多树种配置林分中光肩星天牛种群动态的初步研究
|
摘要
在宁夏选取27块有代表性的不同配置模式的林分作为试验地，进行了光肩星天牛(简称天牛)种群动态的研究，提出了反映天牛总的危害状况的综合危害指标；并建立了随时间变化的天牛危害动态模型，得出不同配置模式的林分中天牛不同危害指标的空间格局和动态扩散规律。具体结果如下：
1．树干解析结果表明：受天牛危害的3种模式林分中，新疆杨和复叶槭以17：1比例配置的混交林中，新疆杨总材积生长量和单位面积材积总生长量均最大。说明在纯林中配置一定比例的诱饵树(合作杨或复叶槭)，能够对新疆杨起到不同程度的保护作用，使其生长量有不同程度的提高。
2．分析不同配置模式林分中不同树种的树高和胸径与其受害状况关系，发现诱饵树和目标树种的胸径超过3cm，且树高超过3m时，光肩星天牛才会对其产生危害。
3．首次提出反映不同树种受天牛危害状况的综合危害指标，并以综合危害指标大小评价多树种配置模式的优劣，IDI越小该模式越好。
4．建立了合作杨和新疆杨的生长和受害动态模型，通过模型可以预测在相同立地条件和受害条件下，不同配置林分中合作杨和新疆杨到一定年限时的生长和受害状况。
5．通过对不同样方大小的变异曲线图的比较得知：在一定范围内，空间依赖型距离、基台值和空间连续性强度均不随样方大小而变化。其中，空间依赖性距离和基台值均随样方增大而减小，局部空间连续性强度随样方的增大而增大。
6．应用地统计学方法对不同配置模式林分(8年生)中天牛全方向上的空间变异研究表明：天牛刻槽数、排粪孔数和羽化孔数在同一林分中表现为相同的分布型，但各危害指标空间依赖性范围和空间连续性强度不同。新复混交林和合作杨纯林中均表现为聚集型分布，而新疆杨和合作杨以1：1比例混交的林分中则呈均匀分布。对新复混交林不同方向上天牛种群空间异质性研究表明：刻槽数和排粪孔数在45°与90°方向各向同性，其它方向的刻槽数和排粪孔数以及所有方向的羽化孔数均为各向异性。
7．分析不同配置模式林分(3年生)中综合危害指标的空间异质性随时间变化情况，发现在1：3配置模式的林分中，综合危害指标从8～10月其聚集强度增强，聚集范围没有发生变化。1：9配置模式则不同，其聚集强度增强，且聚集范围扩大。1：3配置模式优于1：9。
27 representative plots of disposal model with different tree were sampled in Ningxia for the study on population dynamics of Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Asian Longhorned Beetle, ALB). The integrated damage index (IDI) reflecting the general damage status of ALB was offered. Furthermore, the dynamic models for ALB's damage were established. Spatial pattern and dispersal rules of damage indexes in different forest stands were educed. The results were described as follows:
1. The conclusions were drawn in the experiment of stem analysis that the total growth of timber volume of individual P. alba var. pyramidalis and that of per ha. were both the largest in the mixed forest of Populus alba var. pyramidalis and Acer negundo in the ratio of 17:1, which indicated that forests disposalling luring trees in a certain proportion were more resistant to ALB. Luring trees protected Populus alba var. pyramidalis from the damage by ALB, and increased their growth to certain extent.
2. Study on the relationship between the height & DBH of different tree species and the damage by ALB in stands of different disposal showed that when the DBH of luring trees and target trees were over 3 cm and the height of them over 3 m, they could be damaged by ALB.
3. The IDI reflecting the general damage by ALB was put forward for the first time, and the disposal model was evaluated by the IDI. The less the IDI was, the better the disposal model was.
4. Models reflecting the growth and the damage dynamics of P. alba var. pyramidalis and Populus opera were established, and it offered a method to forecast the growth and damage status of P. alba var. pyramidalis and Populus opera of different disposal in the same conditions and at the same ages.
5. Comparing the variograms at different grid size, it was found that the dependence range did not change with grid side length within some limit. The range and the sill both reduced with grid size, while the intensity of local spatial continuity enhanced with grid size.
6. Study on the omnidirectional spatial variance of ALB in stands (8-year-old) of different disposal indicated that the numbers of incisions, frass holes and emergence holes presented the same spatial distribution in the same stand, while the spatial dependence range and local spatial continuity were different. The ALB populations presented aggregation distribution in both the pure stand of Populus opera and the mixed stand of P. alba var. pyramidalis and A. negundo, however, they showed random or uniform distribution in the mixed forest of Populus opera and P. alba var. pyramidalis in the ratio
of 1:1. Study on spatial variance pattern of ALB in different directions showed that incisions and frass holes were of the same spatial pattern in 45 and 90 directions(Set east as 0, counterclockwisely ), while incisions and frass holes in other directions varied in spatial pattern. Additionally, the emergence holes in every direction are anisotropic.
7. The spatial heterogeneity of IDI of ALB in different disposal stands (3-year-old) were studied and the results showed that in the mixed forest ofPopulus opera and P. alba var. pyramidalis in the proportion of 1:3, the intensity of local spatial continuity of IDI enhanced from August toOctober, but the spatial dependence range of IDI did not change. However, local spatial continuity and spatial dependence range of IDI of ALB were increased in the mixed stands of Acer negundo and Populus alba var. pyramidalis in the ratio of 1:9. Conclusion could be drawn that disposal model in the ratio of 1:3 is better than that in 1:9.
1．树干解析结果表明：受天牛危害的3种模式林分中，新疆杨和复叶槭以17：1比例配置的混交林中，新疆杨总材积生长量和单位面积材积总生长量均最大。说明在纯林中配置一定比例的诱饵树(合作杨或复叶槭)，能够对新疆杨起到不同程度的保护作用，使其生长量有不同程度的提高。
2．分析不同配置模式林分中不同树种的树高和胸径与其受害状况关系，发现诱饵树和目标树种的胸径超过3cm，且树高超过3m时，光肩星天牛才会对其产生危害。
3．首次提出反映不同树种受天牛危害状况的综合危害指标，并以综合危害指标大小评价多树种配置模式的优劣，IDI越小该模式越好。
4．建立了合作杨和新疆杨的生长和受害动态模型，通过模型可以预测在相同立地条件和受害条件下，不同配置林分中合作杨和新疆杨到一定年限时的生长和受害状况。
5．通过对不同样方大小的变异曲线图的比较得知：在一定范围内，空间依赖型距离、基台值和空间连续性强度均不随样方大小而变化。其中，空间依赖性距离和基台值均随样方增大而减小，局部空间连续性强度随样方的增大而增大。
6．应用地统计学方法对不同配置模式林分(8年生)中天牛全方向上的空间变异研究表明：天牛刻槽数、排粪孔数和羽化孔数在同一林分中表现为相同的分布型，但各危害指标空间依赖性范围和空间连续性强度不同。新复混交林和合作杨纯林中均表现为聚集型分布，而新疆杨和合作杨以1：1比例混交的林分中则呈均匀分布。对新复混交林不同方向上天牛种群空间异质性研究表明：刻槽数和排粪孔数在45°与90°方向各向同性，其它方向的刻槽数和排粪孔数以及所有方向的羽化孔数均为各向异性。
7．分析不同配置模式林分(3年生)中综合危害指标的空间异质性随时间变化情况，发现在1：3配置模式的林分中，综合危害指标从8～10月其聚集强度增强，聚集范围没有发生变化。1：9配置模式则不同，其聚集强度增强，且聚集范围扩大。1：3配置模式优于1：9。
27 representative plots of disposal model with different tree were sampled in Ningxia for the study on population dynamics of Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Asian Longhorned Beetle, ALB). The integrated damage index (IDI) reflecting the general damage status of ALB was offered. Furthermore, the dynamic models for ALB's damage were established. Spatial pattern and dispersal rules of damage indexes in different forest stands were educed. The results were described as follows:
1. The conclusions were drawn in the experiment of stem analysis that the total growth of timber volume of individual P. alba var. pyramidalis and that of per ha. were both the largest in the mixed forest of Populus alba var. pyramidalis and Acer negundo in the ratio of 17:1, which indicated that forests disposalling luring trees in a certain proportion were more resistant to ALB. Luring trees protected Populus alba var. pyramidalis from the damage by ALB, and increased their growth to certain extent.
2. Study on the relationship between the height & DBH of different tree species and the damage by ALB in stands of different disposal showed that when the DBH of luring trees and target trees were over 3 cm and the height of them over 3 m, they could be damaged by ALB.
3. The IDI reflecting the general damage by ALB was put forward for the first time, and the disposal model was evaluated by the IDI. The less the IDI was, the better the disposal model was.
4. Models reflecting the growth and the damage dynamics of P. alba var. pyramidalis and Populus opera were established, and it offered a method to forecast the growth and damage status of P. alba var. pyramidalis and Populus opera of different disposal in the same conditions and at the same ages.
5. Comparing the variograms at different grid size, it was found that the dependence range did not change with grid side length within some limit. The range and the sill both reduced with grid size, while the intensity of local spatial continuity enhanced with grid size.
6. Study on the omnidirectional spatial variance of ALB in stands (8-year-old) of different disposal indicated that the numbers of incisions, frass holes and emergence holes presented the same spatial distribution in the same stand, while the spatial dependence range and local spatial continuity were different. The ALB populations presented aggregation distribution in both the pure stand of Populus opera and the mixed stand of P. alba var. pyramidalis and A. negundo, however, they showed random or uniform distribution in the mixed forest of Populus opera and P. alba var. pyramidalis in the ratio
of 1:1. Study on spatial variance pattern of ALB in different directions showed that incisions and frass holes were of the same spatial pattern in 45 and 90 directions(Set east as 0, counterclockwisely ), while incisions and frass holes in other directions varied in spatial pattern. Additionally, the emergence holes in every direction are anisotropic.
7. The spatial heterogeneity of IDI of ALB in different disposal stands (3-year-old) were studied and the results showed that in the mixed forest ofPopulus opera and P. alba var. pyramidalis in the proportion of 1:3, the intensity of local spatial continuity of IDI enhanced from August toOctober, but the spatial dependence range of IDI did not change. However, local spatial continuity and spatial dependence range of IDI of ALB were increased in the mixed stands of Acer negundo and Populus alba var. pyramidalis in the ratio of 1:9. Conclusion could be drawn that disposal model in the ratio of 1:3 is better than that in 1:9.
引文
陈宏．光肩星天牛传入美国及其对策．植物检疫，2000，14(3)：187～188
陈绘画，张建薇，杨胜利．鞭角华扁叶蜂滞育幼虫空间格局的生物地理统计学分析及抽样技术的研究，林业科学研究，2002，15(5)：593～598
丁岩钦，昆虫数学生态学，北京：科学出版社，1994
丁岩钦．昆虫种群数学生态学原理与应用．北京：科学出版社，1977
高瑞桐，李国宏，王克东等．光肩星天牛成虫发生期及种群数量变动规律研究．林业科学研究，1997，(10)：619～623
关毓秀．测树学．北京：中国林业出版社，1987
《华北地区光肩星天牛、溃疡病为主的杨树病虫害综合防治技术研究》课题组．杨树光肩星天牛、溃疡病综合治理研究．北京：1992
黄竞芳，骆有庆，周章义．中国光肩星天牛研究的新进展．陕西林业科技，1992(2)：57～62
黄寿山，胡慧建，梁广文．二化螟越冬幼虫空间分布图式的地理统计学分析．生态学报，1999，19(2)：250～253
贾乃光．数理统计(第2版)．北京：中国林业出版社，1981
李丰，刘荣光，宝山等．选择诱杀树种防治光肩星天牛、黄斑星天牛的研究．北京林业大学学报，1999，21(4)：85～89
李友常，夏乃斌，屠泉洪等．杨树光肩星天牛种群空间格局的地统计学研究．生态学报，1997，17(4)：393～401
刘贤谦，张志勇．光肩星天牛种群动态规律的研究．山西农业大学学报，1995，15(4)：386～390
骆有庆，黄竞芳等．我国杨树天牛研究的主要成就、问题及展望．昆虫知识，2000，37(2)：118～121
陆永跃，梁广文．棉铃虫卵空间分布的地理统计学分析．华中农业大学学报，2002，21(1)：13～15
骆有庆，黄竞芳，黄一平．光肩星天牛自然扩散的初步研究．见：中国林学会，中国杨树委员会编．第十八届国际杨树会议论文集．北京：中国林业出版社，1990，173～178
骆有庆，黄竞芳，李建光．我国杨树天牛研究的主要成就，问题及展望．昆虫知识，2000，37(2)：116～121
骆有庆，李建光．控制杨树天牛灾害的有效措施——多树种合理配置．森林病虫通讯，1999，(3)：45～48
骆有庆，李建光．杨树天牛灾害控制的应用技术和基础研究策略．北京林业大学学报，1999，21 (4)：6～12
骆有庆，刘荣光，许志春等．防护林杨树天牛灾害的生态调控理论与技术．北京林业大学学报，2002，24(56)：160～163
骆有庆，沈瑞祥．试论森林有害生物可持续控制(SPMF)策略．北京林业大学学报，1998，20 (1)：96～98
骆有庆，宋广巍，刘荣光等。杨树天牛生态阈值的初步研究．北京林业大学学报，1999，21(6)：45～51
马小明，叶文虎，李天生等．松毛虫综合管理信息系统研究．林业科学研究，1993，(6)：28～32
邵爱英，吴燕，刘文蔚．宁夏平原农田防护林几种树种配置模式综合效益的初步研究．北京林业大学学报，1998，20(4)：48～53
邵崇斌，周嘉熹等．杨树蛀干害虫扩散数学模型的研究．西北林学院学报，1992，7(3)：69～74
邵强华．光肩星天牛种群诱控树种及其功能的初步研究．内蒙古林业科技，1997，(4)：1
石根生，李典谟，马尾松毛虫空间格局的地学统计学分析．应用生态学报，1997，8(6)：612～616
唐五湘．Excel在统计中的应用．北京：电子工业出版社，2002
王政权．地统计学在生态学中的应用．北京：科学出版社．1999
温俊宝，李友常，夏乃斌等．杨树光肩星天牛成虫扩散格局的研究．生态学报，1998，18(3)：612～616
温俊宝，骆有庆，刘荣光等．复叶槭对防护林杨树天牛诱集效果初报．森林病虫通讯，1999(4)：17～20
温俊宝，许志春，骆有庆等．光肩星天牛危害导致箭杆杨枯稍的数量指标初探．北京林业大学学报，1999，21(4)：25～27
吴刚，夏乃斌，代力民．森林保护系统工程引论．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1998
熊善松．“三北，，防护林地区天牛发生危害特点及防治对策．森林病虫通讯，1995(1)：28～31
徐汝梅，昆虫种群生态学．北京：北京师范大学出版社，1987
阎浚杰等．光肩星天牛生态控制模式的研究．河北农业大学学报，1999，22(4)：83
杨忠信，党兵，李金昌．毛乌素沙地榆林沙区合作杨生长规律研究．水土保持通报，1994，14(7)：90～94
张波，徐庆林．光肩星天牛成虫行为的研究．森林病虫通讯，1994，(4)，14～17
张恩光，周嘉熹，刘荣光等．宁夏防护林天牛危害调查及林分结构配置．西北林学院学报，1995，10(2)：16～21
张执中．森林昆虫学．北京：中国林业出版社，1991
郑汉业，夏乃斌．森林昆虫生态学．北京：中国林业出版社，1993
周国法，徐汝梅．生物地理统计学．北京：科学技术出版社．1998
周强，张润杰，古德祥．地统计学在昆虫种群空间结构研究中的应用概述．动物学研究，1998，19(6)：482～488
Alan J. Sawyer. Infestation dynamics of Asian longhorned beetle in the U. S. China-US workshop on Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis). Rainbow bridge hotel, Yinchuan, China. 2002, 197.
Cavey J F, Hoebeke E R, Passoa S, et al. A new exotic threat to north American hardwood forests: An Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Ⅰ Larval description and diagnosis. Proc Entomol Soc Wash, 1998, 100(2): 373-381.
Coulson, R. N. et al. Knowledge system environment for integrated pest management in forest land scapes: the south ern pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Bull. Entomol. Sco. Am. 1989. 35: 26～32.
David W. Williams. Estimation of the Dispersal Rate of Asian Longhomed Beetle Adults. China-US workshop on Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis). Rainbow bridge hotel, Yinchuan, China. 2002, 193.
Elmes, G. A. et al. Knowledge-based geographic information systems on the Macintosh computer: a component of the GYPSES project. Proc. USDA lnteragency Gypsy Moth Res. Rev. 1990. USDA For. Serv Gen. Tech. Rep NE-146. eds K. W. Gottschalk, M. J. Twery, S. I. Smith, Washington DC:
USDA. 1991, 58.
Gage S H, Wirth T M, Simmons G A. Predicting regional gypsy moth(Lymantriidae) potulation trends in an expanding population using pheromone trap catch and spatial analysis. Environmental Entonology, 1990, 19(2): 370～377.
Gressitt J L, Longicorn Beetles of China. Longicornia. 1951:365～371, 632～633.
Gribko L S, Liebhold A M, Hohn M E. Model top redict gypsy moth(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) defoliation using kringing and logistic regressing. Environ. Entomol. 1995. 24(3):529～537.
Guofa Zhou. Simulating the spatio temporal dynamics of the pine cater pillar (Dendrolimus punctatus Walker) damage using the generalized CA model. Entom. Sinica, 1996. 3(3):263～270.
Haack R A, J F Cavey, E R Hoebeke, et al. Anoplophora glabripennis: A new tree-infesting exotic cerambycid invades New York. Newsletter of the Michigan Entomological Society. 1996, 41(1～2):1～3.
Haack R A, Law K R, Mastro V C, et al. New York's battle with the Asian long-homed beetle. Journal of Forestry, 1997, 95(12): 11～15.
Haack, R. A., V. C. Mastro. The Asian long-homed beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, invades New York. In 1997 Japanese beetle and pine shoot beetle regulatory review: Proccedings. 63～68. Riverdale, MD: USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
Hohn M E, Liebhold A M, Gribko L S. Geostatistical model for forecasting spatial dynamics of defoliation caused by gypsy moth(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Environ. Entomol. 1993. 22(5): 1066～1075.
Isaaks, E. H., R. M. Srivastava. An introduction to applied geostatistics. Oxford University Press, New York, 1989.
Johnson D L, Worobec A. Spatial auto correlation, spatial modeling, and improvements in grass hopper survey methodology. Can. Ent. 1989. 121:579～588.
Journel A G. Non paramet rice stimation of spatial distributions. Math. Geol. 1983. 15:445～468.
Kemp W P, Kalaris T M, Q uimby W F. Range landgrass hopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) spatial variability: macroscale population assessment. J. Econ. Entomol. 1989. 82(5):1270～1276.
Kemp W P. Probabiling of outbreak for range landgrass hoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Montana: application of Markwvian principle. J. Econ. Entomol., 1987. 80(6): 1100～1105.
Liebhold A M, Elkinton S J, Zhou Get al. Regional correlation of gypsy moth(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) defoliation with counts of egg masses, pupae, and male moths. Environ. Entomol., 1995. 24(2): 193～203.
Liebhold A M, Simons E E, Sior A et al. Geostatistics and geographic in formation systems in applied insect ecology. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 1993. 38: 303～327.
Liebhold A M, Zhang X, Hohn M E et al. Geostatistical analysis of gypsymoth(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) egg mass populations. Environ. Entomol., 1991. 20(5): 1407～1417.
Liebhold, A M, Eldinton J S. Characterizing spatial patterns of gypsymoth regional defoliation. Forest Science, 1989, 35(2): 557～568.
Liebhold, A. M. et al. Gypsy moth invasion in North America:a quantitative analysis. Biogeog. 1992. 19: 513～520.
Liebhold, A. M. et al. Regional correlation of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) defoliation with counts of egg masses, pupae, and male moths. Environ. Entomol. 1995. 24(2):193～203.
Lingafelter, S. W. and E. R. Hoebeke. Revision of Anoplophora (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Entomological Society of Washington, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. 2002. 109～113.
Loh, D. K. et al. Pine bud worm decision support system: aproto type. AI Appl. 1991. 5:29～45.
Michael T. Smith and Jay S. Bancroft. Dispersal Potential of Asian Longhorned Beetle. China-US workshop on Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis). Rainbow bridge hotel, Yinchuan, China. 2002. 185.
Morse, B. W. G1S Workshops, Atlanta, G A. Am. Soc. Photo and Remote Sensing, Falls Church. Proc. VA. 1986. 255～262.
Nowak, D. J., Pased, J. E., Sequeira, R. A., et al. Potential effect of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on urban trees in the United States. J. econ. entomol. 2001, 94 (1):116～122.
Oden N L, Sokal R R. Directional autocorrelation: an extension of spatial correlograms to two dimensions. Syst. Zool., 1986. 35: 608～617.
Power, J. M. Decision support system for the forest insect and disease survey and for pest management For. Chron. 1988. 64: 132～135.
R. J. Wright, T. A. Devries, L. J. Young, K. J. Jarvi, and R. C. Seymour. Geostatistical Analysis of the Small-Scale Distribution of European Corn Borer(Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Larvae and Damage in Whorl Stage Corn. Environ. Entomol. 2002. 31 (1): 160～167.
Roberts, E. A. et al. Spatial data representation for integrated pest management programs. Am. Entomol. 1993. 39(2):92～107.
Robertson G P, Huston M A, Evans F C et al. Spatial variability in a successional plant community: patterns of nitrogenavail ability. Ecology, 1988. 69(5): 1517～1524.
Robertson G P. Geostatistics in ecolohu: interpolating with known variance. Ecology, 1987. 68(3): 744～748.
Rohnson T P. Geographic Information systems and remotely sensed data for determining the seasonal distribution of habitats of migrant insect pests. ln: Drake V A, Gatehouse A Geds. Insect Migration: Tracking Resources through space and Time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995 335～352.
Rossi R E, Mulla D J, Journel A Get al. Geostatistical tools for modeling and interpreting ecological spatial dependence. Ecological Monographs. 1992. 62(2):277～314.
Schell S P, Lockwood J A. Spatial characteristics of rangeland grasshopper (Orthoptera:Acrididac) population dynamics in wyoming: implications for pest management Environ. Entomol. 1997, 26(5): 1056-1065.
Schotzko D J, Okeeffe L E. Geostatistical description of the spatial istribution of Lygushesperus (Heteraptera: Miridae) in Lentils. J. Econ. Entomol. 1989. 82(5): 1277～1288.
Setzer R W. Spatio temporal patterns of mortality in Pemphigus populitrans versus and populic aulison cotton woods. Oecologia, 1985. 67:310～321.
Shepherd, R. F. et al. Proc Lymantriidae: A comparison of features of new and old world tus sock moths. USDA For. Serv. Tech. GenTech. Rep. 123. W. E. Wallner, K. A. McManus. Washington, DC: USDA. 1988. 381～400.
Smith, M T, Bancroft, J, LI Guohong et al. Dispersal of Anoplophora glabripennis (Cerambycidae). Environmental Entomology. 2001, 30:6, 1036～1040.
Sokal R R, Oden N L, Barker J S E Spatial structure in Drosophila buzzatii populations: simple and directional spatial autocorrelation. Am. Nat., 1987. 129:122～142.
Sokal R R, Oden N L. Spatial auto correlation analysis as an inferential tool in population genetics. Am. Nat., 1991. 138: 518～521.
Taylor L R. Assessing and interpreting the spatial distributions of insect populations. Ann. Aev. Ent. 1984. 29:321～357.
Turner, M. G. et al. Quantitative Methods inland scape Ecology. Springer Verlag, New York, 1991. 153～172.
Twery, M. J. et al. Using GIS to assess gypsy moth hazard. In Proc. ASPRS/ACSM. 1990. Annu. Conv. Bethesda, MD: Am. Soc. Photo grammetry and Remote Sensing. 1990. 3:284～290.
Van Sickle, G. A. GIS-a tool in forest management. In a wider perspective, Proc. GIS-89, Victoria B C: Forestry Canada. 1989. 213～219.
Wang, B., Mastro, V. C. et al. Impacts of chipping on surrogates for the longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in logs. J. econ. entomol. 2000, 93(6): 1832～1836.
陈绘画，张建薇，杨胜利．鞭角华扁叶蜂滞育幼虫空间格局的生物地理统计学分析及抽样技术的研究，林业科学研究，2002，15(5)：593～598
丁岩钦，昆虫数学生态学，北京：科学出版社，1994
丁岩钦．昆虫种群数学生态学原理与应用．北京：科学出版社，1977
高瑞桐，李国宏，王克东等．光肩星天牛成虫发生期及种群数量变动规律研究．林业科学研究，1997，(10)：619～623
关毓秀．测树学．北京：中国林业出版社，1987
《华北地区光肩星天牛、溃疡病为主的杨树病虫害综合防治技术研究》课题组．杨树光肩星天牛、溃疡病综合治理研究．北京：1992
黄竞芳，骆有庆，周章义．中国光肩星天牛研究的新进展．陕西林业科技，1992(2)：57～62
黄寿山，胡慧建，梁广文．二化螟越冬幼虫空间分布图式的地理统计学分析．生态学报，1999，19(2)：250～253
贾乃光．数理统计(第2版)．北京：中国林业出版社，1981
李丰，刘荣光，宝山等．选择诱杀树种防治光肩星天牛、黄斑星天牛的研究．北京林业大学学报，1999，21(4)：85～89
李友常，夏乃斌，屠泉洪等．杨树光肩星天牛种群空间格局的地统计学研究．生态学报，1997，17(4)：393～401
刘贤谦，张志勇．光肩星天牛种群动态规律的研究．山西农业大学学报，1995，15(4)：386～390
骆有庆，黄竞芳等．我国杨树天牛研究的主要成就、问题及展望．昆虫知识，2000，37(2)：118～121
陆永跃，梁广文．棉铃虫卵空间分布的地理统计学分析．华中农业大学学报，2002，21(1)：13～15
骆有庆，黄竞芳，黄一平．光肩星天牛自然扩散的初步研究．见：中国林学会，中国杨树委员会编．第十八届国际杨树会议论文集．北京：中国林业出版社，1990，173～178
骆有庆，黄竞芳，李建光．我国杨树天牛研究的主要成就，问题及展望．昆虫知识，2000，37(2)：116～121
骆有庆，李建光．控制杨树天牛灾害的有效措施——多树种合理配置．森林病虫通讯，1999，(3)：45～48
骆有庆，李建光．杨树天牛灾害控制的应用技术和基础研究策略．北京林业大学学报，1999，21 (4)：6～12
骆有庆，刘荣光，许志春等．防护林杨树天牛灾害的生态调控理论与技术．北京林业大学学报，2002，24(56)：160～163
骆有庆，沈瑞祥．试论森林有害生物可持续控制(SPMF)策略．北京林业大学学报，1998，20 (1)：96～98
骆有庆，宋广巍，刘荣光等。杨树天牛生态阈值的初步研究．北京林业大学学报，1999，21(6)：45～51
马小明，叶文虎，李天生等．松毛虫综合管理信息系统研究．林业科学研究，1993，(6)：28～32
邵爱英，吴燕，刘文蔚．宁夏平原农田防护林几种树种配置模式综合效益的初步研究．北京林业大学学报，1998，20(4)：48～53
邵崇斌，周嘉熹等．杨树蛀干害虫扩散数学模型的研究．西北林学院学报，1992，7(3)：69～74
邵强华．光肩星天牛种群诱控树种及其功能的初步研究．内蒙古林业科技，1997，(4)：1
石根生，李典谟，马尾松毛虫空间格局的地学统计学分析．应用生态学报，1997，8(6)：612～616
唐五湘．Excel在统计中的应用．北京：电子工业出版社，2002
王政权．地统计学在生态学中的应用．北京：科学出版社．1999
温俊宝，李友常，夏乃斌等．杨树光肩星天牛成虫扩散格局的研究．生态学报，1998，18(3)：612～616
温俊宝，骆有庆，刘荣光等．复叶槭对防护林杨树天牛诱集效果初报．森林病虫通讯，1999(4)：17～20
温俊宝，许志春，骆有庆等．光肩星天牛危害导致箭杆杨枯稍的数量指标初探．北京林业大学学报，1999，21(4)：25～27
吴刚，夏乃斌，代力民．森林保护系统工程引论．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1998
熊善松．“三北，，防护林地区天牛发生危害特点及防治对策．森林病虫通讯，1995(1)：28～31
徐汝梅，昆虫种群生态学．北京：北京师范大学出版社，1987
阎浚杰等．光肩星天牛生态控制模式的研究．河北农业大学学报，1999，22(4)：83
杨忠信，党兵，李金昌．毛乌素沙地榆林沙区合作杨生长规律研究．水土保持通报，1994，14(7)：90～94
张波，徐庆林．光肩星天牛成虫行为的研究．森林病虫通讯，1994，(4)，14～17
张恩光，周嘉熹，刘荣光等．宁夏防护林天牛危害调查及林分结构配置．西北林学院学报，1995，10(2)：16～21
张执中．森林昆虫学．北京：中国林业出版社，1991
郑汉业，夏乃斌．森林昆虫生态学．北京：中国林业出版社，1993
周国法，徐汝梅．生物地理统计学．北京：科学技术出版社．1998
周强，张润杰，古德祥．地统计学在昆虫种群空间结构研究中的应用概述．动物学研究，1998，19(6)：482～488
Alan J. Sawyer. Infestation dynamics of Asian longhorned beetle in the U. S. China-US workshop on Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis). Rainbow bridge hotel, Yinchuan, China. 2002, 197.
Cavey J F, Hoebeke E R, Passoa S, et al. A new exotic threat to north American hardwood forests: An Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Ⅰ Larval description and diagnosis. Proc Entomol Soc Wash, 1998, 100(2): 373-381.
Coulson, R. N. et al. Knowledge system environment for integrated pest management in forest land scapes: the south ern pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Bull. Entomol. Sco. Am. 1989. 35: 26～32.
David W. Williams. Estimation of the Dispersal Rate of Asian Longhomed Beetle Adults. China-US workshop on Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis). Rainbow bridge hotel, Yinchuan, China. 2002, 193.
Elmes, G. A. et al. Knowledge-based geographic information systems on the Macintosh computer: a component of the GYPSES project. Proc. USDA lnteragency Gypsy Moth Res. Rev. 1990. USDA For. Serv Gen. Tech. Rep NE-146. eds K. W. Gottschalk, M. J. Twery, S. I. Smith, Washington DC:
USDA. 1991, 58.
Gage S H, Wirth T M, Simmons G A. Predicting regional gypsy moth(Lymantriidae) potulation trends in an expanding population using pheromone trap catch and spatial analysis. Environmental Entonology, 1990, 19(2): 370～377.
Gressitt J L, Longicorn Beetles of China. Longicornia. 1951:365～371, 632～633.
Gribko L S, Liebhold A M, Hohn M E. Model top redict gypsy moth(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) defoliation using kringing and logistic regressing. Environ. Entomol. 1995. 24(3):529～537.
Guofa Zhou. Simulating the spatio temporal dynamics of the pine cater pillar (Dendrolimus punctatus Walker) damage using the generalized CA model. Entom. Sinica, 1996. 3(3):263～270.
Haack R A, J F Cavey, E R Hoebeke, et al. Anoplophora glabripennis: A new tree-infesting exotic cerambycid invades New York. Newsletter of the Michigan Entomological Society. 1996, 41(1～2):1～3.
Haack R A, Law K R, Mastro V C, et al. New York's battle with the Asian long-homed beetle. Journal of Forestry, 1997, 95(12): 11～15.
Haack, R. A., V. C. Mastro. The Asian long-homed beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, invades New York. In 1997 Japanese beetle and pine shoot beetle regulatory review: Proccedings. 63～68. Riverdale, MD: USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
Hohn M E, Liebhold A M, Gribko L S. Geostatistical model for forecasting spatial dynamics of defoliation caused by gypsy moth(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Environ. Entomol. 1993. 22(5): 1066～1075.
Isaaks, E. H., R. M. Srivastava. An introduction to applied geostatistics. Oxford University Press, New York, 1989.
Johnson D L, Worobec A. Spatial auto correlation, spatial modeling, and improvements in grass hopper survey methodology. Can. Ent. 1989. 121:579～588.
Journel A G. Non paramet rice stimation of spatial distributions. Math. Geol. 1983. 15:445～468.
Kemp W P, Kalaris T M, Q uimby W F. Range landgrass hopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) spatial variability: macroscale population assessment. J. Econ. Entomol. 1989. 82(5):1270～1276.
Kemp W P. Probabiling of outbreak for range landgrass hoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Montana: application of Markwvian principle. J. Econ. Entomol., 1987. 80(6): 1100～1105.
Liebhold A M, Elkinton S J, Zhou Get al. Regional correlation of gypsy moth(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) defoliation with counts of egg masses, pupae, and male moths. Environ. Entomol., 1995. 24(2): 193～203.
Liebhold A M, Simons E E, Sior A et al. Geostatistics and geographic in formation systems in applied insect ecology. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 1993. 38: 303～327.
Liebhold A M, Zhang X, Hohn M E et al. Geostatistical analysis of gypsymoth(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) egg mass populations. Environ. Entomol., 1991. 20(5): 1407～1417.
Liebhold, A M, Eldinton J S. Characterizing spatial patterns of gypsymoth regional defoliation. Forest Science, 1989, 35(2): 557～568.
Liebhold, A. M. et al. Gypsy moth invasion in North America:a quantitative analysis. Biogeog. 1992. 19: 513～520.
Liebhold, A. M. et al. Regional correlation of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) defoliation with counts of egg masses, pupae, and male moths. Environ. Entomol. 1995. 24(2):193～203.
Lingafelter, S. W. and E. R. Hoebeke. Revision of Anoplophora (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Entomological Society of Washington, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. 2002. 109～113.
Loh, D. K. et al. Pine bud worm decision support system: aproto type. AI Appl. 1991. 5:29～45.
Michael T. Smith and Jay S. Bancroft. Dispersal Potential of Asian Longhorned Beetle. China-US workshop on Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis). Rainbow bridge hotel, Yinchuan, China. 2002. 185.
Morse, B. W. G1S Workshops, Atlanta, G A. Am. Soc. Photo and Remote Sensing, Falls Church. Proc. VA. 1986. 255～262.
Nowak, D. J., Pased, J. E., Sequeira, R. A., et al. Potential effect of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on urban trees in the United States. J. econ. entomol. 2001, 94 (1):116～122.
Oden N L, Sokal R R. Directional autocorrelation: an extension of spatial correlograms to two dimensions. Syst. Zool., 1986. 35: 608～617.
Power, J. M. Decision support system for the forest insect and disease survey and for pest management For. Chron. 1988. 64: 132～135.
R. J. Wright, T. A. Devries, L. J. Young, K. J. Jarvi, and R. C. Seymour. Geostatistical Analysis of the Small-Scale Distribution of European Corn Borer(Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Larvae and Damage in Whorl Stage Corn. Environ. Entomol. 2002. 31 (1): 160～167.
Roberts, E. A. et al. Spatial data representation for integrated pest management programs. Am. Entomol. 1993. 39(2):92～107.
Robertson G P, Huston M A, Evans F C et al. Spatial variability in a successional plant community: patterns of nitrogenavail ability. Ecology, 1988. 69(5): 1517～1524.
Robertson G P. Geostatistics in ecolohu: interpolating with known variance. Ecology, 1987. 68(3): 744～748.
Rohnson T P. Geographic Information systems and remotely sensed data for determining the seasonal distribution of habitats of migrant insect pests. ln: Drake V A, Gatehouse A Geds. Insect Migration: Tracking Resources through space and Time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995 335～352.
Rossi R E, Mulla D J, Journel A Get al. Geostatistical tools for modeling and interpreting ecological spatial dependence. Ecological Monographs. 1992. 62(2):277～314.
Schell S P, Lockwood J A. Spatial characteristics of rangeland grasshopper (Orthoptera:Acrididac) population dynamics in wyoming: implications for pest management Environ. Entomol. 1997, 26(5): 1056-1065.
Schotzko D J, Okeeffe L E. Geostatistical description of the spatial istribution of Lygushesperus (Heteraptera: Miridae) in Lentils. J. Econ. Entomol. 1989. 82(5): 1277～1288.
Setzer R W. Spatio temporal patterns of mortality in Pemphigus populitrans versus and populic aulison cotton woods. Oecologia, 1985. 67:310～321.
Shepherd, R. F. et al. Proc Lymantriidae: A comparison of features of new and old world tus sock moths. USDA For. Serv. Tech. GenTech. Rep. 123. W. E. Wallner, K. A. McManus. Washington, DC: USDA. 1988. 381～400.
Smith, M T, Bancroft, J, LI Guohong et al. Dispersal of Anoplophora glabripennis (Cerambycidae). Environmental Entomology. 2001, 30:6, 1036～1040.
Sokal R R, Oden N L, Barker J S E Spatial structure in Drosophila buzzatii populations: simple and directional spatial autocorrelation. Am. Nat., 1987. 129:122～142.
Sokal R R, Oden N L. Spatial auto correlation analysis as an inferential tool in population genetics. Am. Nat., 1991. 138: 518～521.
Taylor L R. Assessing and interpreting the spatial distributions of insect populations. Ann. Aev. Ent. 1984. 29:321～357.
Turner, M. G. et al. Quantitative Methods inland scape Ecology. Springer Verlag, New York, 1991. 153～172.
Twery, M. J. et al. Using GIS to assess gypsy moth hazard. In Proc. ASPRS/ACSM. 1990. Annu. Conv. Bethesda, MD: Am. Soc. Photo grammetry and Remote Sensing. 1990. 3:284～290.
Van Sickle, G. A. GIS-a tool in forest management. In a wider perspective, Proc. GIS-89, Victoria B C: Forestry Canada. 1989. 213～219.
Wang, B., Mastro, V. C. et al. Impacts of chipping on surrogates for the longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in logs. J. econ. entomol. 2000, 93(6): 1832～1836.