏勒德斯(solidus)可兑换704弗里斯(follis)。参见http://www.tulane.edu/~august/H303/currency/Justinian.htm,2009-09-09。
    ③Edwin Hanson Freshfield, A Manual of Roman Law: The "Ecloga", Cambridge: The University Press,1926 ,pp.186—187.
    ④Edwin Hanson Freshfield, A Manual of Roman Law: The "Ecloga", Cambridge: The University Press,1926 ,p.192.
    ⑤Edwin Hanson Freshfield, A Manual of Roman Law: The "Ecloga", Cambridge: The University Press,1926 ,p.190.
    ⑥Edwin Hanson Freshfield, A Manual of Roman Law: The "Ecloga", Cambridge: The University Press,1926 ,p.193.
    ⑦Edwin Hanson Freshfield, A Manual of Roman Law: The "Ecloga", Cambridge: The University Press,1926 ,p.194.
    
    ①Edwin Hanson Freshfield, A Manual of Roman Law: The "Ecloga", Cambridge: The University Press,1926 ,p.185.
    ②陈志强:《拜占廷学研究》,北京:人民出版社,2001年,第77页。
    ①George Ostrogorsky,History of the Byzantine State , translated by Joan Hussey,Oxford, 1956, p.213.
    ②Deno John Geanakoplos,Byzantium Churck Society and Civilmation Seen Through ContemporaryEyes,Chicago:Unversity Chicago Press,1984,p.80.
    ①陈志强:《独特的拜占廷文明》,北京:中国青年出版社,1999年,第122页。②J.M.Hussey,The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV: The Byzantine Empire,Cambridge University Press,London,1975,pp.65—66.
    ③徐国栋:《罗马法与现代民法》(第一卷),北京:中国法制出版社,2000年,第39—40页。
    ①Deno John Geanakoplos,Byzantium Churck Society and Civilmation Seen Through ContemporaryEyes, Chicago :Unversity Chicago Press,1984,P.6.
    ②George Ostrogorsky,History of the Byzantine State, translated by Joan Hussey,Oxford, 1956, pp.216—217.
    ③[英]巴里·尼古拉斯:《罗马法概论》,黄风译,北京:法律出版社,2000年,第46页。
    ④徐家玲:《走进拜占庭文明》,北京:民主与建设出版社,2001年,第151页。
    ①Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,p.ⅹcⅷ.
    ②Hassan Khalilieh, Admiralty And Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean Sea (Ca. 800—1050): The Kitaab Akriyat Al-sufun Vis-a-vis the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos, Leiden and Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006,P.6.
    ③Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,p.cxii,cxiii.
    ④Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,p. cⅳ.
    ①Alexander A. Vasiliev,History of the Byzantine Empire(324—1453):Vol. I , Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1958,p.248.
    ②M. M. Postan and Edward Miller,The Cambridge Economic History of Europe , Vol. II: Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1952,p.142.
    ③[法]雷吉娜·佩尔努:《法国资产阶级史》,康新文等译,上海:上海译文出版社,1991年,第146页。
    ④Hassan Khalilieh, Admiralty And Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean Sea (Ca. 800—1050): The Kitaab Akriyat Al-sufunVis-a-vis the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos, Leiden and Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006,PP.232—233.①M. M. Postan and Edward Miller,The Cambridge Economic History of Europe , Vol. II: Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987, p.151.
    ②Norman F. Cantor and Michael S. Werthman, Medieval Society 400—1450, New York: Thomas Y Crowell Company, 1972,p. 140.
    ③Reynold Robert Leonard,Europe Emerges:transition toward an industrial world-wide society 600—1750, Madison :The University of Wisconsin Press,1961, p. 179.
    ④Norman F. Cantor and Michael S. Werthman,Medievals Medieval Society 400—1450, New York: Thomas Y Crowell Company, 1972,p.30.
    ⑤George Ostrogorsky,History of the Byzantine State , translated by Joan Hussey,Oxford:A.R.Mowbray & Co.Limited, 1956,p.432.
    ⑥陈志强:《拜占廷帝国史》,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第178页。
    ①Steven Runciman, Byzantine Civilisation, Lodon:Replika Process,1959,p.167.
    ②Steven Runciman, Byzantine Civilisation, Lodon:Replika Process,1959,p. 96.
    ③[英]M.M.波斯坦等主编:《剑桥欧洲经济史(第二卷):中世纪的贸易和工业》,钟和等译,北京:经济科学出版社,2004年,第118页。
    
    ①《古兰经》,中国社会科学出版社,1985年版,第17章。
    ②[美]丹尼尔·J·布尔斯廷:《发现者:时间、陆地与海洋篇》,严撷芸等译,上海:上海译文出版社,1992年,第268—269页。
    ①[美]丹尼尔·J·布尔斯廷:《发现者:时间、陆地与海洋篇》,第271页。
    ②[美]希提:《阿拉伯通史》(上册),马坚译,北京:商务印书馆,1979年,第102页。
    ③[美]希提:《阿拉伯通史》,第26页。
    ④刘景华:《中古阿拉伯人造船与航海技术的考察》,《湖南师范大学社会科学学报》,1997年第3期,第109—110页。
    
    ①[意]马可·波罗:《马可·波罗游记》,陈开俊等合译,福州:福建科学技术出版社,1981年,第26页。
    ②《古兰经》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1985年,第16章。
    ③刘景华:《中古阿拉伯人造船与航海技术的考察》,《湖南师范大学社会科学学报》,1997年第3期,第112页。
    ①赵立行:《论欧洲中世纪早期的商业与贸易》,《历史教学》,2000年第11期,第16页。
    ②Robert S.Lopez,“Mohammed and Charlemagne:A Revision”,Speculum,Vol.18,No.1,1943,pp.14—38.
    ③Archibald R.Lewis,Naval Power and Trade in the Mediterranean A.D.500-1100,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1951,p.56.
    ①彭树智:《文明交往论》,西安:陕西人民出版社,2002年,第17—18页。
    ②[英]伯纳德·路易斯:《中东,激荡在历史的辉煌中》,郑之书译,北京:中国友谊出版公司,2000年,第73页。
    ③彭树智:《文明交往论》,第13—14页。
    ④[英]阿诺德·汤因比:《历史研究》,刘北成、郭小凌译,上海:上海人民出版社,2000年,第12—15页。
    ①[埃及]艾哈迈德·爱敏:《阿拉伯—伊斯兰文化史》(一),纳忠译,北京:商务印书馆,2001年,第251页。
    ②纳忠等:《传承与交融:阿拉伯文化》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,1996年,第201—202页。
    ③陈志强:《拜占廷研究》,北京:人民出版社,2001年,第265页。
    ④易希亮:《西洋经济史》,台北:台北三民书局,1966年,第51页。
    
    ①高鸿钧:《伊斯兰法:传统与现代化》,北京:清华大学出版社,2004年,第395—396页。
    ②Joseph Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law, Oxford :Oxford University Press, 1964 , p.26.
    ③[法]罗伯特·福西耶:《剑桥插图中世纪史》,陈志强等译,济南:山东画报出版社,2006年,第261页。
    
    ①高鸿钧:《冲突与抉择:伊斯兰世界法律现代化》,《比较法研究》,2001年第4期,第1—14页。
    ②[美]希提:《阿拉伯通史》(上册),马坚译,北京:商务印书馆,1979年,第280页。
    ③Noel J.Coulson,A History of Islamic Law, Edinburgh :Edinburgh University Press,1964, p.50.
    ④Joseph Schacht,An Introduction to Islamic Law, Oxford :Oxford University Press, 1964 ,p.21.
    ①Hassan Khalilieh, Admiralty And Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean Sea (Ca. 800—1050): The Kitaab Akriyat Al-sufun Vis-a-vis the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos, Leiden and Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006,p.vii.
    ②参见:Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909, p.121。或见本文附录二“《罗得海商法》译文”之增B:Ⅲ。
    ③参见:Hassan Khalilieh, Admiralty And Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean Sea (Ca. 800—1050): The Kitaab Akriyat Al-sufun Vis-a-vis the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos, Leiden and Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006,p.57.
    ④参见:Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909, p.121。或见本文附录二“《罗得海商法》译文”之增B:Ⅰ。
    ⑤参见:Hassan Khalilieh, Admiralty And Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean Sea (Ca. 800—1050): The Kitaab Akriyat Al-sufun Vis-a-vis the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos , Leiden and Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006, p.59.
    ⑥Hassan Khalilieh, Admiralty And Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean Sea (Ca. 800—1050): The Kitaab Akriyat Al-sufun Vis-a-vis the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos, Leiden and Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006,p.275.
    ⑦Hassan Khalilieh, Admiralty And Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean Sea (Ca. 800—1050): The Kitaab Akriyat Al-sufun Vis-a-vis the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos, Leiden and Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006,p.277.
    ①Hassan Khalilieh, Admiralty And Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean Sea (Ca. 800—1050): The Kitaab Akriyat Al-sufun Vis-a-vis the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos, Leiden and Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006,pp.276—277.
    ②Hassan Khalilieh, Admiralty And Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean Sea (Ca. 800—1050): The Kitaab Akriyat Al-sufun Vis-a-vis the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos, Leiden and Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006,p.xii.
    ③Hassan Khalilieh, Admiralty And Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean Sea (Ca. 800—1050): The Kitaab Akriyat Al-sufun Vis-a-vis the Nomos Rhodion Nautikos, Leiden and Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006,pp.xii—xiii.
    ①George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, translated by Joan Hussey, Oxford:A.R.Mowbray & Co.Limited, 1956, p.141.
    ②利奥三世来自叙利亚北部山区。
    ③Theophanes,Chronographia , ed.C.de Boor, Leipzig: Vogel ,1883, P.405.
    
    ①[美]汤普逊:《中世纪经济社会史》(上册),耿淡如译,北京:商务印书馆,1961年,第402—403页。
    ②[美]汤普逊:《中世纪经济社会史》(上册),第403页。
    ③[苏]波梁斯基:《外国经济史》,郭吴新等译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1958年,第203页。
    ①N.J.G.Pounds,An Economic Historical of Medieval Europe, New York:Longman Publishing, 1994,pp.232—233.
    ②[美]伯尔曼:《法律与革命—西方法律传统的形成》,贺卫方等译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1993年,第414页。
    ③Leon E. Trakman , The Law Merchant : The Evolution of Commercial Law , Colorado:Fred B. Rothman &Co. Littleton , 1983, p. 19.
    ④Gordon W.Paulsen ,“A Historical overview of the Development of Uniformity in International Maritime Law”,in Tulane Law Review , 57,1983, p. 1070.
    ①[美]伯尔曼:《法律与革命—西方法律传统的形成》,贺卫方等译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1993年,第58页。
    ②Stanley S.Jados,trans. and ed., Consulate of the sea, and related documents, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1975, http://libro.uca.edu/consulate/consulate.htm,2009-10-08.
    ③Gordon W.Paulsen,“A Historical overview of the Development of Uniformity in International Maritime Law”,in Tulane Law Review , 57,1983, p. 1070.
    ①[美]约翰·H·威格摩尔:《世界法系概览》(下册),何勤华等译,上海:上海人民出版社,2004年,第773—774页。
    ②Gordon W.Paulsen,“A Historical overview of the Development of Uniformity in International Maritime Law”,in Tulane Law Review , 57,1983., p. 1070.
    
    ①Walter Ashburner,trans and eds ,The Rhodian Sea-Law, Oxford :The Clarendon Press ,1909,p.87.
    ②[美]约翰·H·威格摩尔:《世界法系概览》(下册),何勤华等译,上海:上海人民出版社,2004年,第772页。
    ③[美]约翰·H·威格摩尔:《世界法系概览》,第773页。
    ①The Rules of Oleron,http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/documents/oleron.html,2009-8-18.
    ②[美]约翰·H·威格摩尔:《世界法系概览》(下册),何勤华等译,上海:上海人民出版社,2004年,第773页。
    ③Paul Oldfield, City and community in Norman Italy, New York : Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 247.
    ④Maritime Ordinances of Trani (1063 A.D.) ,http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/documents/trani.html,2009-11-08.
    ①The Barcelona Maritime Code of 1258, http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/documents/barcelona1258.html,2009-11-08.
    ②The Barcelona Navigation Act of 1227, http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/documents/barcelona1227.html,2009-11-08.
    ③Stanley S.Jados,trans. and ed., Consulate of the sea, and related documents, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1975, http://libro.uca.edu/consulate/consulate.htm,2009-10-08.
    ④J.M. Pardessus, Collecton de lois Maritimes anterieures au XVIII siecle (Paris, 1828-1845), vol. V, p. 323.转引自Stanley S.Jados,trans. and ed., Consulate of the sea, and related documents, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1975, http://libro.uca.edu/consulate/consulate.htm,2009-10-08.
    ⑤Stanley S.Jados,trans. and ed., Consulate of the sea, and related documents, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1975, http://libro.uca.edu/consulate/consulate.htm,2009-10-08.
    ⑥[美]约翰·H·威格摩尔著:《世界法系概览》(下册),何勤华等译,上海:上海人民出版社,2004年,第774页。
    ①William Mitchell , An Essay on the Early History of the Law Merchant , New York:Burt Franklin , 1905,p.61 .
    ②Francis M. Burdick ,“What Is the Law Merchant ,”Columbia Law Review , 2. 7,1902, p.472.
    ③Charles Gross ,“The Court of Piepowder ,”The Quarterly Journal of Economics , 20. 2,1906, p. 231.
    ④Francis M. Burdick ,“What Is the Law Merchant ,”Columbia Law Review , 1902, p.472.
    ⑤Francis M. Burdick ,“What Is the Law Merchant ,”Columbia Law Review , 1902, p.472.
    ⑥Leon E. Trakman , The Law Merchant: The Evolution of Commercial Law, Colorado: Fred B. Rothman &Co. Littleton , 1983, p. 13.
    ⑦William Blackstone , Commentaries on the Law of England: A Facsimile of the First Edition of 1765-1769, Vol. 1. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press ,1979, p. 32.
    ⑧Charles Gross ,“The Court of Piepowder ,”The Quarterly Journal of Economics , p. 241.
    ⑨Leon E. Trakman , The Law Merchant: The Evolution of Commercial Law, Colorado: Fred B. Rothman &Co. Littleton , 1983, p.9.
    ①[德]恩格斯:《论封建制度的瓦解和民族国家的产生》,《马克思恩格斯全集》(第21卷),北京:人民出版社,1963年,第454页。
    ②[德]恩格斯:《路德维希·费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》,第346页。
    ③苏永钦:《走入新世纪的私法自治》,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002年,第4页。
    ①John H. Pryor,“The Origins of the Commenda Contract”, Speculum, Vol. 52, No. 1,Jan. 1977, pp. 5—37.
    ②[美]伯尔曼:《法律与革命—西方法律传统的形成》,贺卫方等译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1993年,第427页。
    ①John Mo, Intenational Commercial Law, http://www.lexisnexis.com.au/aus/academic/text_updater/Mo/mo.asp,2009-11-08.
    ①[美]约翰·H·威格摩尔:《世界法系概览》(下册),何勤华等译,上海:上海人民出版社,2004年,第772页。
    ②Alan Watson, Legal Transplants: An Approach to Comparative Law, 2nd ed., Athens and London:The University of Georgia Press, 1993, p.21.
    ③Alan Watson, Legal Transplants: An Approach to Comparative Law, 2nd ed., Athens and London:The University of Georgia Press, 1993, p.23.
    ④Alan Watson, Legal Transplants: An Approach to Comparative Law, 2nd ed., Athens and London:The University of Georgia Press, 1993, p.24.
    ⑤[美]约翰·梅西·赞恩:《法律的故事》,孙运申译,北京:中国盲文出版社,2002年,第69页。
    ⑥参见何勤华主编:《法的移植与法的本土化》,北京:法律出版社,2001年。
    ①原文为英文,译自Mommsen&Krueger:Digesta,http://www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com/LatinLibrary/RomanLaw/Leges/ Rhodia_jactu.html,2009-08-16.
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