长江三角洲地区褐飞虱中小尺度虫源地及暴发规律研究
|
摘要
褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)是亚洲地区水稻上一种重要的迁飞性害虫,上世纪70年代以来,在我国、日本以及东南亚的一些国家蔓延扩散,成为水稻的重要害虫。1992年以后发生程度呈下降趋势,但自本世纪以来,由于稻作制度改革、全球变暖以及抗药性的问题,褐飞虱发生情况复杂化,危害逐年加重,2005年和2006年在长江流域和华南稻区连续两年暴发。因此,摸清褐飞虱不同时空范围中小尺度虫源地对精细化异地预测预报有重要作用,同时明确现行耕作制度及气候环境下褐飞虱的发生规律,对于今后的准确预报和科学防治也有重大指导意义。
本研究为进一步精确褐飞虱预测预报工作,详细地阐明了褐飞虱卵巢发育过程,并提出有效可行的分级标准。利用长江三角洲地区六个站点褐飞虱34年灯诱资料,研究了该地区褐飞虱的灯诱种群变化规律及其与本地发生程度的关系、逐旬褐飞虱虫源地分布及迁飞路径；利用田间及灯诱资料,分析近年来褐飞虱暴发规律；并以2007年为例,阐明褐飞虱不同时间的迁入虫源地及发生情况。
主要研究结果如下：
1.褐飞虱卵巢发育形态变化及分级标准
在温度25℃、相对湿度75%及光周期L：D=16：8条件下,将褐飞虱5龄若虫置于20cm×2cm的试管中单头饲养,解剖不同羽化时长的成虫并拍照。在已有研究基础上,划分出各级明显的标准：白色卵管塞出现在侧输卵管萼中,为区别Ⅰ、Ⅱ级明显标准；成熟卵的出现作为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级的分级标准；成熟卵排列是否整齐且卵巢小管基部是否有空段为Ⅲ、Ⅳ级区分标准；产卵末期卵巢小管萎缩或畸形为Ⅳ、V级区分标准。
2.长江三角洲地区褐飞虱灯诱种群发生期及数量分析
以奉贤、通州、太仓、武进、高淳和嘉兴6个站点为代表,研究长江三角洲地区1977-2010年34年褐飞虱灯诱种群规律,结果表明：1977-1991年1、2、3代灯诱虫量较多,1992-2004年各代灯诱虫量均偏少,2005-2010年前期迁入总体较少但后期发生量相对较多,个别年份异常大。平均始见期为6月28日,6月下旬最多,其次为7月上旬和6月中旬。主迁入峰以7月中旬最多,但在2005-2010年期间8月下旬迁入峰明显多于其它时间。迁入虫量和迁入峰数量与本地褐飞虱发生程度关系密切,但与始见期早晚无关。
3.长江三角洲地区褐飞虱中小尺度虫源地分析
以奉贤、通州、武进、绍兴和嘉兴5个站点为代表,利用HYSPLIT轨迹分析平台对褐飞虱9月上旬以前高峰日进行虫源地模拟。6月中旬至8月上旬上述地区虫源地明显随南方水稻收割时间的推迟而逐渐北移,由两广南部向其东北方向递进,至湖南、江西等地,并形成东北-西南走向的虫源带。8月中旬-9月上旬虫源地较复杂,以来自西南部的皖南、赣北单季早熟中稻的虫源为主,也有少量来自本地或浙江。
另外,虫源地在不同发生程度年份间有一定差异：第1代在重发生年份主要来自可以提供大量虫源的南方双季早稻地区,多集中在两广北部、湖南南部和江西南部,而轻发生年和中等发生年中较分散。第2代虫源地在不同发生程度年代分布相近,主要为广西、湖南、江西、安徽四省连接成的东北-西南走向的分布区,第3代各年份中差异较大,安徽南部、江西东北部和浙江西部在重发生年份中概率较大。
根据长三角地区褐飞虱34年资料,按发生程度可划分为1977-1991、1992-2004、2005-2010三个年代,各代虫源分布如下：前期1991年以前,第1代虫源地以两广北部、湖南南部和江西南部为主,但1985年以前较偏东,而1992年以来该特征不明显,第2代虫源地在1991年以前,来自湖南和江西的虫源较多；1992-2004年间,以临近的安徽为主。在90年代以前,全国多以双季稻为主,并且褐飞虱处于大发生阶段,第3代时各地褐飞虱都以本地种群为主,并非迁入种群。2005年以来1、2代高峰数减少,虫量也少,虫源来自安徽南部和江西北部较多。后期第3代以本地虫源较多,部分虫源来自安徽、江西和浙江等周边地区。结合虫源地虫情,可知最近重发生年份虫源地多为安徽南部、江西北部等早中稻地区为主。
长江三角洲地区旬灯诱虫量和田间发生程度与虫源地旬灯诱虫量显示出一定的相关性：从7月中旬至8月上旬,灯诱量与桂阳、曲江、吉安、徽州和福清等地灯诱虫量有相关性,尤其是与桂阳、吉安和徽州有多个时段的显著或极显著正相关性。8月中旬至9月上旬与东至、徽州和吉安的灯诱虫量连续多个时段具有显著或极显著相关性。其中徽州与长三角地区发生程度的相关性最明显,7月上中旬、8月上中旬和9月上旬都达到显著或极显著相关性。上述结果均表明虫源地迁入虫量变化可预警长江三角洲地区褐飞虱迁入量及发生程度。
4.长江三角洲地区褐飞虱后期暴发种群的形成
根据崇明、丹阳、靖江、张家港和嘉兴5个站点2003-2010年田间和灯诱资料,经卡方检验,明确了褐飞虱后期暴发与后期迁入有关,也与高增殖倍数有关。在西风或西北风条件下易出现后期迁入,且迁入虫量大小与虫源地虫情有直接关系。后期迁入年份,秋季温度越高,越有利于褐飞虱繁殖,有可能导致局部地区在9月下旬大发生。
5.2007年长江三角洲地区褐飞虱发生个例分析
根据南汇、丹阳、张家港、嘉兴和湖州的灯诱及田间资料,分析了本年度四个灯诱高峰期虫源地及降落机制,并阐明该年褐飞虱为何只局地大暴发的原因。结果表明：6月27-30日虫源地主要在江西中南部和广东北部,7月18-20日虫源地以安徽南部、江西北部、湖南东部和广西东北部较多,较之前一高峰明显偏西。两次迁入峰都是随副高西伸加强时产生的低空急流迁入。前一高峰是北方冷空气与西南暖湿气流交绥,江淮地区出现梅雨,从而褐飞虱随雨迫降；后一高峰期间长三角处在副热带高压控制范围内,处于风速减弱区外缘,无继续运载水平气流,受风速扰动严重,从而降落。8月21-22日随超强台风“圣帕”外围气流迁入至长三角,在此西南风产生切变转为南风,风速降低,有利于褐飞虱降落。虫源主要来自浙江、福建东南沿海地区。8月27日-9月1日副热带高压开始东退并减弱,多短波小槽东移,槽前附近850hPa高空以偏西风为主,产生间断性降水,褐飞虱随之迁入长三角地区。虫源主要来自安徽中部和江西北部,虫源地怀宁为代表,恰为田间成虫高峰,且顺推轨迹显示降虫区为东部长三角地区。
褐飞虱迁入代至第2代、第2代至第3代的增殖倍数低于历年平均值,第3代至第4代增殖倍数偏高,这与“炎夏、暖秋”有直接关系。前期高温抑制褐飞虱繁殖,田间种群数量较低,即使有一定程度的后期迁入,和暖秋的有利繁殖条件,在后期也仅为局部大发生,而未大面积暴发。
Brown Planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)) is one of the most serious pests of rice in both temperate and tropical regions of East and South Asia. Since1970s, it has become especially problematic and resulted in a broad and significant reduction in rice yield. Then it occurred lighter in early1990s, and outbreak more often after2000. The certainty of meso-and micro-scale source areas and the regulation of outbreak of BPH are very important for remote prediction and scientific prevention and treatment.
Firstly, the ovarian morphological change and grading criteria of BPH were identified by ovarian dissection so that better using forest forecasting. Then the regulation of light-trap population and the source areas of brown planthopper (BPH) in the Yangtze River Delta were examined in this paper. The regulation of outbreak was investigated by the data during2003-2010, and the case study in2007was analyzed on the source area, weather background of light-trap peak days and outbreak mechanism.
1The morphological changing processes and grading criteria of ovarian development of BPH
Fifth instar nymphs of BPH were raised in singles with rice of booting stage under temperature25℃, relative humidity of75%and photoperiod16L:10D conditions in the test tube with20cm×2cm. Dissecting the female adult BPH in different ages in hours, and photographing the ovarian.
On the basis of existing research, the grading criteria were clear and definite. The results were as follows:white ovariole pluses emerging in lateral calyx or not was the obvious grading standard of level I and level II. The oocytes maturing or not was the grading standard of level II and level III. In the late stage of level III, the mature eggs arranged in neat, and the base part of ovarioles were hollow or mature oocytes in level Ⅳ. The ovarioles were hollow or shrink in level V.
2. The study on light-trap population of BPH in the Yangtze River Delta
The regulation of light-trap populations were studied using the light-trap data of Fengxian, Tongzhou, Wujin, Shaoxing and Jiaxing from1977-2010. The result indicated that:the numbers of light trap of each generation were large during1977-1991, the numbers of light trap of each generation were light during1992-2004, the numbers of first and second generation were light but the numbers of third generation were large in some years, especially in2005and2006. The average of first appearance time is June28. The most average of first appearance time occurred in late June, and then in early July and middle June. Main peak days were most in middle July, but the peak days in late August were obvious more than other periods in2005-2010. The quantities of migration and the numbers of peak days were correlative with the degree of occurrence of BPH in the Yangtze River Delta, but the first appearance time has no correlation with the occurrence degree.
3. The source areas of BPH in the Yangtze River Delta
The source areas of BPH before September10were analyzed in the Yangtze River Delta represented by Fengxian, Tongzou, Wujin, Shaoxing and Jiaxing through HYSPLIT trajectory analysis platform. From middle June to early August, the source areas were from south Guangdong and south Guangxi to Hunan and Jiangxi in the northeast-southwest direction. The source areas during middle August to early September were complex:the south Anhui and north Jiangxi with the early mature single cropping rice were mainly the source areas, and a little were also from local areas and Zhejiang Province.
In different occurrence degree years, the sources are different:the source areas of the first generation in outbreak years were mainly in north Guangdong, north Guangxi, south Hunan and south Jiangxi, with early mature double cropping rice could support large adults BPH. The source areas in light or moderate years were more dispersive. The source areas of the second generation were similar in different occurrences, namely in a northeast-southwest zone including Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui. The source areas of the third generation were different in different occurrences, and they were mainly from south Anhui, northeeast Jiangxi and west Zhejiang in the outbreak years.
The34years were divided into3periods according to the occurrence and national rice plant system:1977-1991,1992-2004, and2005-2010. The source areas of each period were as follows:the source areas of the first generation were most from north Guangdong, north Guangxi, south Hunan and south Jiangxi before, whereas the regulation was not obvious since1992. The source areas of the second generation were mainly in Hunan and Jiangxi before1991, and most in nearly areas such as Anhui in light occurrence years. The source areas of the third generation before1990s were mainly local populations because there were not many emigrations populations and the local populations were large. Since2005, the peaks and numbers of the first and second generations were few, and the source areas were most from Anhui and Jiangxi. The source areas of the third generation were mainly in south Anhui and north Jiangxi in which plant the early mature single cropping rice.
There light trap numbers of ten-days and occurrence degrees of BPH in the Yangtze River Delta were correlated with light trap numbers of ten-days in the source areas respectively:light trap numbers of local area were correlated with Guiyang, Qujiang, Ji'an and Fuqing from middle July to early August, and with Dongzhi, Huizhou and Ji'an from middle August to early September. The correlation of Huizhou was most obvious, and was significant or very significant in early and middle July, early and middle August and early September. It indicated that the light trap numbers in source areas had forewarning function for the light trap number and occurrence degrees in the Yangtze River Delta.
4The outbreak of BPH in the Yangtze River Delta
The outbreak of BPH was related with the late migration and high increase rate using chi-square analysis, trough the field and light trap data in Chongming, Danyang, Jingjiang, Zhangjiagang and Jiaxing during2003-2010. There were more late migrations when more west or northwest wind direction happened, and the numbers of late migration were impacted by the occurrence of BPH in the source areas. If there was no migration in late stage, the higher autumn temperatures were more in favor of reproduce of BPH and outbreak in late September.
5. The case study of BPH in the Yangtze River Delta in2007
The source areas and landing mechanism were studied and through the light trap data and field data in Nanhui, Danyang, Zhangjiagang, Jiaxing and Huzhou. The results showed that:the source areas during June27-30were mainly in middle and south Jiangxi and north Guangdong. The source areas during July18-20were mainly in south Anhui, north Jiangxi, east Hunan and northeast Guangxi, which were more west than during June27-30. The twice migrations both occurred with low-level jet at850hPa when the subtropical high moved towards west and north. The first migration was landing with plum rain in Jianghuai region when the north cold air mixed with the warm and wet air from southwest. The second migration occurred in the subtropical high region with more down draft, and the wind speed was low. The migration during August21-22was affected by the peripheral inverted trough of the Tropical Storm "Sepat". The southwest wind switched to south with the lower speed and favor for landing. The subtropical high moved toward east and weakened, and many shortwave troughs moved eastward. The west wind at850hPa altitude and the intermittent precipitation were the suitable weather for BPH migration. The source areas were from middle Anhui and north Jiangxi. The forward trajectories from Huaining in south Anhui indicated the landing areas were the Yangtze River Delta. At this stage, there were adult peaks of BPH in early mature single cropping rice, so the south Anhui was the source areas of the Yangtze River Delta.
The population increase rates of BPH with the initial generation to the second generation and with the second generation to the third generation were lower than the historical average. The population increase rates with the second generation to the third generation were higher than the historical average. It related to "hot summer and warm autumn". The hot summer weather would suppress the BPH reproduce, so that the population size was small in early stage. Although there was some late migration and the warmer autumn, the populations were not outbreak in large regions.
本研究为进一步精确褐飞虱预测预报工作,详细地阐明了褐飞虱卵巢发育过程,并提出有效可行的分级标准。利用长江三角洲地区六个站点褐飞虱34年灯诱资料,研究了该地区褐飞虱的灯诱种群变化规律及其与本地发生程度的关系、逐旬褐飞虱虫源地分布及迁飞路径；利用田间及灯诱资料,分析近年来褐飞虱暴发规律；并以2007年为例,阐明褐飞虱不同时间的迁入虫源地及发生情况。
主要研究结果如下：
1.褐飞虱卵巢发育形态变化及分级标准
在温度25℃、相对湿度75%及光周期L：D=16：8条件下,将褐飞虱5龄若虫置于20cm×2cm的试管中单头饲养,解剖不同羽化时长的成虫并拍照。在已有研究基础上,划分出各级明显的标准：白色卵管塞出现在侧输卵管萼中,为区别Ⅰ、Ⅱ级明显标准；成熟卵的出现作为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级的分级标准；成熟卵排列是否整齐且卵巢小管基部是否有空段为Ⅲ、Ⅳ级区分标准；产卵末期卵巢小管萎缩或畸形为Ⅳ、V级区分标准。
2.长江三角洲地区褐飞虱灯诱种群发生期及数量分析
以奉贤、通州、太仓、武进、高淳和嘉兴6个站点为代表,研究长江三角洲地区1977-2010年34年褐飞虱灯诱种群规律,结果表明：1977-1991年1、2、3代灯诱虫量较多,1992-2004年各代灯诱虫量均偏少,2005-2010年前期迁入总体较少但后期发生量相对较多,个别年份异常大。平均始见期为6月28日,6月下旬最多,其次为7月上旬和6月中旬。主迁入峰以7月中旬最多,但在2005-2010年期间8月下旬迁入峰明显多于其它时间。迁入虫量和迁入峰数量与本地褐飞虱发生程度关系密切,但与始见期早晚无关。
3.长江三角洲地区褐飞虱中小尺度虫源地分析
以奉贤、通州、武进、绍兴和嘉兴5个站点为代表,利用HYSPLIT轨迹分析平台对褐飞虱9月上旬以前高峰日进行虫源地模拟。6月中旬至8月上旬上述地区虫源地明显随南方水稻收割时间的推迟而逐渐北移,由两广南部向其东北方向递进,至湖南、江西等地,并形成东北-西南走向的虫源带。8月中旬-9月上旬虫源地较复杂,以来自西南部的皖南、赣北单季早熟中稻的虫源为主,也有少量来自本地或浙江。
另外,虫源地在不同发生程度年份间有一定差异：第1代在重发生年份主要来自可以提供大量虫源的南方双季早稻地区,多集中在两广北部、湖南南部和江西南部,而轻发生年和中等发生年中较分散。第2代虫源地在不同发生程度年代分布相近,主要为广西、湖南、江西、安徽四省连接成的东北-西南走向的分布区,第3代各年份中差异较大,安徽南部、江西东北部和浙江西部在重发生年份中概率较大。
根据长三角地区褐飞虱34年资料,按发生程度可划分为1977-1991、1992-2004、2005-2010三个年代,各代虫源分布如下：前期1991年以前,第1代虫源地以两广北部、湖南南部和江西南部为主,但1985年以前较偏东,而1992年以来该特征不明显,第2代虫源地在1991年以前,来自湖南和江西的虫源较多；1992-2004年间,以临近的安徽为主。在90年代以前,全国多以双季稻为主,并且褐飞虱处于大发生阶段,第3代时各地褐飞虱都以本地种群为主,并非迁入种群。2005年以来1、2代高峰数减少,虫量也少,虫源来自安徽南部和江西北部较多。后期第3代以本地虫源较多,部分虫源来自安徽、江西和浙江等周边地区。结合虫源地虫情,可知最近重发生年份虫源地多为安徽南部、江西北部等早中稻地区为主。
长江三角洲地区旬灯诱虫量和田间发生程度与虫源地旬灯诱虫量显示出一定的相关性：从7月中旬至8月上旬,灯诱量与桂阳、曲江、吉安、徽州和福清等地灯诱虫量有相关性,尤其是与桂阳、吉安和徽州有多个时段的显著或极显著正相关性。8月中旬至9月上旬与东至、徽州和吉安的灯诱虫量连续多个时段具有显著或极显著相关性。其中徽州与长三角地区发生程度的相关性最明显,7月上中旬、8月上中旬和9月上旬都达到显著或极显著相关性。上述结果均表明虫源地迁入虫量变化可预警长江三角洲地区褐飞虱迁入量及发生程度。
4.长江三角洲地区褐飞虱后期暴发种群的形成
根据崇明、丹阳、靖江、张家港和嘉兴5个站点2003-2010年田间和灯诱资料,经卡方检验,明确了褐飞虱后期暴发与后期迁入有关,也与高增殖倍数有关。在西风或西北风条件下易出现后期迁入,且迁入虫量大小与虫源地虫情有直接关系。后期迁入年份,秋季温度越高,越有利于褐飞虱繁殖,有可能导致局部地区在9月下旬大发生。
5.2007年长江三角洲地区褐飞虱发生个例分析
根据南汇、丹阳、张家港、嘉兴和湖州的灯诱及田间资料,分析了本年度四个灯诱高峰期虫源地及降落机制,并阐明该年褐飞虱为何只局地大暴发的原因。结果表明：6月27-30日虫源地主要在江西中南部和广东北部,7月18-20日虫源地以安徽南部、江西北部、湖南东部和广西东北部较多,较之前一高峰明显偏西。两次迁入峰都是随副高西伸加强时产生的低空急流迁入。前一高峰是北方冷空气与西南暖湿气流交绥,江淮地区出现梅雨,从而褐飞虱随雨迫降；后一高峰期间长三角处在副热带高压控制范围内,处于风速减弱区外缘,无继续运载水平气流,受风速扰动严重,从而降落。8月21-22日随超强台风“圣帕”外围气流迁入至长三角,在此西南风产生切变转为南风,风速降低,有利于褐飞虱降落。虫源主要来自浙江、福建东南沿海地区。8月27日-9月1日副热带高压开始东退并减弱,多短波小槽东移,槽前附近850hPa高空以偏西风为主,产生间断性降水,褐飞虱随之迁入长三角地区。虫源主要来自安徽中部和江西北部,虫源地怀宁为代表,恰为田间成虫高峰,且顺推轨迹显示降虫区为东部长三角地区。
褐飞虱迁入代至第2代、第2代至第3代的增殖倍数低于历年平均值,第3代至第4代增殖倍数偏高,这与“炎夏、暖秋”有直接关系。前期高温抑制褐飞虱繁殖,田间种群数量较低,即使有一定程度的后期迁入,和暖秋的有利繁殖条件,在后期也仅为局部大发生,而未大面积暴发。
Brown Planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)) is one of the most serious pests of rice in both temperate and tropical regions of East and South Asia. Since1970s, it has become especially problematic and resulted in a broad and significant reduction in rice yield. Then it occurred lighter in early1990s, and outbreak more often after2000. The certainty of meso-and micro-scale source areas and the regulation of outbreak of BPH are very important for remote prediction and scientific prevention and treatment.
Firstly, the ovarian morphological change and grading criteria of BPH were identified by ovarian dissection so that better using forest forecasting. Then the regulation of light-trap population and the source areas of brown planthopper (BPH) in the Yangtze River Delta were examined in this paper. The regulation of outbreak was investigated by the data during2003-2010, and the case study in2007was analyzed on the source area, weather background of light-trap peak days and outbreak mechanism.
1The morphological changing processes and grading criteria of ovarian development of BPH
Fifth instar nymphs of BPH were raised in singles with rice of booting stage under temperature25℃, relative humidity of75%and photoperiod16L:10D conditions in the test tube with20cm×2cm. Dissecting the female adult BPH in different ages in hours, and photographing the ovarian.
On the basis of existing research, the grading criteria were clear and definite. The results were as follows:white ovariole pluses emerging in lateral calyx or not was the obvious grading standard of level I and level II. The oocytes maturing or not was the grading standard of level II and level III. In the late stage of level III, the mature eggs arranged in neat, and the base part of ovarioles were hollow or mature oocytes in level Ⅳ. The ovarioles were hollow or shrink in level V.
2. The study on light-trap population of BPH in the Yangtze River Delta
The regulation of light-trap populations were studied using the light-trap data of Fengxian, Tongzhou, Wujin, Shaoxing and Jiaxing from1977-2010. The result indicated that:the numbers of light trap of each generation were large during1977-1991, the numbers of light trap of each generation were light during1992-2004, the numbers of first and second generation were light but the numbers of third generation were large in some years, especially in2005and2006. The average of first appearance time is June28. The most average of first appearance time occurred in late June, and then in early July and middle June. Main peak days were most in middle July, but the peak days in late August were obvious more than other periods in2005-2010. The quantities of migration and the numbers of peak days were correlative with the degree of occurrence of BPH in the Yangtze River Delta, but the first appearance time has no correlation with the occurrence degree.
3. The source areas of BPH in the Yangtze River Delta
The source areas of BPH before September10were analyzed in the Yangtze River Delta represented by Fengxian, Tongzou, Wujin, Shaoxing and Jiaxing through HYSPLIT trajectory analysis platform. From middle June to early August, the source areas were from south Guangdong and south Guangxi to Hunan and Jiangxi in the northeast-southwest direction. The source areas during middle August to early September were complex:the south Anhui and north Jiangxi with the early mature single cropping rice were mainly the source areas, and a little were also from local areas and Zhejiang Province.
In different occurrence degree years, the sources are different:the source areas of the first generation in outbreak years were mainly in north Guangdong, north Guangxi, south Hunan and south Jiangxi, with early mature double cropping rice could support large adults BPH. The source areas in light or moderate years were more dispersive. The source areas of the second generation were similar in different occurrences, namely in a northeast-southwest zone including Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui. The source areas of the third generation were different in different occurrences, and they were mainly from south Anhui, northeeast Jiangxi and west Zhejiang in the outbreak years.
The34years were divided into3periods according to the occurrence and national rice plant system:1977-1991,1992-2004, and2005-2010. The source areas of each period were as follows:the source areas of the first generation were most from north Guangdong, north Guangxi, south Hunan and south Jiangxi before, whereas the regulation was not obvious since1992. The source areas of the second generation were mainly in Hunan and Jiangxi before1991, and most in nearly areas such as Anhui in light occurrence years. The source areas of the third generation before1990s were mainly local populations because there were not many emigrations populations and the local populations were large. Since2005, the peaks and numbers of the first and second generations were few, and the source areas were most from Anhui and Jiangxi. The source areas of the third generation were mainly in south Anhui and north Jiangxi in which plant the early mature single cropping rice.
There light trap numbers of ten-days and occurrence degrees of BPH in the Yangtze River Delta were correlated with light trap numbers of ten-days in the source areas respectively:light trap numbers of local area were correlated with Guiyang, Qujiang, Ji'an and Fuqing from middle July to early August, and with Dongzhi, Huizhou and Ji'an from middle August to early September. The correlation of Huizhou was most obvious, and was significant or very significant in early and middle July, early and middle August and early September. It indicated that the light trap numbers in source areas had forewarning function for the light trap number and occurrence degrees in the Yangtze River Delta.
4The outbreak of BPH in the Yangtze River Delta
The outbreak of BPH was related with the late migration and high increase rate using chi-square analysis, trough the field and light trap data in Chongming, Danyang, Jingjiang, Zhangjiagang and Jiaxing during2003-2010. There were more late migrations when more west or northwest wind direction happened, and the numbers of late migration were impacted by the occurrence of BPH in the source areas. If there was no migration in late stage, the higher autumn temperatures were more in favor of reproduce of BPH and outbreak in late September.
5. The case study of BPH in the Yangtze River Delta in2007
The source areas and landing mechanism were studied and through the light trap data and field data in Nanhui, Danyang, Zhangjiagang, Jiaxing and Huzhou. The results showed that:the source areas during June27-30were mainly in middle and south Jiangxi and north Guangdong. The source areas during July18-20were mainly in south Anhui, north Jiangxi, east Hunan and northeast Guangxi, which were more west than during June27-30. The twice migrations both occurred with low-level jet at850hPa when the subtropical high moved towards west and north. The first migration was landing with plum rain in Jianghuai region when the north cold air mixed with the warm and wet air from southwest. The second migration occurred in the subtropical high region with more down draft, and the wind speed was low. The migration during August21-22was affected by the peripheral inverted trough of the Tropical Storm "Sepat". The southwest wind switched to south with the lower speed and favor for landing. The subtropical high moved toward east and weakened, and many shortwave troughs moved eastward. The west wind at850hPa altitude and the intermittent precipitation were the suitable weather for BPH migration. The source areas were from middle Anhui and north Jiangxi. The forward trajectories from Huaining in south Anhui indicated the landing areas were the Yangtze River Delta. At this stage, there were adult peaks of BPH in early mature single cropping rice, so the south Anhui was the source areas of the Yangtze River Delta.
The population increase rates of BPH with the initial generation to the second generation and with the second generation to the third generation were lower than the historical average. The population increase rates with the second generation to the third generation were higher than the historical average. It related to "hot summer and warm autumn". The hot summer weather would suppress the BPH reproduce, so that the population size was small in early stage. Although there was some late migration and the warmer autumn, the populations were not outbreak in large regions.
引文
1. 包华理,陈忠诚,陈怀仰,朱奕泉,赖真如.褐飞虱降落分布规律及主害代发生程度中期预测.植物保护,1996,22：3-6.
2. 包云轩,程极益,程遐年,储长树,沈桐立.中国盛夏褐飞虱北迁过程的动态数值模拟.昆虫学报,2000,43(2)：176-183.
3. 包云轩,李金建,缪启龙,申双和,王建强.2008.2006年褐飞虱重大迁入过程的大气动力背景模拟——个例研究.中国农业气象,29(3)：347-352.
4. 包云轩,严明良,袁成松,李金健.2008.“海棠”台风对褐飞虱灾变性迁入影响的个例研究.气象科学,28(4)：450-455.
5. 鲍名.2009.从中期天气过程看近几年长江中下游梅雨偏少的原因.大气科学,33(4)：708-718.
6. 曹晖,舒德平,李明波.2009.太湖县褐飞虱灯诱种群数量分析.安徽农学通报(上半月刊),(17)：147-238.
7. 陈瑞鹿,暴祥致,王素云,孙雅杰,李立群,刘继荣.1992.草地螟迁飞活动的雷达观测.植物保护学报,(2)：171-174.
8. 陈瑞鹿.1990.迁飞害虫的雷达监测.病虫测报,(2)：36-41.
9. 陈若篪,程遐年,杨联民,殷向东.1979.褐飞虱卵巢发育及其与迁飞的关系.昆虫学报,22(3)：280-288.
10.陈若篪,程遐年.1980.褐飞虱起飞行为与自身生物学节律、环境因素同步关系的初步研究.南京农学院学报,(2)：42-49.
11.陈若篪,丁锦华,谈涵秋,胡国文,1989.迁飞昆虫学.北京：中国农业出版社.364-373.
12.陈若篪,吴家荣,祝树德,张建新.1984.褐飞虱的飞翔能力.昆虫学报,27(2)：121-127.
13.陈若篪,綦立正,程遐年,丁宗泽,吴中林.1986.褐飞虱种群动态的研究Ⅰ.温度、食料条件对种群增长的影响.南京农业大学学报,(3)：23-33.
14.陈文龙,申科,黎坚,张润杰.2005.水稻褐飞虱灯诱种群数量动态分析.西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),(3)：285-288.
15.陈晓,陈继光,薛玉,郝丽萍,张友,赵奎军.2004.东北地区草地螟1999年大发生的虫源分析.昆虫学报,47(5)：599-606.
16.陈钰瑛,王茂涛.1996.褐稻虱种群增殖与温度的关系.江苏农业科学,4：29-31.
17.陈钰瑛.1995.江苏省夏季天气对稻飞虱初次迁入的影响.植保技术与推广,(4)：3-4.
18.陈忠诚等.1996.广东省稻飞虱降落分布规律初步研究.广东农业科学,(4)：2-5.
19.程极益,樊多琦,包云轩,费惠新.1994.冀东稻飞虱暴发的轨迹分析.中国农业气象,(1)：2-5.
20.程极益.1994.褐飞虱迁飞的雷达观测与轨迹研究.环境遥感,(1)：51-56.
21.程家安,章连观,范泉根,祝增荣.1992.气温对褐飞虱种群动态影响的模拟研究.中国水稻科学,6：21-26.
22.程家安,祝增荣.2006.2005年长江流域稻区褐飞虱暴发成灾原因分析.植物保护,32(4)：1-4.
23.程家安,孙祥良.1992.水稻品种对褐飞虱种群增长的影响.植物保护学报,(2)：145-151.
24.程家安,朱金良,祝增荣,章连观.2008.稻田飞虱灾变与环境调控.环境昆虫学报,(2)：176-182.
25.程家安,祝增荣.2006.2005年长江流域稻区褐飞虱暴发成灾原因分析.植物保护,(4)：1-4.
26.程遐年,陈若篪,习学,杨联民,朱子龙,吴进才,钱仁贵,杨金生.1979.稻褐飞虱迁飞规律的研究.昆虫学报,22(1)：1-20.
27.程遐年,吴进才,马飞.2003.褐飞虱研究与防治.北京：中国农业出版社.
28.程遐年,张孝羲,程极益.1994.褐飞虱在中国东部秋季回迁的雷达观察.南京农业大学学报,(3)：24-32.
29.戴华国,宋小玲,吴小毅.1997.高温对褐飞虱发育与生殖的影响.昆虫学报,40(增刊)：159-164.
30.戴华国,杨亦桦,吴小毅.1996.稻褐飞虱成虫的羽化节律.南京农业大学学报,19(3)：117-118.
31.党安荣,吴宏岐,汪新庄.1996.论地理信息系统的发展机理与发展趋势.陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),24(3)：104-107.
32.稻飞虱测报调查规范.1995.中华人民共和国国家标准,GB/T 15794-1995.
33.邓望喜.1981.褐飞虱及白背飞虱空中迁飞规律的研究.植物保护学报,8(2)：73-81.
34.丁德峻.1980.东亚大气低层环流季节性变化与褐稻虱长距离迁飞.江苏农业科学,(5)：38-41.
35.丁宗泽,陈茂林,李沛元.1985.单季晚稻褐稻虱种群增殖的初步研究.江苏农业科学,(7)：1-20.
36.杜国华,张甘霖,龚子同.2007.长江三角洲水稻土主要土种在中国土壤系统分类中的归属.土壤,(5)：684-691.
37.封传红,翟保平,陈庆华,汤金仪.2003.利用850hPa气流资料分析稻飞虱迁飞路径.中国农业气象,24(3)：31-35.
38.封传红,翟保平,张孝羲,汤金仪.2002a.我国低空急流的时空分布与稻飞虱北迁.生态学报,22(4)：559-565.
39.封传红,翟保平,张孝羲,汤金仪.2002b.我国北方稻区1991年稻飞虱大发生虫源形成.生态学报,22(8)：1302-1314.
40.高月波,翟保平.2010.昆虫的定向机制.中国科技论文在线, http://www.paper.edu.cn/downloadpaper.php?serial_number=201002-373&type=1.
41.高月波,陈晓,陈钟荣,包云轩,杨荣明,刘天龙,翟保平.2008.稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)迁飞的多普勒昆虫雷达观测及动态.生态学报,(11)：5238-5247.
42.顾正远,肖英芳.1993.关于高温影响褐稻虱生存的商榷.植物保护,(3)：33.
43.广西褐稻虱研究协作组.1979.褐稻虱在广西越冬情况和迁飞规律的研究.昆虫知识,16(1)：1-11.
44.郭郛.1979.昆虫生殖的一些基本特征.昆虫知识,16(3)：128-132.
45.郭荣,赵中华.2006.农业自然灾害.农作物病虫害.中国农业出版社,376-378.
46.韩兰芝,翟保平,戴率善,张孝羲,刘培磊.2004.江苏丰县甜菜夜蛾田间种群虫源性质分析.生态学报,24(7)：1388-1398.
47.何继龙.1963.粘虫(Pseudaletia separata (Walker))生殖系统的解剖.昆虫学报,12(3)：282-291.
48.何明,向卫国,胡红兵,万军,胡毅.1995.四川水稻稻飞虱发生的天气环流型式分析.成都气象学院学报,(3)：211-219.
49.候婷婷,霍治国,吴瑞芬,叶彩玲,王素艳,薛昌颖,卢志光.2004.气温对福清地区晚稻褐飞虱种群消长的影响效应.中国农业气象,25(3)：28-32.
50.胡高,包云轩,王建强,翟保平.2007.褐飞虱的降落机制.生态学报,27：5068-5075.
51.胡高.2010.褐飞虱降落机制及其灾变机制机理的探讨.南京：南京农业大学,96-99.
52.胡国文,朱敏,唐健,潘成威,任泽君,杨克明.1995.武陵山区稻飞虱常年大发生的特点及原因剖析.西南农业学报,8(2)：53-60.
53.胡国文,唐启义,马巨法,唐健,朱敏.1997.中国褐飞虱的分布和为害.昆虫知识,(1)：50-51.
54.胡国文,朱敏,唐健,马巨法,唐启义,潘群威,任泽君.1996.我国褐飞虱迁入始见期的分析.昆虫知识,(5)：262-264.
55.胡淼,朱友根,李树强,刘复永,陈祝平,孙国钧,樊继贵.1988.白背飞虱迁入虫源在沿海地区集中降落分布规律及防治对策.昆虫知识,25(2)：65-69.
56.胡淼.1983.气旋波与昆虫的迁飞降落.昆虫知识,(5)：203-209.
57.胡娅敏,丁一汇,廖菲.2008.江淮地区梅雨的新定义及其气候特征.大气科学,(1)：101-112.
58.胡娅敏,丁一汇.2009.2000年以来江淮梅雨带北移的可能成因分析.气象,35(12)：37-43.
59.华红霞,邓望喜,李儒海.2002.长江中游稻区夏季飞机航捕迁入褐飞虱的轨迹分析.昆虫学报,45(1)：68-74.
60.江广恒,谈涵秋,沈婉贞,程遐年,陈若篪.1982.褐飞虱远距离向南迁飞的气象条件.昆虫学报,25(2)：147-155.
61.江广恒,谈涵秋,沈婉贞,程遐年,陈若篪.1981.褐飞虱远距离向北迁飞的气象条件.昆虫学报,(3)：251-261.
62.江苏农学院植物保护系,江苏省革委会气象局气象台.1977.1976年江苏省褐稻虱迁飞问题的探讨.江苏农业科技,(4)：50-57.
63.蒋德龙.1991.长江中下游气候.北京：气象出版社.
64.蒋耀培,李军,杨秋珍,汪祖国,龚才根,沈雁君.2006.2005年上海地区稻褐飞虱大发生特点及原因.植物保护,32(4)：96-97.
65.金彩华,严雅青.2007.南汇区褐飞虱抗药性的监测进程.上海农业科技,(2)：21-22.
66.金新芽,邵学强,陶永格.2010.浙江省梅雨特征及时空分布分析.水文,30(3)：93-96.
67.李儒海.1998.长江中游稻区夏季迁入褐飞虱的轨迹分析.《植物保护21世纪展望》,中国科技出版社,481-492.
68.李汝铎,丁锦华,胡国文,苏德明.1996.褐飞虱及种群管理.上海：复旦大学出版社.
69.李汝铎,王金其,苏德明.1987.昆虫卵巢发育与害虫预测预报.上海：复旦大学出版社,31-84.
70.李汝铎.1984.温度对褐飞虱种群生长的影响.植物保护学报,(2)：101-107.
71.梁桂梅,李永平,郭井泉.2007.近年泰国、越南稻飞虱发生态势及抗药性的发生与治理.中国植保导刊,(6)：44-45.
72.林添忠,吴美英.1998.福建褐稻虱迁飞降落大气环流类型研究.植物保护学报,25(4)：325-329.
73.凌炎,黄凤宽,龙丽萍,钟勇,尹文兵,黄所生,吴碧球.2011.中国和越南褐飞虱抗药性研究.应用昆虫学报,(5)：1374-1380.
74.刘成社,周群芳,张立良,戴昌金,任翠龙,翟勤.2011.沿江稻区褐飞虱的抗药性现状、分析及用药策略.安徽农学通报(上半月刊),(7)：118-119.
75.刘玉素,卢宝廉.1959.东亚飞蝗(Locusta migratoria manilensis Meyen)生殖系统的解剖和组织构造.昆虫学报,9(1)：7-11.
76.刘泽文,韩召军,王荫长,张洪伟.2004.温度对褐飞虱抗／感吡虫啉品系种群生长的影响.昆虫知识,(1)：47-50.
77.卢筝.1983.小地老虎生殖系统的研究.昆虫学报,25(3)：268-275.
78.芦芳,齐国君,陈晓,董西贵,郭玉人,武向文,倪秀红,陈时健,张纪英,张孝羲,翟保平.2010.上海地区2007年褐飞虱的后期迁入和虫源地的个例分析.生态学报,(12)：3215-3225.
79.吕万明.1980.白背飞虱雌性生殖系统的构造和卵巢发育分级的初步观察.昆虫知识,17(4)：182-183.
80.马音,陈文,王林.2011.中国夏季淮河和江南梅雨期降水异常年际变化的气候背景及其比较.气象学报,69(2)：334-343.
81.梅方权,吴宪章,姚长溪,李路平,王磊,陈秋云.1988.中国水稻种植区划.中国水稻科学, (3)：97-110.
82.浦茂华,陈洁明.1979.褐飞虱发生程度数理预报的初步研究.植物保护,(5)：1-9.
83.齐国君,芦芳,胡高,王凤英,程遐年,沈慧梅,黄所生,张孝羲,翟保平.2010.2007年广西早稻田褐飞虱发生动态及虫源分析.生态学报,30(2)：462-472.
84.齐国君,谢茂昌,梁载林,张孝羲,程遐年,翟保平.2011.2008年桂北地区稻飞虱特大迁入事件分析.应用昆虫学报,(5)：1260-1267.
85.齐会会,张云慧,程登发,韩二宾,孙京瑞.2010.褐飞虱2009年秋季回迁的雷达监测及轨迹分析.昆虫学报,(11)：1256-1264.
86.全国褐稻虱科研协作组.1981.我国褐稻虱迁飞规律研究的进展.中国农业科学.(2)：52-59.
87.全国褐飞虱科研协作组.1980.我国褐稻虱的发生动态及其预测预报.中国农业科学,(3)：58-64.
88.芮庆宝.1987.稻飞虱与气象.北京：气象出版社,110-115.
89.沈慧梅,陈晓,胡高,程遐年,张孝羲,翟保平.2011a.2008年广西北部湾稻区稻飞虱初迁入过程分析.应用昆虫学报,(5)：1268-1277.
90.沈慧梅,吕建平,周金玉,张孝羲,程遐年,翟保平.2011b.2009年云南省白背飞虱早期迁入种群的虫源地范围与降落机制.生态学报,(15)：4350-4364.
91.沈慧梅.2010.我国褐飞虱与白背飞虱的境外虫源研究.南京农业大学.
92.施德,虞轶俊,盛仙俏,孙会峰,张丽莉.2008.浙江省褐飞虱抗药性监测与治理.中国稻米,(1)：67-68.
93.石毓亮,张之光,李玉椿.1964.粘虫Pseudaletia separata (Walker)生殖系统解剖与自然交配及其在实践中的应用.山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),9：45-56.
94.司东,丁一汇,柳艳菊.2010.中国梅雨雨带年代际尺度上的北移及其原因.科学通报,55(1)：68-73.
95.孙经耀.1987.南岭稻区褐稻虱白背飞虱稻纵卷叶螟迁飞高峰期与天气系统关系的研究.广西农业科学,(6)：16-21.
96.孙雅杰,陈瑞鹿,王素云,暴祥致.1991.草地螟雌蛾生殖系统发育的形态变化.昆虫学报,34(2)：248-249.
97.谈涵秋,毛瑞曾,程极益,姚禾芬.1984.褐飞虱远距离迁飞中的降落和垂直气流、降雨的关系.南京农学院学报,(2)：18-24.
98.汪毓才,胡国文,谢明霞.1982.我国白背飞虱和褐稻虱迁飞路径的气流分析.植物保护学报,(2)：73-82.
99.汪远昆,翟保平.2004.白背飞虱的再迁飞能力.昆虫学报,47(4)：467-473.
100.王翠花,翟保平,包云轩.2009.气流场对褐飞虱北迁路径的影响.应用生态学报,20(10)： 2506-2512.
101.王凤英,胡高,陈晓,沈慧梅,罗善煜,辛德育,徐盛刚,张孝羲,翟保平.2009.宁稻纵卷叶螟大发生原因分析.中国水稻科学,23(5)：537-545.
102.王海扣,王群,程遐年,王茂涛,吴晓毅.1998.系统分析江苏褐飞虱的发生动态.西南农业大学学报,20(5)：432-437.
103.王菊明,沈天龙,夏其明.1981.褐稻虱各虫态发育历期与温度的关系.上海农业科技,(4)：14-17.
104.王宪辉,徐洪富,许永玉,刘勇,周真.2003.生殖系统结构、发育分级及在测报上的应用.植物保护学报,30(3)：261-266.
105.王彦华,李永平,陈进,沈晋良,李文红,高聪芬,庄永林,戴德江,周威君,梁桂梅,邵振润.2008.褐飞虱对吡虫啉敏感性的时空变化及现实遗传力.中国水稻科学,22(4)：421-426.
106.王彦华,沈晋良,王鸣华.2005.褐飞虱抗药性机理及其治理研究进展.农药科学与管理,(4)：24-28.
107.王彦华,王鸣华.2006.褐飞虱抗药性及再猖獗研究进展.农药,(4)：227-230.
108.王艳青.2006.近年来中国水稻病虫害发生及趋势分析.中国农学通报,(2)：343-347.
109.王政,齐国君,吕利华,胡芊,袁维熙.2011.广东白背飞虱早期迁入种群的虫源地分析.应用昆虫学报,(5)：1253-1259.
110.温玉丛,范凯华,师慈,穆兰芳,韩召军.2010.褐飞虱对吡虫啉的田间抗性动态分析.南京农业大学学报,(4)：55-58.
111.吴孔明,翟保平,封洪强,程登发,郭予元.2006.华北北部地区二代棉铃虫成虫迁飞行为的雷达观测.植物保护学报,(2)：163-167.
112.吴清林,陆琛莉,陈优平.2009.近50年浙江梅汛期降水分布的时空及环流特征.科技通报,25(5)：562-569.
113.徐海,祝树德,陆自强,杭杉保.1994.温度对褐飞虱种群调控作用研究.华东昆虫学报,(1)：53-59.
114.姚德宏,陈雄飞,姚士桐,陈勤海.2007.“卡努”(0515)台风在褐飞虱突增中的作用探析.中国农业气象,28(3)：347-349.
115.姚青,张志涛.1999.迁飞昆虫的研究进展.昆虫知识,36(4)：239-243.
116.臧伟,郝树广,王海扣,程遐年.1997.江淮稻区褐飞虱种群动态模拟模型.南京农业大学学报,(2)：36-42.
117.翟保平,程家安.2006.2006年水稻两迁害虫研讨会纪要.昆虫知识,(4)：585-588.
118.翟保平,张孝羲,程遐年.1997.昆虫迁飞行为的参数化Ⅰ.行为分析.生态学报,(1)：9-19.
119.翟保平.2004.病虫测报中的现代信息技术.中国植物保护学会2004年学术年会专辑,11-49.
120.翟保平.2004.昆虫行为研究中日长的计算.昆虫知识,41(2)：178-184.
121.翟保平.2005.昆虫雷达让我们看到了什么?.昆虫知识,42(2)：217-226.
122.翟保平.1999.追踪天使——雷达昆虫学30年.昆虫学报,42(3)：315-326.
123.张莉丽,汪彦欣,岑铭松,王国迪.2011.褐飞虱对常用药剂的抗药性监测及抗性治理策略.浙江农业科学,(1)：100-101.
124.张孝羲.1985.昆虫生态与预测预报.北京：中国农业出版社,214-215.
125.张孝羲,陆自强,耿济国.1979.稻纵卷叶螟雌蛾解剖在测报上的应用,昆虫知识,16(3)：97-99.
126.张孝羲,周立阳,程极益.1994.江淮稻区稻纵卷叶螟轨迹分析参数的推算.南京农业大学学报,17(1)：32-38.
127.张孝羲,耿济国,周威君.1981.我国稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee迁飞规律的研究.南京农业大学学报,(3)：43-54.
128.张孝羲.1980.昆虫迁飞的类型及生理、生态机制.昆虫知识,17(5)：236-239.
129.张云慧,陈林,程登发.2008.草地螟2007年越冬代成虫迁飞行为研究与虫源分析.昆虫学报,51(7)：720-727.
130.张云慧,乔红波,程登发,孙京瑞.2007.垂直监测昆虫雷达空中昆虫监测的初步应用.植物保护,(3)：23-26.
131.张韵梅,牟吉元.1994.棉铃虫卵巢发育的组织化学及测报分级研究.山东农业科学,3：7-9.
132.张增全.1983.褐飞虱翅型分化的研究.昆虫知识,26(3)：260-267.
133.赵圣菊.1988.从气象因素分析1987年稻飞虱大发生的原因.植物保护,(2)：2-5.
134.赵悦,张孝羲,翟保平.2011.江西上犹2009、2010年南方水稻黑条矮缩病的毒源地分析.应用昆虫学报,(5)：1321-1334.
135.周立阳,张孝羲,程极益.1995.江淮稻区稻纵卷叶螟的轨迹分析.南京农业大学学报,8(2)：53-58.
136.朱德峰,陈惠哲,章秀福,林贤青,张玉屏.2007.浙江水稻种植制的变化与种植区划.浙江农业学报,(6)：423-426.
137.朱艳秋,廖洞贤.1992.三维空气质点轨迹的计算.应用气象学报,3(3)：328-333.
138.祝树德,陆自强,杭衫保,徐海.1994.温度对褐飞虱种群调控作用研究.华东昆虫学报,3(1)：53-59.
139.邹运鼎,陈基诚,王士槐.1982.稻株营养物质与褐稻虱翅型分化的关系.昆虫学报,25(2)：220-222.
140. Asahina S, Turuoka Y.1968. Records of the insects visited a weather ship located at the ocean weather station'Tango'on the Pacific, Ⅱ. Kontyu.36,190-202.
141. Chapman JW, Nesbit RL, Burgin LE, Reynolds DR, Smith AD, Middleton DR, Hill JK.2010. Flight orientation behaviors promote optimal migration trajectories in high-flying insects. Science, 327,682-685.
142. Chen RL, Bao XZ, Drake VA, Farrow RA, Wang SY, Sun YJ, Zhai BP.1989. Radar observations of the spring migration into northeastern China of the oriental armyworm moth, Mythimna separata, and other insects. Ecological Entomology,14(2):149-162.
143. Davis JM, Main CE.1986. Applying atmospheric trajectory analysis to problems in epidemiology. Plant Disease,70(6):496-497.
144. Deveson T, Hunter D.2002. The operation of a GIS-Based decision support system for Australian locust management. Entomol. Sin,9(4):1-12.
145. Doty B.1995. GrADS V1.5.1.12.doty@cola.iges.org.
146. Endo S, Nagata T, Kawabe S, Kazano H.1988. Changes of insecticide susceptibility of the white backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) and the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal). Appl Entomol Zool,23:417-421.
147. Furuno A, Chino M, Otuka A, Matsumura TM, Suzuki Y.2005. Development of a numerical simulation model migration of rice planthoppers. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,133: 197-209.
148. Heong KL, Tan KH, Garcia CPF, Fabellar LT, Lu Z.2011. Research methods in toxicology and insecticide resistance monitoring of rice planthoppers. Int. Rice Res. Inst, Los Banos, Philippines.
149. Hu G, Cheng XN, Qi GJ, Wang FY, Lu F, Zhang XX, Zhai BP.2011. Rice planting systems, globalwarming and outbreaks of Nilaparvata lugens (Stil). Bulletin of Entomological Research 101(2):187-99.
150. Hu G, Xie MC, Lin ZX, Xin DY, Huang CY, Chen W, Zhang XX, Zhai BP.2010. Are Outbreaks of Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) Associated with Global Warming? Environmental Entomology, 39(6):1705-1714.
151. Hung CF, Kao CH, Liu CC, Lin JG, Sun CN.1990. Detoxifying enzymes of selected insect species with chewing and sucking habits. J. Econ. Entomol.,83(2):361-365.
152. IRRI-ADB, Ricehoppers:A Blog on the Latest Information and Issues Relevant to Managing Rice Planthopper Problems. Int. Rice Res. Inst., Los Banos, Philippines and Asian Dev. Bank, Manila, Philippines. (http://ricehoppers.net/).2011.
153. Johnson CG.1966. A Functional System of Adaptive Dispersal by Flight. Annual Review of Entomology,11:233-260.
154. Johnson CG.1969. Migration and dispersal of insects by flight. London.
155. Johnson CG.1960. Physiological Factors in Insect Migration by Flight. Nature,186:348-350.
156. Kennedy JS.1961. A Turning Point in the Study of Insect Migration. Nature.189,785-791.
157. Kilin D, Nagata T, Masuda T.1984. Development of Carbarmate Resistance in the brown planthopper, (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) within rice fields in the Philippines. J Plant Prot Tropics,1: 19-37
158. Kisimoto R, Sogawa K.1995. Migration of the Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens and the White-backed Planthopper Sogatella furcifera in East Asia:the role of weather and climate, pp. 93-104 in Drake V A, Gatehouse AG. (Eds) Insect migration:Tracking resources through space and time. Cambridge University Press, New York.
159. Kisimoto R.1976. Synoptic weather conditions inducing long-distance immigration of planthoppers, Sogatella furcifera Horvath and Nilaparvata lugens Stal. Ecological Entomology,1:95-109.
160. Kisimoto R.1971. Long distance migration of planthopper, Sogatella furcifera and Nilaparvata lugens. pp.206-216 in Symposium on Rice Insect. Tropical Agricultural Research Centre, Ministry of Agricultural and Forestry, Japan.
161. Lasg. GrADS实用手册.wjun@lasg.iap.ac.cn,2004.
162. Matsumra F.1983. Penetration, binding and target insensitivity as causes of resistance to chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides Pest Resistance to Pesticides, Georhiou, G. P. and Saito, T. eds. Plenumpress New York and London,367-386.
163. Matsumura M, Takeuchi H, Satoh M, Sanada-Morimura S, Otuka A, Watanabe T, Van Thanh D. 2009. Current status of insecticide resistance in rice planthoppers in Asia. In:Heong, K.L., Hardy, B. (Eds.), Planthoppers:New Threats to the Sustainability of Intensive Rice Production Systems in Asia. Int. Rice Res. Inst, Los Banos, Philippines, pp,233-243.
164. Nagata T, MMasuda T, Moriya S.1980. Development of insecticide resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) adn the white backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) of Southeast Asia. Appl Entomol Zool.15:10-19.
165. Noda T, Kiritani K.1989. Landing places of migratory planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) and Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Homoptera:Delphacidae) in Japan. APPL. ENT. ZOOL.,24:9-65.
168. Otuka A, Dudhia J, Watanabe T, Furuno A.2005a. A new trajectory analysis method for migratory planthoppers, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Homoptera:Delphacidae) and Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), using an advanced weather forecast model. Agricultural and Forest Entomology,7:1-9.
169. Otuka A, Matsumura M, Watanabe T, Dinh TV.2008. A migration analysis for rice planthoppers, Sogatella furcifera,Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) and Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), emigrating from northern Vietnam from April to May. Applied entomology and zoology.43(4):527-534.
170. Otuka A, Watanabe T, Suzuki Y, Matsumura M, Furuno A, Chino M.2005b. A migration analysis of the rice planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) from the Philippines to East Asia with three-dimensional computer simulations. Population Ecology,47(2):143-150.
171. Padgham DE.1983. Flight fuels in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. Journal of Insect Physiology,29(1):95-99.
172. Pedgley DE, Reynolds JR, Riley JR, Tucker MR.1982. Flying insects reveal small-scale wind systems. Weather,37(10):295-306.
173. Rainey RC.1955. Observations of Desert Locust Swarm by radar. Nature,175:77.
174. Riley JR, Cheng XN, Zhang XX, Reynolds DR, Xu GM, Smith AD, Cheng JY, Bao AD, Zhai BP. 1991. The long-distance migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Delphacidae) in China:radar observations of mass return flight in the autumn. Ecological Entomology,16:471-489.
175. Riley JR, Reynolds DR, Smith AD, Edwards AS, Zhang XX, Cheng XN, Wang HK, Cheng JY, Zhai BP.1995. Observations of the autumn migration of the rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) and other moths in eastern China. Bulletin of Entomological Research,85:397-414.
176. Riley JR, Reynolds DR, Smith AD, Rosenberg LJ, Cheng XN, Zhang XX, Xu GM, Cheng JY, Bao AD, Zhai BP, Wang HK.1994. Observation on the autumn migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera:Delphacidae) and other pests in east central China. Bulletin of Entomological Research,84:389-402.
177. Riley JR.1989. Remote sensing in entomology. Annual Review of Entomology,34:247-271.
178. Riley JR, Cheng XN, Zhang XX, Reynolds DR, Xu GM, Smith AD, Cheng JY, Bao AD, Zhai BP. 1991. The long-distance migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Delphacidae) in China:radar observations of mass return flight in the autumn. Ecol. Entomol,16:471-489.
179. Riley JR, Reynolds DR., Smith AD, Rosenberg LJ, Cheng XN, Zhang XX, Xu GM, Cheng JY, Bao AD, Zhai BP, Wang HK.1994. Observation on the autumn migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera:Delphacidae) and other pests in east central China. Bulletin of Entomological Research,84:389-402.
180. Rosenberg LJ, Magor JI.1987. Predicting windborne displacement of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens from synoptic weather data.1. Long-distance displacement in the northeast monsoon. J. Animal Ecol.,56:39-51.
181. Rosenberg LJ, Magor JI.1983a. A technique for examining the long-distance spread of plant virus disease transmitted by the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera:Delphacidae), and other windborne insect vectors. In:Plumb R T, Thresh J M eds. Plant Virus Epideiology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications,229-238.
182. Rosenberg LJ, Magor JI.1983b. Flight duration of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvarta lugens (Homoptera:Delphacidae). Ecol. Ent.,8:341-351.
183. Rutter JF, Mills AP, Rosenberg LJ.1998. Weather associated with autumn and winter migrations of rice pests and other insects in south-eastern and eastern Asia. Bulletin of entomological research, 88(02):189-197.
184. Schaefer GW.1969. Radar studies of locust, moth and butterfly migration in the Sahara. Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond,34:39-40.
185. Sogawa K, et al..1999. Geographical displacement of rice planthoppers in China and subsequent overseas migrations to Japan and Korea in 1991 review of an outbreak year. CNRRI & JIRCAS Cooperative Office and China National Rice Research Institute,1999,11.
186. Sogawa K.1997. Overseas immigration of rice planthoppers into Japan and associated meteorological systems, pp.13-35 in:China National Rice Research Institute(Ed.). Procedings of China-Japan Joint Workshop on "Migration and Management of Insect Pest of Rice in Monsoon Asia", November 27-29, Hangzhou, China.
187. Sogawa K.1995. Windborne displacements of the rice planthoppers related to the seasonal weather patterns in Kyushu district. BULL. Kyushu Agric. Exp. Stn.,28:219-278.
188. Turner R, Song YH, Uhm KB.1999. Numerical model simulation of rice planthopper{Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) and Sogatellafurcifera Horvath (Homoptera:Delphacidae)) migration as a component in an Internet surveillance system. BULL. ENTOMOL. RES.,89(6):557-569.
189. What is ArcGIS? 2000. Environment Systems Research Institute (ESRI).
190. Williams CB.1930. The Migration of Butterflies. London,473.
191. Zhu M, Edward BR, David WR, Ian VM, Mark WS.2006. Low-level jet stream associated with spring aphid migration and current season spread of potato viruses in the U.S. Northern Great Plains. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,138(1-4):192-202.
192.Zhu Min.2002. Simulation of the long range migration of brown planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens (stal), and their outbreaks by using boundary layer atmospheric model and the geographic information system. Gyeongsang National University Department of Agricultural Biology.
2. 包云轩,程极益,程遐年,储长树,沈桐立.中国盛夏褐飞虱北迁过程的动态数值模拟.昆虫学报,2000,43(2)：176-183.
3. 包云轩,李金建,缪启龙,申双和,王建强.2008.2006年褐飞虱重大迁入过程的大气动力背景模拟——个例研究.中国农业气象,29(3)：347-352.
4. 包云轩,严明良,袁成松,李金健.2008.“海棠”台风对褐飞虱灾变性迁入影响的个例研究.气象科学,28(4)：450-455.
5. 鲍名.2009.从中期天气过程看近几年长江中下游梅雨偏少的原因.大气科学,33(4)：708-718.
6. 曹晖,舒德平,李明波.2009.太湖县褐飞虱灯诱种群数量分析.安徽农学通报(上半月刊),(17)：147-238.
7. 陈瑞鹿,暴祥致,王素云,孙雅杰,李立群,刘继荣.1992.草地螟迁飞活动的雷达观测.植物保护学报,(2)：171-174.
8. 陈瑞鹿.1990.迁飞害虫的雷达监测.病虫测报,(2)：36-41.
9. 陈若篪,程遐年,杨联民,殷向东.1979.褐飞虱卵巢发育及其与迁飞的关系.昆虫学报,22(3)：280-288.
10.陈若篪,程遐年.1980.褐飞虱起飞行为与自身生物学节律、环境因素同步关系的初步研究.南京农学院学报,(2)：42-49.
11.陈若篪,丁锦华,谈涵秋,胡国文,1989.迁飞昆虫学.北京：中国农业出版社.364-373.
12.陈若篪,吴家荣,祝树德,张建新.1984.褐飞虱的飞翔能力.昆虫学报,27(2)：121-127.
13.陈若篪,綦立正,程遐年,丁宗泽,吴中林.1986.褐飞虱种群动态的研究Ⅰ.温度、食料条件对种群增长的影响.南京农业大学学报,(3)：23-33.
14.陈文龙,申科,黎坚,张润杰.2005.水稻褐飞虱灯诱种群数量动态分析.西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),(3)：285-288.
15.陈晓,陈继光,薛玉,郝丽萍,张友,赵奎军.2004.东北地区草地螟1999年大发生的虫源分析.昆虫学报,47(5)：599-606.
16.陈钰瑛,王茂涛.1996.褐稻虱种群增殖与温度的关系.江苏农业科学,4：29-31.
17.陈钰瑛.1995.江苏省夏季天气对稻飞虱初次迁入的影响.植保技术与推广,(4)：3-4.
18.陈忠诚等.1996.广东省稻飞虱降落分布规律初步研究.广东农业科学,(4)：2-5.
19.程极益,樊多琦,包云轩,费惠新.1994.冀东稻飞虱暴发的轨迹分析.中国农业气象,(1)：2-5.
20.程极益.1994.褐飞虱迁飞的雷达观测与轨迹研究.环境遥感,(1)：51-56.
21.程家安,章连观,范泉根,祝增荣.1992.气温对褐飞虱种群动态影响的模拟研究.中国水稻科学,6：21-26.
22.程家安,祝增荣.2006.2005年长江流域稻区褐飞虱暴发成灾原因分析.植物保护,32(4)：1-4.
23.程家安,孙祥良.1992.水稻品种对褐飞虱种群增长的影响.植物保护学报,(2)：145-151.
24.程家安,朱金良,祝增荣,章连观.2008.稻田飞虱灾变与环境调控.环境昆虫学报,(2)：176-182.
25.程家安,祝增荣.2006.2005年长江流域稻区褐飞虱暴发成灾原因分析.植物保护,(4)：1-4.
26.程遐年,陈若篪,习学,杨联民,朱子龙,吴进才,钱仁贵,杨金生.1979.稻褐飞虱迁飞规律的研究.昆虫学报,22(1)：1-20.
27.程遐年,吴进才,马飞.2003.褐飞虱研究与防治.北京：中国农业出版社.
28.程遐年,张孝羲,程极益.1994.褐飞虱在中国东部秋季回迁的雷达观察.南京农业大学学报,(3)：24-32.
29.戴华国,宋小玲,吴小毅.1997.高温对褐飞虱发育与生殖的影响.昆虫学报,40(增刊)：159-164.
30.戴华国,杨亦桦,吴小毅.1996.稻褐飞虱成虫的羽化节律.南京农业大学学报,19(3)：117-118.
31.党安荣,吴宏岐,汪新庄.1996.论地理信息系统的发展机理与发展趋势.陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),24(3)：104-107.
32.稻飞虱测报调查规范.1995.中华人民共和国国家标准,GB/T 15794-1995.
33.邓望喜.1981.褐飞虱及白背飞虱空中迁飞规律的研究.植物保护学报,8(2)：73-81.
34.丁德峻.1980.东亚大气低层环流季节性变化与褐稻虱长距离迁飞.江苏农业科学,(5)：38-41.
35.丁宗泽,陈茂林,李沛元.1985.单季晚稻褐稻虱种群增殖的初步研究.江苏农业科学,(7)：1-20.
36.杜国华,张甘霖,龚子同.2007.长江三角洲水稻土主要土种在中国土壤系统分类中的归属.土壤,(5)：684-691.
37.封传红,翟保平,陈庆华,汤金仪.2003.利用850hPa气流资料分析稻飞虱迁飞路径.中国农业气象,24(3)：31-35.
38.封传红,翟保平,张孝羲,汤金仪.2002a.我国低空急流的时空分布与稻飞虱北迁.生态学报,22(4)：559-565.
39.封传红,翟保平,张孝羲,汤金仪.2002b.我国北方稻区1991年稻飞虱大发生虫源形成.生态学报,22(8)：1302-1314.
40.高月波,翟保平.2010.昆虫的定向机制.中国科技论文在线, http://www.paper.edu.cn/downloadpaper.php?serial_number=201002-373&type=1.
41.高月波,陈晓,陈钟荣,包云轩,杨荣明,刘天龙,翟保平.2008.稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)迁飞的多普勒昆虫雷达观测及动态.生态学报,(11)：5238-5247.
42.顾正远,肖英芳.1993.关于高温影响褐稻虱生存的商榷.植物保护,(3)：33.
43.广西褐稻虱研究协作组.1979.褐稻虱在广西越冬情况和迁飞规律的研究.昆虫知识,16(1)：1-11.
44.郭郛.1979.昆虫生殖的一些基本特征.昆虫知识,16(3)：128-132.
45.郭荣,赵中华.2006.农业自然灾害.农作物病虫害.中国农业出版社,376-378.
46.韩兰芝,翟保平,戴率善,张孝羲,刘培磊.2004.江苏丰县甜菜夜蛾田间种群虫源性质分析.生态学报,24(7)：1388-1398.
47.何继龙.1963.粘虫(Pseudaletia separata (Walker))生殖系统的解剖.昆虫学报,12(3)：282-291.
48.何明,向卫国,胡红兵,万军,胡毅.1995.四川水稻稻飞虱发生的天气环流型式分析.成都气象学院学报,(3)：211-219.
49.候婷婷,霍治国,吴瑞芬,叶彩玲,王素艳,薛昌颖,卢志光.2004.气温对福清地区晚稻褐飞虱种群消长的影响效应.中国农业气象,25(3)：28-32.
50.胡高,包云轩,王建强,翟保平.2007.褐飞虱的降落机制.生态学报,27：5068-5075.
51.胡高.2010.褐飞虱降落机制及其灾变机制机理的探讨.南京：南京农业大学,96-99.
52.胡国文,朱敏,唐健,潘成威,任泽君,杨克明.1995.武陵山区稻飞虱常年大发生的特点及原因剖析.西南农业学报,8(2)：53-60.
53.胡国文,唐启义,马巨法,唐健,朱敏.1997.中国褐飞虱的分布和为害.昆虫知识,(1)：50-51.
54.胡国文,朱敏,唐健,马巨法,唐启义,潘群威,任泽君.1996.我国褐飞虱迁入始见期的分析.昆虫知识,(5)：262-264.
55.胡淼,朱友根,李树强,刘复永,陈祝平,孙国钧,樊继贵.1988.白背飞虱迁入虫源在沿海地区集中降落分布规律及防治对策.昆虫知识,25(2)：65-69.
56.胡淼.1983.气旋波与昆虫的迁飞降落.昆虫知识,(5)：203-209.
57.胡娅敏,丁一汇,廖菲.2008.江淮地区梅雨的新定义及其气候特征.大气科学,(1)：101-112.
58.胡娅敏,丁一汇.2009.2000年以来江淮梅雨带北移的可能成因分析.气象,35(12)：37-43.
59.华红霞,邓望喜,李儒海.2002.长江中游稻区夏季飞机航捕迁入褐飞虱的轨迹分析.昆虫学报,45(1)：68-74.
60.江广恒,谈涵秋,沈婉贞,程遐年,陈若篪.1982.褐飞虱远距离向南迁飞的气象条件.昆虫学报,25(2)：147-155.
61.江广恒,谈涵秋,沈婉贞,程遐年,陈若篪.1981.褐飞虱远距离向北迁飞的气象条件.昆虫学报,(3)：251-261.
62.江苏农学院植物保护系,江苏省革委会气象局气象台.1977.1976年江苏省褐稻虱迁飞问题的探讨.江苏农业科技,(4)：50-57.
63.蒋德龙.1991.长江中下游气候.北京：气象出版社.
64.蒋耀培,李军,杨秋珍,汪祖国,龚才根,沈雁君.2006.2005年上海地区稻褐飞虱大发生特点及原因.植物保护,32(4)：96-97.
65.金彩华,严雅青.2007.南汇区褐飞虱抗药性的监测进程.上海农业科技,(2)：21-22.
66.金新芽,邵学强,陶永格.2010.浙江省梅雨特征及时空分布分析.水文,30(3)：93-96.
67.李儒海.1998.长江中游稻区夏季迁入褐飞虱的轨迹分析.《植物保护21世纪展望》,中国科技出版社,481-492.
68.李汝铎,丁锦华,胡国文,苏德明.1996.褐飞虱及种群管理.上海：复旦大学出版社.
69.李汝铎,王金其,苏德明.1987.昆虫卵巢发育与害虫预测预报.上海：复旦大学出版社,31-84.
70.李汝铎.1984.温度对褐飞虱种群生长的影响.植物保护学报,(2)：101-107.
71.梁桂梅,李永平,郭井泉.2007.近年泰国、越南稻飞虱发生态势及抗药性的发生与治理.中国植保导刊,(6)：44-45.
72.林添忠,吴美英.1998.福建褐稻虱迁飞降落大气环流类型研究.植物保护学报,25(4)：325-329.
73.凌炎,黄凤宽,龙丽萍,钟勇,尹文兵,黄所生,吴碧球.2011.中国和越南褐飞虱抗药性研究.应用昆虫学报,(5)：1374-1380.
74.刘成社,周群芳,张立良,戴昌金,任翠龙,翟勤.2011.沿江稻区褐飞虱的抗药性现状、分析及用药策略.安徽农学通报(上半月刊),(7)：118-119.
75.刘玉素,卢宝廉.1959.东亚飞蝗(Locusta migratoria manilensis Meyen)生殖系统的解剖和组织构造.昆虫学报,9(1)：7-11.
76.刘泽文,韩召军,王荫长,张洪伟.2004.温度对褐飞虱抗／感吡虫啉品系种群生长的影响.昆虫知识,(1)：47-50.
77.卢筝.1983.小地老虎生殖系统的研究.昆虫学报,25(3)：268-275.
78.芦芳,齐国君,陈晓,董西贵,郭玉人,武向文,倪秀红,陈时健,张纪英,张孝羲,翟保平.2010.上海地区2007年褐飞虱的后期迁入和虫源地的个例分析.生态学报,(12)：3215-3225.
79.吕万明.1980.白背飞虱雌性生殖系统的构造和卵巢发育分级的初步观察.昆虫知识,17(4)：182-183.
80.马音,陈文,王林.2011.中国夏季淮河和江南梅雨期降水异常年际变化的气候背景及其比较.气象学报,69(2)：334-343.
81.梅方权,吴宪章,姚长溪,李路平,王磊,陈秋云.1988.中国水稻种植区划.中国水稻科学, (3)：97-110.
82.浦茂华,陈洁明.1979.褐飞虱发生程度数理预报的初步研究.植物保护,(5)：1-9.
83.齐国君,芦芳,胡高,王凤英,程遐年,沈慧梅,黄所生,张孝羲,翟保平.2010.2007年广西早稻田褐飞虱发生动态及虫源分析.生态学报,30(2)：462-472.
84.齐国君,谢茂昌,梁载林,张孝羲,程遐年,翟保平.2011.2008年桂北地区稻飞虱特大迁入事件分析.应用昆虫学报,(5)：1260-1267.
85.齐会会,张云慧,程登发,韩二宾,孙京瑞.2010.褐飞虱2009年秋季回迁的雷达监测及轨迹分析.昆虫学报,(11)：1256-1264.
86.全国褐稻虱科研协作组.1981.我国褐稻虱迁飞规律研究的进展.中国农业科学.(2)：52-59.
87.全国褐飞虱科研协作组.1980.我国褐稻虱的发生动态及其预测预报.中国农业科学,(3)：58-64.
88.芮庆宝.1987.稻飞虱与气象.北京：气象出版社,110-115.
89.沈慧梅,陈晓,胡高,程遐年,张孝羲,翟保平.2011a.2008年广西北部湾稻区稻飞虱初迁入过程分析.应用昆虫学报,(5)：1268-1277.
90.沈慧梅,吕建平,周金玉,张孝羲,程遐年,翟保平.2011b.2009年云南省白背飞虱早期迁入种群的虫源地范围与降落机制.生态学报,(15)：4350-4364.
91.沈慧梅.2010.我国褐飞虱与白背飞虱的境外虫源研究.南京农业大学.
92.施德,虞轶俊,盛仙俏,孙会峰,张丽莉.2008.浙江省褐飞虱抗药性监测与治理.中国稻米,(1)：67-68.
93.石毓亮,张之光,李玉椿.1964.粘虫Pseudaletia separata (Walker)生殖系统解剖与自然交配及其在实践中的应用.山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),9：45-56.
94.司东,丁一汇,柳艳菊.2010.中国梅雨雨带年代际尺度上的北移及其原因.科学通报,55(1)：68-73.
95.孙经耀.1987.南岭稻区褐稻虱白背飞虱稻纵卷叶螟迁飞高峰期与天气系统关系的研究.广西农业科学,(6)：16-21.
96.孙雅杰,陈瑞鹿,王素云,暴祥致.1991.草地螟雌蛾生殖系统发育的形态变化.昆虫学报,34(2)：248-249.
97.谈涵秋,毛瑞曾,程极益,姚禾芬.1984.褐飞虱远距离迁飞中的降落和垂直气流、降雨的关系.南京农学院学报,(2)：18-24.
98.汪毓才,胡国文,谢明霞.1982.我国白背飞虱和褐稻虱迁飞路径的气流分析.植物保护学报,(2)：73-82.
99.汪远昆,翟保平.2004.白背飞虱的再迁飞能力.昆虫学报,47(4)：467-473.
100.王翠花,翟保平,包云轩.2009.气流场对褐飞虱北迁路径的影响.应用生态学报,20(10)： 2506-2512.
101.王凤英,胡高,陈晓,沈慧梅,罗善煜,辛德育,徐盛刚,张孝羲,翟保平.2009.宁稻纵卷叶螟大发生原因分析.中国水稻科学,23(5)：537-545.
102.王海扣,王群,程遐年,王茂涛,吴晓毅.1998.系统分析江苏褐飞虱的发生动态.西南农业大学学报,20(5)：432-437.
103.王菊明,沈天龙,夏其明.1981.褐稻虱各虫态发育历期与温度的关系.上海农业科技,(4)：14-17.
104.王宪辉,徐洪富,许永玉,刘勇,周真.2003.生殖系统结构、发育分级及在测报上的应用.植物保护学报,30(3)：261-266.
105.王彦华,李永平,陈进,沈晋良,李文红,高聪芬,庄永林,戴德江,周威君,梁桂梅,邵振润.2008.褐飞虱对吡虫啉敏感性的时空变化及现实遗传力.中国水稻科学,22(4)：421-426.
106.王彦华,沈晋良,王鸣华.2005.褐飞虱抗药性机理及其治理研究进展.农药科学与管理,(4)：24-28.
107.王彦华,王鸣华.2006.褐飞虱抗药性及再猖獗研究进展.农药,(4)：227-230.
108.王艳青.2006.近年来中国水稻病虫害发生及趋势分析.中国农学通报,(2)：343-347.
109.王政,齐国君,吕利华,胡芊,袁维熙.2011.广东白背飞虱早期迁入种群的虫源地分析.应用昆虫学报,(5)：1253-1259.
110.温玉丛,范凯华,师慈,穆兰芳,韩召军.2010.褐飞虱对吡虫啉的田间抗性动态分析.南京农业大学学报,(4)：55-58.
111.吴孔明,翟保平,封洪强,程登发,郭予元.2006.华北北部地区二代棉铃虫成虫迁飞行为的雷达观测.植物保护学报,(2)：163-167.
112.吴清林,陆琛莉,陈优平.2009.近50年浙江梅汛期降水分布的时空及环流特征.科技通报,25(5)：562-569.
113.徐海,祝树德,陆自强,杭杉保.1994.温度对褐飞虱种群调控作用研究.华东昆虫学报,(1)：53-59.
114.姚德宏,陈雄飞,姚士桐,陈勤海.2007.“卡努”(0515)台风在褐飞虱突增中的作用探析.中国农业气象,28(3)：347-349.
115.姚青,张志涛.1999.迁飞昆虫的研究进展.昆虫知识,36(4)：239-243.
116.臧伟,郝树广,王海扣,程遐年.1997.江淮稻区褐飞虱种群动态模拟模型.南京农业大学学报,(2)：36-42.
117.翟保平,程家安.2006.2006年水稻两迁害虫研讨会纪要.昆虫知识,(4)：585-588.
118.翟保平,张孝羲,程遐年.1997.昆虫迁飞行为的参数化Ⅰ.行为分析.生态学报,(1)：9-19.
119.翟保平.2004.病虫测报中的现代信息技术.中国植物保护学会2004年学术年会专辑,11-49.
120.翟保平.2004.昆虫行为研究中日长的计算.昆虫知识,41(2)：178-184.
121.翟保平.2005.昆虫雷达让我们看到了什么?.昆虫知识,42(2)：217-226.
122.翟保平.1999.追踪天使——雷达昆虫学30年.昆虫学报,42(3)：315-326.
123.张莉丽,汪彦欣,岑铭松,王国迪.2011.褐飞虱对常用药剂的抗药性监测及抗性治理策略.浙江农业科学,(1)：100-101.
124.张孝羲.1985.昆虫生态与预测预报.北京：中国农业出版社,214-215.
125.张孝羲,陆自强,耿济国.1979.稻纵卷叶螟雌蛾解剖在测报上的应用,昆虫知识,16(3)：97-99.
126.张孝羲,周立阳,程极益.1994.江淮稻区稻纵卷叶螟轨迹分析参数的推算.南京农业大学学报,17(1)：32-38.
127.张孝羲,耿济国,周威君.1981.我国稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee迁飞规律的研究.南京农业大学学报,(3)：43-54.
128.张孝羲.1980.昆虫迁飞的类型及生理、生态机制.昆虫知识,17(5)：236-239.
129.张云慧,陈林,程登发.2008.草地螟2007年越冬代成虫迁飞行为研究与虫源分析.昆虫学报,51(7)：720-727.
130.张云慧,乔红波,程登发,孙京瑞.2007.垂直监测昆虫雷达空中昆虫监测的初步应用.植物保护,(3)：23-26.
131.张韵梅,牟吉元.1994.棉铃虫卵巢发育的组织化学及测报分级研究.山东农业科学,3：7-9.
132.张增全.1983.褐飞虱翅型分化的研究.昆虫知识,26(3)：260-267.
133.赵圣菊.1988.从气象因素分析1987年稻飞虱大发生的原因.植物保护,(2)：2-5.
134.赵悦,张孝羲,翟保平.2011.江西上犹2009、2010年南方水稻黑条矮缩病的毒源地分析.应用昆虫学报,(5)：1321-1334.
135.周立阳,张孝羲,程极益.1995.江淮稻区稻纵卷叶螟的轨迹分析.南京农业大学学报,8(2)：53-58.
136.朱德峰,陈惠哲,章秀福,林贤青,张玉屏.2007.浙江水稻种植制的变化与种植区划.浙江农业学报,(6)：423-426.
137.朱艳秋,廖洞贤.1992.三维空气质点轨迹的计算.应用气象学报,3(3)：328-333.
138.祝树德,陆自强,杭衫保,徐海.1994.温度对褐飞虱种群调控作用研究.华东昆虫学报,3(1)：53-59.
139.邹运鼎,陈基诚,王士槐.1982.稻株营养物质与褐稻虱翅型分化的关系.昆虫学报,25(2)：220-222.
140. Asahina S, Turuoka Y.1968. Records of the insects visited a weather ship located at the ocean weather station'Tango'on the Pacific, Ⅱ. Kontyu.36,190-202.
141. Chapman JW, Nesbit RL, Burgin LE, Reynolds DR, Smith AD, Middleton DR, Hill JK.2010. Flight orientation behaviors promote optimal migration trajectories in high-flying insects. Science, 327,682-685.
142. Chen RL, Bao XZ, Drake VA, Farrow RA, Wang SY, Sun YJ, Zhai BP.1989. Radar observations of the spring migration into northeastern China of the oriental armyworm moth, Mythimna separata, and other insects. Ecological Entomology,14(2):149-162.
143. Davis JM, Main CE.1986. Applying atmospheric trajectory analysis to problems in epidemiology. Plant Disease,70(6):496-497.
144. Deveson T, Hunter D.2002. The operation of a GIS-Based decision support system for Australian locust management. Entomol. Sin,9(4):1-12.
145. Doty B.1995. GrADS V1.5.1.12.doty@cola.iges.org.
146. Endo S, Nagata T, Kawabe S, Kazano H.1988. Changes of insecticide susceptibility of the white backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) and the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal). Appl Entomol Zool,23:417-421.
147. Furuno A, Chino M, Otuka A, Matsumura TM, Suzuki Y.2005. Development of a numerical simulation model migration of rice planthoppers. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,133: 197-209.
148. Heong KL, Tan KH, Garcia CPF, Fabellar LT, Lu Z.2011. Research methods in toxicology and insecticide resistance monitoring of rice planthoppers. Int. Rice Res. Inst, Los Banos, Philippines.
149. Hu G, Cheng XN, Qi GJ, Wang FY, Lu F, Zhang XX, Zhai BP.2011. Rice planting systems, globalwarming and outbreaks of Nilaparvata lugens (Stil). Bulletin of Entomological Research 101(2):187-99.
150. Hu G, Xie MC, Lin ZX, Xin DY, Huang CY, Chen W, Zhang XX, Zhai BP.2010. Are Outbreaks of Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) Associated with Global Warming? Environmental Entomology, 39(6):1705-1714.
151. Hung CF, Kao CH, Liu CC, Lin JG, Sun CN.1990. Detoxifying enzymes of selected insect species with chewing and sucking habits. J. Econ. Entomol.,83(2):361-365.
152. IRRI-ADB, Ricehoppers:A Blog on the Latest Information and Issues Relevant to Managing Rice Planthopper Problems. Int. Rice Res. Inst., Los Banos, Philippines and Asian Dev. Bank, Manila, Philippines. (http://ricehoppers.net/).2011.
153. Johnson CG.1966. A Functional System of Adaptive Dispersal by Flight. Annual Review of Entomology,11:233-260.
154. Johnson CG.1969. Migration and dispersal of insects by flight. London.
155. Johnson CG.1960. Physiological Factors in Insect Migration by Flight. Nature,186:348-350.
156. Kennedy JS.1961. A Turning Point in the Study of Insect Migration. Nature.189,785-791.
157. Kilin D, Nagata T, Masuda T.1984. Development of Carbarmate Resistance in the brown planthopper, (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) within rice fields in the Philippines. J Plant Prot Tropics,1: 19-37
158. Kisimoto R, Sogawa K.1995. Migration of the Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens and the White-backed Planthopper Sogatella furcifera in East Asia:the role of weather and climate, pp. 93-104 in Drake V A, Gatehouse AG. (Eds) Insect migration:Tracking resources through space and time. Cambridge University Press, New York.
159. Kisimoto R.1976. Synoptic weather conditions inducing long-distance immigration of planthoppers, Sogatella furcifera Horvath and Nilaparvata lugens Stal. Ecological Entomology,1:95-109.
160. Kisimoto R.1971. Long distance migration of planthopper, Sogatella furcifera and Nilaparvata lugens. pp.206-216 in Symposium on Rice Insect. Tropical Agricultural Research Centre, Ministry of Agricultural and Forestry, Japan.
161. Lasg. GrADS实用手册.wjun@lasg.iap.ac.cn,2004.
162. Matsumra F.1983. Penetration, binding and target insensitivity as causes of resistance to chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides Pest Resistance to Pesticides, Georhiou, G. P. and Saito, T. eds. Plenumpress New York and London,367-386.
163. Matsumura M, Takeuchi H, Satoh M, Sanada-Morimura S, Otuka A, Watanabe T, Van Thanh D. 2009. Current status of insecticide resistance in rice planthoppers in Asia. In:Heong, K.L., Hardy, B. (Eds.), Planthoppers:New Threats to the Sustainability of Intensive Rice Production Systems in Asia. Int. Rice Res. Inst, Los Banos, Philippines, pp,233-243.
164. Nagata T, MMasuda T, Moriya S.1980. Development of insecticide resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) adn the white backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) of Southeast Asia. Appl Entomol Zool.15:10-19.
165. Noda T, Kiritani K.1989. Landing places of migratory planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) and Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Homoptera:Delphacidae) in Japan. APPL. ENT. ZOOL.,24:9-65.
168. Otuka A, Dudhia J, Watanabe T, Furuno A.2005a. A new trajectory analysis method for migratory planthoppers, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Homoptera:Delphacidae) and Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), using an advanced weather forecast model. Agricultural and Forest Entomology,7:1-9.
169. Otuka A, Matsumura M, Watanabe T, Dinh TV.2008. A migration analysis for rice planthoppers, Sogatella furcifera,Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) and Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), emigrating from northern Vietnam from April to May. Applied entomology and zoology.43(4):527-534.
170. Otuka A, Watanabe T, Suzuki Y, Matsumura M, Furuno A, Chino M.2005b. A migration analysis of the rice planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) from the Philippines to East Asia with three-dimensional computer simulations. Population Ecology,47(2):143-150.
171. Padgham DE.1983. Flight fuels in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. Journal of Insect Physiology,29(1):95-99.
172. Pedgley DE, Reynolds JR, Riley JR, Tucker MR.1982. Flying insects reveal small-scale wind systems. Weather,37(10):295-306.
173. Rainey RC.1955. Observations of Desert Locust Swarm by radar. Nature,175:77.
174. Riley JR, Cheng XN, Zhang XX, Reynolds DR, Xu GM, Smith AD, Cheng JY, Bao AD, Zhai BP. 1991. The long-distance migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Delphacidae) in China:radar observations of mass return flight in the autumn. Ecological Entomology,16:471-489.
175. Riley JR, Reynolds DR, Smith AD, Edwards AS, Zhang XX, Cheng XN, Wang HK, Cheng JY, Zhai BP.1995. Observations of the autumn migration of the rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) and other moths in eastern China. Bulletin of Entomological Research,85:397-414.
176. Riley JR, Reynolds DR, Smith AD, Rosenberg LJ, Cheng XN, Zhang XX, Xu GM, Cheng JY, Bao AD, Zhai BP, Wang HK.1994. Observation on the autumn migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera:Delphacidae) and other pests in east central China. Bulletin of Entomological Research,84:389-402.
177. Riley JR.1989. Remote sensing in entomology. Annual Review of Entomology,34:247-271.
178. Riley JR, Cheng XN, Zhang XX, Reynolds DR, Xu GM, Smith AD, Cheng JY, Bao AD, Zhai BP. 1991. The long-distance migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Delphacidae) in China:radar observations of mass return flight in the autumn. Ecol. Entomol,16:471-489.
179. Riley JR, Reynolds DR., Smith AD, Rosenberg LJ, Cheng XN, Zhang XX, Xu GM, Cheng JY, Bao AD, Zhai BP, Wang HK.1994. Observation on the autumn migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera:Delphacidae) and other pests in east central China. Bulletin of Entomological Research,84:389-402.
180. Rosenberg LJ, Magor JI.1987. Predicting windborne displacement of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens from synoptic weather data.1. Long-distance displacement in the northeast monsoon. J. Animal Ecol.,56:39-51.
181. Rosenberg LJ, Magor JI.1983a. A technique for examining the long-distance spread of plant virus disease transmitted by the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera:Delphacidae), and other windborne insect vectors. In:Plumb R T, Thresh J M eds. Plant Virus Epideiology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications,229-238.
182. Rosenberg LJ, Magor JI.1983b. Flight duration of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvarta lugens (Homoptera:Delphacidae). Ecol. Ent.,8:341-351.
183. Rutter JF, Mills AP, Rosenberg LJ.1998. Weather associated with autumn and winter migrations of rice pests and other insects in south-eastern and eastern Asia. Bulletin of entomological research, 88(02):189-197.
184. Schaefer GW.1969. Radar studies of locust, moth and butterfly migration in the Sahara. Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond,34:39-40.
185. Sogawa K, et al..1999. Geographical displacement of rice planthoppers in China and subsequent overseas migrations to Japan and Korea in 1991 review of an outbreak year. CNRRI & JIRCAS Cooperative Office and China National Rice Research Institute,1999,11.
186. Sogawa K.1997. Overseas immigration of rice planthoppers into Japan and associated meteorological systems, pp.13-35 in:China National Rice Research Institute(Ed.). Procedings of China-Japan Joint Workshop on "Migration and Management of Insect Pest of Rice in Monsoon Asia", November 27-29, Hangzhou, China.
187. Sogawa K.1995. Windborne displacements of the rice planthoppers related to the seasonal weather patterns in Kyushu district. BULL. Kyushu Agric. Exp. Stn.,28:219-278.
188. Turner R, Song YH, Uhm KB.1999. Numerical model simulation of rice planthopper{Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) and Sogatellafurcifera Horvath (Homoptera:Delphacidae)) migration as a component in an Internet surveillance system. BULL. ENTOMOL. RES.,89(6):557-569.
189. What is ArcGIS? 2000. Environment Systems Research Institute (ESRI).
190. Williams CB.1930. The Migration of Butterflies. London,473.
191. Zhu M, Edward BR, David WR, Ian VM, Mark WS.2006. Low-level jet stream associated with spring aphid migration and current season spread of potato viruses in the U.S. Northern Great Plains. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,138(1-4):192-202.
192.Zhu Min.2002. Simulation of the long range migration of brown planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens (stal), and their outbreaks by using boundary layer atmospheric model and the geographic information system. Gyeongsang National University Department of Agricultural Biology.