行间生草葡萄园土壤微生物、酶活性和养分研究
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摘要
本文在陕西杨凌葡萄酒学院赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)葡萄试验园行间分别种植白三叶草(White clover, Trifolium repens L)、紫花苜蓿(Alfalfa, Medicago sativa)、高羊茅(Tall fescue, Festuca arundincea Schreb.),以清耕为对照。在葡萄萌芽期(4月)、开花期(5月)、果实成熟期(8月)、和休眠期(12月)分别采集各处理区0～40 cm土层的土壤,进行土壤养分、酶活性及土壤微生物测定与分析,主要研究结论如下:
1.与清耕(对照)相比,葡萄园行间播种白三叶草和紫花苜蓿使土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮年平均含量升高,土壤全磷、速效磷和全钾年平均含量降低,对土壤速效钾的影响不大;播种高羊茅使土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾年平均含量降低,对葡萄园土壤全磷、速效磷、全钾含量影响不大。各处理在不同物候期土壤养分含量不同,各处理有机质、全氮和速效氮含量峰值在开花期;白三叶草和紫花苜蓿处理土壤全磷含量峰值在休眠期,而高羊茅和清耕(对照)在果实成熟期最高,可见豆科牧草对土壤养分有一定的促进作用。
2.葡萄园行间生草使土壤酶活性较清耕(对照)有显著差异,且不同牧草种类对土壤酶活性的影响不同。各生草处理土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性在果实成熟期最高,休眠期最低;白三叶草和紫花苜蓿使土壤磷酸酶活性在萌芽期最高,休眠期最低,而高羊茅和清耕(对照)在萌芽期最高,在开花期最低。白三叶草和紫花苜蓿处理提高了葡萄园土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性,高羊茅则降低了其活性;三种牧草在萌芽期和开花期提高了土壤过氧化氢酶的活性。
3.葡萄园行间生草使土壤微生物数量高于清耕(对照),土壤细菌、真菌和固氮菌数量在开花期较高,放线菌数量在萌芽期较高。土壤细菌和真菌数量高低依次是白三叶草>紫花苜蓿>高羊茅>清耕;放线菌数量高低依次为高羊茅>白三叶草>紫花苜蓿>清耕;固氮菌数量为紫花苜蓿>白三叶草>高羊茅>清耕。其中高羊茅处理区土壤放线菌数量最高,紫花苜蓿处理区固氮菌数量最高。
各处理土壤微生物C和土壤微生物N在不同物候期含量不同,在开花期最高,在休眠期最低。与清耕(对照)相比,白三叶草和紫花苜蓿显著提高了土壤微生物C和土壤微生物N含量,而禾本科牧草高羊茅处理土壤微生物C和土壤微生物N含量总体上与清耕(对照)差异不显著。
葡萄园行间种植三种牧草较清耕(对照)均显著提高了土壤微生物呼吸强度和微生物商。三种生草处理间土壤微生物呼吸强度和微生物商差异显著或不显著。各处理土壤微生物呼吸强度和微生物商在开花期较高。总体来说,葡萄园行间生草对土壤微生物的影响,豆科类牧草强于禾本科牧草。
4.土壤微生物指标、土壤酶活性与土壤养分三者之间存在一定的相关性。土壤微生物C、N,呼气强度,微生物商,土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效钾呈显著或极显著正相关;与全磷和速效磷呈显著或极显著负相关;土壤微生物C、N,土壤微生物呼气强度,土壤微生物商与土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性均呈显著或极显著正相关。因此,土壤微生物C、N,土壤微生物呼吸强度和土壤微生物商可以作为评价行间生草葡萄园土壤肥力水平的指标。
The report is focusing on vineyard of the College of Enology in Yangling Shaanxi interplanting covering with White clover(Trifolium repens L), Alfalfa(Medicago sativa), Tall fescue(Festuca arundincea), and Cleaning tillage(CK). We detected and analyzed the soil nutrition contents, the soil enzyme activity and soil microorganism of 0-40 cm soil layers in bud burst(April), blossom(May), maturity(Aug), and dormancy(Dec) from the area of white clover, alfalfa, tall fescue, cleaning tillage, the results are as follows:
1. In interplanting grass measurement system of vineyard, Compared with CK, white clover and alfalfa could increase the year average of soil organic matter, total N, and hydrolyzable N contents, while the year average of total P, available P and total K contents decresed, and they had no evident effect on avaible K; tall fescue decreased the year average of soil organic matter, total N, hydrolyzable N, available K contents, had no evident effect on total P, available P and total K. In different phenophase each treatments had different soil nutrition contents,the highest soil organic matter, total N, available N contents is in blossom, white clover and alfalfa had highest soil total P in dormancy, Tall fescue and Cleaning tillage(CK) is in maturity. It is obvious that leguminous planting grass improved soil nutrient.
2. Vineyard with interplanting grass measurement system made the soil enzyme activity have notable difference to Cleaning tillage. Different variety grass had different effects to soil enzyme activity. SaA, UrA and CAT activity in maturity is highest, lowest in dormancy. The white clover and alfalfa had hightest phosphatase activety in in burst, lowest phosphatase activety in blossom. White clover and alfalfa which were the leguminous planting grass, improved effect to the activities of SaA, Phosphatase, UrA, but tall fescue which was gramineous planting grass, reduced the effect to the activities of them; the effect to CAT of white clover, alfalfa and tall fescue, was improved mainly in bud burst and blossom.
3. Microorganism quantities in vineyard with interplanting grass measurement system were increased, soil bacteria and fungi quantity from high to low is white clover>alfalfa>tall fescue>CK. Soil actinomyces quantity is tall fescue>white clover>alfalfa>CK. Nitrogen germ quantity is alfalfa>white clover>tall fescue>CK. The area of tall fescue had the most quantity of actinomyces, and alfalfa had the most quantity of nitrogen germ.
The highest SMBC and SMBN of each treatments is in blossom, the lowest is in dormancy. Compared with CK, white clover increased the contents of SMBC and SMBN, but tall fescue had no obviously changing.
Interplanting grass covering in vineyard can improve the soil microbial respiration strengths and qMB. The difference among white clover, alfalfa and tall fescue were notable or not notable. In blossom, each treatments had highest soil microbial respiration strengths and qMB. In the whole, the effect to microorganism of interplanting grass covering in vineyard, leguminous planting grass is better than gramineous planting grass.
4. There were a certain correlativity among the soil microbial indicators, soil enzyme activity and soil nutrients. The correlations between SMBC, SMBN, soil microbial respiration strengths, qMB, SaA, Phosphatase, UrA and CAT activity and soil organic matter, total N, available N and available K, had reached to positive significant or extremely positive significant level. While the correlations between SMBC, SMBN, soil microbial respiration strengths, qMB and SaA, Phosphatase, UrA and CAT activity had reached to positive significant or extremely positive significant level too. So SMBC, SMBN, soil microbial respiration strengths and qMB can be the indicators of soil fertility in interplanting grass crovering vineyard.
1.与清耕(对照)相比,葡萄园行间播种白三叶草和紫花苜蓿使土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮年平均含量升高,土壤全磷、速效磷和全钾年平均含量降低,对土壤速效钾的影响不大;播种高羊茅使土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾年平均含量降低,对葡萄园土壤全磷、速效磷、全钾含量影响不大。各处理在不同物候期土壤养分含量不同,各处理有机质、全氮和速效氮含量峰值在开花期;白三叶草和紫花苜蓿处理土壤全磷含量峰值在休眠期,而高羊茅和清耕(对照)在果实成熟期最高,可见豆科牧草对土壤养分有一定的促进作用。
2.葡萄园行间生草使土壤酶活性较清耕(对照)有显著差异,且不同牧草种类对土壤酶活性的影响不同。各生草处理土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性在果实成熟期最高,休眠期最低;白三叶草和紫花苜蓿使土壤磷酸酶活性在萌芽期最高,休眠期最低,而高羊茅和清耕(对照)在萌芽期最高,在开花期最低。白三叶草和紫花苜蓿处理提高了葡萄园土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性,高羊茅则降低了其活性;三种牧草在萌芽期和开花期提高了土壤过氧化氢酶的活性。
3.葡萄园行间生草使土壤微生物数量高于清耕(对照),土壤细菌、真菌和固氮菌数量在开花期较高,放线菌数量在萌芽期较高。土壤细菌和真菌数量高低依次是白三叶草>紫花苜蓿>高羊茅>清耕;放线菌数量高低依次为高羊茅>白三叶草>紫花苜蓿>清耕;固氮菌数量为紫花苜蓿>白三叶草>高羊茅>清耕。其中高羊茅处理区土壤放线菌数量最高,紫花苜蓿处理区固氮菌数量最高。
各处理土壤微生物C和土壤微生物N在不同物候期含量不同,在开花期最高,在休眠期最低。与清耕(对照)相比,白三叶草和紫花苜蓿显著提高了土壤微生物C和土壤微生物N含量,而禾本科牧草高羊茅处理土壤微生物C和土壤微生物N含量总体上与清耕(对照)差异不显著。
葡萄园行间种植三种牧草较清耕(对照)均显著提高了土壤微生物呼吸强度和微生物商。三种生草处理间土壤微生物呼吸强度和微生物商差异显著或不显著。各处理土壤微生物呼吸强度和微生物商在开花期较高。总体来说,葡萄园行间生草对土壤微生物的影响,豆科类牧草强于禾本科牧草。
4.土壤微生物指标、土壤酶活性与土壤养分三者之间存在一定的相关性。土壤微生物C、N,呼气强度,微生物商,土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效钾呈显著或极显著正相关;与全磷和速效磷呈显著或极显著负相关;土壤微生物C、N,土壤微生物呼气强度,土壤微生物商与土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性均呈显著或极显著正相关。因此,土壤微生物C、N,土壤微生物呼吸强度和土壤微生物商可以作为评价行间生草葡萄园土壤肥力水平的指标。
The report is focusing on vineyard of the College of Enology in Yangling Shaanxi interplanting covering with White clover(Trifolium repens L), Alfalfa(Medicago sativa), Tall fescue(Festuca arundincea), and Cleaning tillage(CK). We detected and analyzed the soil nutrition contents, the soil enzyme activity and soil microorganism of 0-40 cm soil layers in bud burst(April), blossom(May), maturity(Aug), and dormancy(Dec) from the area of white clover, alfalfa, tall fescue, cleaning tillage, the results are as follows:
1. In interplanting grass measurement system of vineyard, Compared with CK, white clover and alfalfa could increase the year average of soil organic matter, total N, and hydrolyzable N contents, while the year average of total P, available P and total K contents decresed, and they had no evident effect on avaible K; tall fescue decreased the year average of soil organic matter, total N, hydrolyzable N, available K contents, had no evident effect on total P, available P and total K. In different phenophase each treatments had different soil nutrition contents,the highest soil organic matter, total N, available N contents is in blossom, white clover and alfalfa had highest soil total P in dormancy, Tall fescue and Cleaning tillage(CK) is in maturity. It is obvious that leguminous planting grass improved soil nutrient.
2. Vineyard with interplanting grass measurement system made the soil enzyme activity have notable difference to Cleaning tillage. Different variety grass had different effects to soil enzyme activity. SaA, UrA and CAT activity in maturity is highest, lowest in dormancy. The white clover and alfalfa had hightest phosphatase activety in in burst, lowest phosphatase activety in blossom. White clover and alfalfa which were the leguminous planting grass, improved effect to the activities of SaA, Phosphatase, UrA, but tall fescue which was gramineous planting grass, reduced the effect to the activities of them; the effect to CAT of white clover, alfalfa and tall fescue, was improved mainly in bud burst and blossom.
3. Microorganism quantities in vineyard with interplanting grass measurement system were increased, soil bacteria and fungi quantity from high to low is white clover>alfalfa>tall fescue>CK. Soil actinomyces quantity is tall fescue>white clover>alfalfa>CK. Nitrogen germ quantity is alfalfa>white clover>tall fescue>CK. The area of tall fescue had the most quantity of actinomyces, and alfalfa had the most quantity of nitrogen germ.
The highest SMBC and SMBN of each treatments is in blossom, the lowest is in dormancy. Compared with CK, white clover increased the contents of SMBC and SMBN, but tall fescue had no obviously changing.
Interplanting grass covering in vineyard can improve the soil microbial respiration strengths and qMB. The difference among white clover, alfalfa and tall fescue were notable or not notable. In blossom, each treatments had highest soil microbial respiration strengths and qMB. In the whole, the effect to microorganism of interplanting grass covering in vineyard, leguminous planting grass is better than gramineous planting grass.
4. There were a certain correlativity among the soil microbial indicators, soil enzyme activity and soil nutrients. The correlations between SMBC, SMBN, soil microbial respiration strengths, qMB, SaA, Phosphatase, UrA and CAT activity and soil organic matter, total N, available N and available K, had reached to positive significant or extremely positive significant level. While the correlations between SMBC, SMBN, soil microbial respiration strengths, qMB and SaA, Phosphatase, UrA and CAT activity had reached to positive significant or extremely positive significant level too. So SMBC, SMBN, soil microbial respiration strengths and qMB can be the indicators of soil fertility in interplanting grass crovering vineyard.
引文
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