双丹口服液中主要有效成分丹酚酸B配伍丹皮酚治疗动脉粥样硬化的作用及其机制
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摘要
1研究目的
     双丹口服液系收载于《中国药典》(2005、2010年版)一部的中药标准制剂,由丹参、牡丹皮组成,功能为活血化瘀、通络止痛,用于瘀血痹阻所致的胸痹,症见胸闷、心痛。双丹口服液是临床常用制剂,治疗胸痹的有效率达到90%以上,并且能显著改善中医症候。但双丹口服液成分复杂,作用机制不明,难以得到国际认同;因此,对双丹口服液进行分子中药二次开发,阐明其治疗胸痹的机制,有着重要的意义。本课题采用其主要有效成分丹酚酸B(Salvianolic acid B,Sal B)与丹皮酚(Paeonol,Pae),按照双丹口服液中的含量和配比进行配伍组方,组成分子中药,发挥二者协同作用。采用建立体内动物模型,体外冠状动脉组织培养,人脐静脉内皮细胞模型等方法,探讨和揭示分子中药Sal B配伍Pae抗动脉粥样硬化、扩张冠脉血流、保护内皮细胞的作用及其机制,为源于双丹口服液的分子中药新药二次开发提供实验依据。
     2方法
     2.1建立同时测定双丹口服液中主要有效成分Sal B及Pae含量的方法:采用HPLC法测定双丹口服液中Sal B和Pae的含量,色谱条件为色谱柱SinoChrom ODS-BP C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm,Yilite),柱温30°C,检测波长280nm,流速1mL·min-1,C18保护柱,流动相采用甲醇及2%的冰醋酸梯度洗脱,洗脱条件如下:甲醇-2%冰醋酸(12∶88)12min,甲醇-2%冰醋酸(50∶50)1min内调整到甲醇-2%冰醋酸(70∶30)至到30min,进样量10μL。并对此测定方法进行了方法学考察,包括线性关系考察、精密度实验、重复性实验、稳定性实验、加样回收率实验。
     2.2Sal B配伍Pae对高脂诱导的大鼠动脉硬化的实验研究:高脂饮食配合灌胃丙基硫氧嘧啶建立大鼠动脉粥样硬化模型,分组给药4周后,测定大鼠的心率、血压、呼吸;血脂指标:血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白A(APOA)、载脂蛋白B(APOB);血清中氧化酶:一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及丙二醛(MDA)的含量;并对主动脉血管进行了病理形态学的观察。
     2.3Sal B配伍Pae对离体大鼠冠状动脉收缩的影响:采用高K+溶液使冠脉去极化,使PDC通道开放,外钙内流,诱发细胞内肌浆网钙释放,细胞内钙离子浓度升高,引起冠脉平滑肌收缩,分别加入不同浓度的KCl、CaCl2溶液,观察给予Sal B配伍Pae后对其收缩的影响;Hist可与冠脉平滑肌细胞膜上的组胺受体结合,启动ROC通道,引起钙离子内流,诱发血管收缩,加入不同浓度的Hist溶液后考察Sal B配伍Pae对此种收缩的抑制作用;在无钙克氏液中加入Hist,考察Sal B配伍Pae对内钙释放所引起收缩的抑制作用,而后再加入Ca2+,考察其对外钙内流所引起收缩的阻滞作用。
     2.4Sal B配伍Pae对H2O2诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞氧化损伤模型的保护作用及其机制:采用H2O2诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞氧化损伤模型,应用形态学观察方法,MTT检测细胞活性、Hoechst33342染色和电镜等方法考察Sal B配伍Pae对内皮细胞的保护作用,利用SYBR Green RT-PCR方法检测药物作用内皮细胞后凋亡相关基因Bcl-2、Bax、caspase-3mRNA的表达变化;Western blot法检测内皮细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、caspase-3的表达。
     3结果
     3.1双丹口服液中Sal B及Pae的含量:双丹口服液中Sal B及Pae的含量分别约为12mg·mL-1及0.20mg·mL-1,所建立的含量检测方法简便可靠,峰型良好,稳定性,重现性,回收率均符合要求。
     3.2Sal B配伍Pae对高脂诱导的大鼠动脉硬化的影响:Sal B配伍Pae对动脉粥样硬化大鼠心率、血压、呼吸均无明显影响(P>0.05);但能明显降低血清中总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白、丙二醛及NOS含量(P<0.05或P<0.01)、并能明显升高血清中高密度脂蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶和一氧化氮水平(P<0.05或P<0.01);对血清中的载脂蛋白A、载脂蛋白也B有明显的调节作用(P<0.05或P<0.01)。病理组织学观察发现给药组对动脉内膜斑块,内膜增厚程度及结缔组织成分具有明显改善。
     3.3Sal B配伍Pae对离体大鼠冠状动脉收缩的影响:在克氏液中加入KCl的不同累积浓度,在无钙高钾的克氏液中加入CaCl2的不同累积浓度,在克氏液中加入Hist的不同累积浓度后,大鼠冠脉环均会出现量效依赖性收缩,在药物(Sal B配伍Pae)孵育后,给予同等程度的KCl、CaCl2、Hist刺激,量-效曲线均朝右下方移动,达到峰值时间延长且最大反应降低;在无钙克氏液中,Hist使标本收缩,达到峰值,CaCl2使冠脉环进一步收缩,给予药物Sal B配伍Pae后,对二相收缩均有明显的抑制作用;结果具有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。
     3.4Sal B配伍Pae对H2O2诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞氧化损伤模型的保护作用及其机制:Sal B配伍Pae含药血清组对H2O2损伤的细胞状态有所改善,并且呈剂量依赖;内皮细胞的活性效应随着培养液中Sal B配伍Pae含药血清的浓度的增加而增强,2%含药血清组与模型组相比,数据无统计学意义(P>0.05);而4%、6%含药血清组数据具有统计学意义(P<0.01);含药血清浓度为2%时产生增殖效应,增殖率为50.25%;浓度为4%时,增殖率为67.37%;浓度为6%时,增殖率为67.14%,数据具有统计学意义(P<0.01);Hoechst33342染色、透射电镜结果表明Sal B配伍Pae含药血清组随着给药浓度的增加,细胞凋亡的情况逐渐改善,其中中、高剂量组大部分细胞存活状态良好;细胞中Bcl-2基因mRNA水平上升,而Bax基因、caspase-3的表达降低,与Western blot方法检测蛋白含量的结果较为一致,且数据具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。
     4结论
     采用HPLC方法测定双丹口服液中Sal B及Pae的含量及配比,并以此作为分子中药(Sal B配伍Pae)的组方依据,采用体内动物实验模型、体外组织血管模型、人脐静脉内皮细胞模型,证实了Sal B配伍Pae的抗动脉粥样硬化、扩张冠脉血管、保护血管内皮细胞的作用。其机制可能与降低血清TC、TG、LDL、MDA、NOS含量,升高HDL、SOD、NO水平,抗氧化和调节脂质代谢延缓或减轻AS形成有关;通过抑制血管平滑肌细胞外钙内流(抑制PDC及ROC通道)和抑制平滑肌细胞内钙释放来扩张冠脉血管;通过调节Bcl-2、Bax基因及蛋白的表达,抑制下游分子caspase-3的活化而起到保护血管内皮细胞的作用。综上,Sal B配伍Pae治疗动脉粥样硬化有很好的应用前景。
1AIM
     Shuangdan oral liquid has been recorded as a traditional Chinese medicinestandard preparation of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP)(2005and2010). It wascomposed of the root of red-rooted salvia and moutan bark, and has featured theirefficacy of promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, dredgingcollaterals and relieving pain. This preparation was used for chest numbnesscaused by blood stasis congesting which usually represents symptom of chesttightness and cardiodynia. As a common used clinical preparation, the rate oftherapeutic efficiency achieved more than90%and significantly improved TCMsymptoms. However, the compounds of Shuangdanfang oral liquid are toocomplicated and the therapeutic mechanism is unclear. Therefore, it has greatsignificance to clarify the mechanism of Shuang Dan oral liquid and to re-exploit.Salvianolic acid B (salvianolic acid B, Sal B) and paeonol (paeonol, Pae) was used as main component of Shuangdanfangoral liquid to composed a MolecularChinese medicine,and play synergistic role,, according to design of Chinesemedicine molecules with the content and ratio in the Shuangdanfang oral liquid.In vivo animal model, tissue culture in vitro of coronary artery, and humanumbilical vein endothelial cell model approach were used to explore and revealthe mechanism of molecular traditional Chinese medicine salvianolic acid B withpaeonol anti-atherosclerosis, expansion of coronary flow, effect and mechanism ofendothelial cells’ protection. This study was aimed to provide experimental basisfor the secondary development of molecular medicine new drugs from ShuangDan oral solution.
     2Methods
     2.1Establishment on content determination method of SalB and Pae inShuangdan oral liquid: Content of SalB and Pae in Shuang Dan oral solutionwas determined by HPLC method. Column SinoChrom ODS-BP (4.6mm×250mm,5μm, Yilite) with column temperature30℃was used as stationary phase,detection wavelength was280nm, and flow rate was1ml/min. Methanol and2%glacial acetic acid gradient elution was used as mobile phase. The elutionconditions were as follows: methanol-2%glacial acetic acid (12:88) was used inthe first12min, methanol-2%glacial acetic acid (50:50) in the following1min,and methanol-2%glacial acetic acid (70:30) was set as elution condition till30min. The sample volume was10μl. And the methodological study was alsoinvestigated in this study, including the linear relationship between theinspection, precision experiments, repeated experiments, stability experiment,and recovery experiments.
     2.2Study of SalB with Pae on fat-induced atherosclerosis in rats: High-fatdiet with gavage propyl thiouracil was used to set up the rat atherosclerosis model. After grouping administration for4weeks, rat's heart rate, blood pressure,respiration were determined; lipid parameters was set as follows: total serumcholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TGoxide), high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein a(APOA), apolipoprotein B (of APOB); serum enzymes: nitric oxide (NO), nitricoxide synthase (NOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and content ofmalondialdehyde (MDA); and pathology morphological observation of aortawas also studied.
     2.3In vitro influence of SalB with Pae on rat coronary artery contraction:high K+solution were used to make coronary depolarize. PDC channels thenopened with calcium influx and induced sarcoplasmic reticulum calciumreleasing in cell intracellular so that concentration of calcium increased.Coronary artery smooth muscle was contracted caused by high calciumconcentration. So KCl and CaCl2were added, respectively, to observe influenceof SalB with Pae on rat coronary artery contraction. Hist could combinate withthe histamine receptor on coronary smooth muscle cells, and start ROC channelsto cause calcium influx and induce vasoconstriction. So after adding Hist,inhibition effect of contraction caused by salvianolic acid B with paeonol wasobserved; and inhibition effect of contraction with adding the Hist withoutCa2+solution was also investigated. Then Ca2+solution was added into solutionto examine its blocking effect of contraction caused by the external calciuminflux.
     2.4Protective effect and mechanism of SalB with Pae on H2O2-inducedoxidative damage model of human umbilical vein endothelial cells:H2O2-induced oxidative damage model of human umbilical vein endothelialcells was used in this study. Morphological observation, MTT assay, Hoechst 33342staining and electron microscopy examination was employed toinvestigate protective effect of salvianolic acid B with paeonol’s on endothelialcells, SYBR Green RT-PCR was used to detect expression change of relatedgenes Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3mRNA on endothelial cells apoptosis afteradministration; Western blot was used to detect expression of proteins Bcl-2,Bax, caspase-3related to endothelial cell apoptosis.
     3Results
     3.1The content of salvianolic acid B and paeonol in Shuang Dan oralsolution: The contents of salvianolic acid B and paeonol in Shuang Dan oralsolution were approximately12mg mL-1and0.20mg mL-1. Thedetermination method is simple and reliable with well peak shape, good stability,and reproducibility.
     3.2Study of SalB with Pae on fat-induced atherosclerosis in rats: Nosignificant influence of Salvianolic acid B with paeonol on atherosclerotic heartrate, blood pressure, and breathing were observed (P>0.05) while Salvianolicacid B with paeonol could significantly reduce serum total cholesterol,triglycerides, low density lipoprotein levels (P<0.05or P <0.01), andsignificantly increase serum high-density lipoprotein, MDA and NOS (P <0.05or P <0.01). At the meanwhile, Salvianolic acid B with paeonol has a clearregulatory effect on Serum apolipoprotein A and apolipoprotein B (P <0.05or P<0.01). It was found by histopathology observation that arterial intimal plaque,intimal thickening, and connective tissue components has been significantlyimproved in treatment group.
     3.3In vitro influence of SalB with Pae on rat coronary artery contraction:While different cumulative concentration of KCl solution and Hist solution wereadded to K-H solution, different cumulative concentration of CaCl2was added to K-H solution without calcium and with high concentration of K+respectively,the rat coronary ring would show dependently contract. After incubation withdrug (salvianolic acid B with paeonol), given the same degree of KCl, CaCl2andHist stimulate, the dose-response curve moved toward the bottom right of thepeak time and reduced the maximum response. Hist make specimens contractionreached its peak, CaCl2make the further contraction in the coronary ring,salvianolic acid B with paeonol could significantly inhibited the two-phasecontraction. Results are statistically significant ((P <0.05or P <0.01)
     3.4Salvianolic acid B with paeonol’s protective effect and mechanism onH2O2-induced oxidative damage model of human umbilical vein endothelialcells: Salvianolic acid B with paeonol’s serum group could improve the status ofH2O2damage cells, and it’s dose-dependent; the activity of endothelial cell wasincreased with the increase of the concentration of Salvianolic acid B withpaeonol,2%serum containing compared with model group, the data wan’tstatistically significant (P>0.05), and4%,6%serum containing the data wasstatistically significant (P <0.01); cell proliferation rate is50.25%when theconcentration of drug is2%,67.37%when the concentration is4%, and67.14%when the concentration is6%, the data had statistically significant (P <0.01).The results of Hoechst33342staining and transmission electron microscopystudy indicated that the situation of Apoptosis improved with the increase of thedrug’s concentration, the cells survived in good condition of Medium dose andhigh dose group. Bcl-2mRNA levels increased in the cells, while the Bax gene,caspase-3expression decreased, it’s more consistent with the results of Westernblot analysis of protein content, and data was statistically significant (P <0.01).
     4Conclusions
     HPLC method was employed to determine the content and ratio of salvianolic acid B and paeonol in Shuangdan oral solution. And take the resultas the instruction for the prescription of molecular medicine (salvianolic acid Bwith paeonol). In vivo animal models, blood vessels in vitro model, humanumbilical vein endothelial cell model were used to confirm that salvianolic acidB with paeonol has effect of anti-atherosclerosis, Dilating coronary artery, andprotecting of the vascular endothelial cells. The mechanism might be as follows,through reducing the serum TC, TG and LDL, MDA, increasing HDL, SOD,and NO level to form antioxidant and regulate the lipid metabolism, delay ormitigate the AS formation. Coronary artery blood vessels were expanded byinhibiting PDC and ROC channels and inhibiting intracellular calcium insmooth muscle cells release. The vascular endothelial cells were protected byregulating the expression of Bcl-2and Bax mRNA and protein expression andinhibiting the caspase-3activation of the downstream molecules. In summary,salvianolic acid B with Wu Danpi phenol treatment of atherosclerosis has goodapplication prospects.
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