酸沉降条件下的重庆铁山坪森林健康监测及调控技术研究
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摘要
本研究于2004~2005年在我国西南典型酸雨和大气污染区重庆选择了马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)林为对象,进行森林土壤营养、林木地上地下生长和针叶营养、森林健康的综合监测,提出马尾松林木生长的健康评价阈值;布设马尾松人工林的土壤营养环境调控的定位试验,研究调控测试对林木营养和生长的作用,提出恢复提高马尾松林健康水平的调控措施;选择香樟(Cinnamomum camphora(L.)T.Nees & C.H.Eberm.)和木荷(Schima superba Gardn.et Champ.)两个阔叶树种的纯林,以及香樟和马尾松的混交林,比较不同树种的抗酸能力,探讨利用抗酸树种香樟改良马尾松林酸化土壤和提高森林健康水平的效果;进行较大范围的植物受害和敏感性实地调查,筛选抗酸雨和抗大气污染植物。主要结果如下:
     1)马尾松优势木针叶损失率与土壤营养的关系
     在马尾松林中,叶量损失率分别为0~20%、20~40%、40~60%和>60%的马尾松优势木树冠下腐殖质层和0~20、20~40、40~60cm土层的pH值分别为2.99~3.06、3.59~3.60、3.77~3.80和3.75~3.80,盐基饱和度分别为16.70~20.68%、6.15~8.58%、4.74~6.14%和2.96~5.47%,交换性K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Al~(3+)、Fe~(3+)、Mn~(2+)和H~+,以及全N、全P和有机质含量相同层次间差异不大,Al~(3+)、Fe~(3+)、Mn~(2+)、H~+和全硫含量高。不同叶量损失率的马尾松优势木树冠下相同层次的化学性质基本相似,pH值均很低且差异极小,盐基饱和度均很低,土壤严重酸化,缓冲能力已十分有限。
     2)马尾松优势木针叶损失率与细根生长、针叶营养和生长指标的关系
     在马尾松林中,马尾松优势木树冠下不同土层的各项细根密度指标总体上为随土层加深而递减。马尾松优势木树冠下相同土层的各项细根密度指标随叶量损失率的差异不大,但腐殖质层和0~60cm土层的单位土体细根干重密度呈现出随叶量损失率增加而减少的趋势,因而导致细根的质量降低,表现为细根变细和根尖数增多。叶量损失率较高的马尾松的细根明显地更集中在腐殖质层,在下层土壤中的比例明显降低,这可能导致树木抵抗干旱胁迫的能力下降,不利于林木健康和森林稳定性
     马尾松优势木1年生针叶中的K、Na、Ca、Mg、Al、P、S、N等元素含量随叶量损失率增加无明显差异。S含量均属于“极高”级,P含量均属于“极低”级,不同叶量损失率的马尾松优势木树冠下腐殖质层和各层土壤中全P也同样含量低,P元
A series of studies was put into practice in Chongqing suffering from acid rains and atmospheric pollution in 2004-2005. Intensive observations of soil elements, above-ground and underground growth, needle elements and health of artifical pure stands of Pinus massoniana Lamb, were done to know their general growth condition and obtain health evaluation threshold values. A fixed position experiment was conducted to research on effects of different application amounts of lime powder on acidified forest soil on of element contents in needles and growth of Pinus massoniana Lamb, and put forward optimum chemical regulation-control method. Two pure stands of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) T.Nees & C.H.Eberm., one pure stand of Schima superba Gardn. et Champ, and one mixed stand were chosen to probe into effects of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) T.Nees & C.H.Eberm. on improvement of acidified forest soil and enhancement of forest health. In order to discern plants resistant to acid rains and atmospheric pollution, a field investigation of wide scope on plant sensitivity to acid rains and atmospheric pollution and their damage to plants was carried out. The main results were as follows:
    1)The relationship between defoliation percentages of dominant trees of Pinus massoniana Lamb.and chemical properties of humus and soil
    In the pure stands of Pinus massoniana Lamb., in humus layer and soil layers of 0~20cm, 20~40cm and 40~60cm under dominant trees of different defoliation percentages of 0-20%, 20-40%, 40-60% and >60%, pH values were 2.99-3.06, 3.59-3.60, 3.77-3.80 and 3.75-3.80 respectively, BS values were 16.70-20.68%, 6.15-8.58%, 4.74-6.14% and 2.96-5.47% respectively, differences in contents of exchangeable K~+, Na~+, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), Al~(3+), Fe~(3+), Mn~(2+), H~+, total N, total P and organic matter between the same layers was not obvious, and contents of Al~(3+), Fe~(3+), Mn~(2+), H~+ and total S were high. Chemical properties in the same layers under dominant trees of different defoliation percentages were similar, pH values were very low and differences were very small, BS values were very low, soil became seriously acid, and its buffering power was very limited.
    2)The relationship between defoliation percentages of dominant trees of Pinus massoniana Lamb.and fine root growth, needle element contents and overground growth
    In the pure stands of Pinus massoniana Lamb., all the fine root density indexes in
引文
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