杂交中稻大苗机插植株生长特性与育秧技术研究
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摘要
为明确杂交中稻大苗机插植株生长特性,本研究于2007-2009年在四川省郫县设置了秧龄+品种、氮肥+多效唑、育秧方式+播种量、秧盘孔数量+孔径、育秧方式+氮肥等5个育秧试验和1个种植方式比较试验,探讨了大苗机插水稻的苗期生长特点；并以常规手插和定抛为对照,研究了大苗机插水稻返青生长、抽穗-成熟期群体质量、籽粒灌浆及产量品质特点,最后根据试验结果和生产示范总结提出了杂交中稻大苗机插育秧技术。主要结果如下：
1、两年秧龄试验表明,播种后36 d为杂交中稻机插适宜期,44 d为超秧龄初期,52 d为严重超秧龄期。在机插秧苗的超秧龄特别是严重超秧龄阶段,秧苗素质迅速变劣,表现为株高急剧增加,百株干质量和根系活力迅速下降,叶片丙二醛含量呈线性上升。播种期过早或过晚均不利于培育适宜机插的大苗。35 d秧龄的秧苗质量高比、根数、根长及株高整齐度显著下降,55 d秧龄的秧苗株高过高,百株干质量降低,,秧苗迅速衰老。适当调整播种期控制秧龄在40～45 d可显著增加种子成苗率、秧苗株高整齐度、根系活力、秧块盘结力等性状,从而有效改善机插秧苗个体素质和秧块质量。
2、依据GB／T 6243-86评价表明,优选育秧技术因子能有效提高杂交中稻大苗机插质量。对双膜旱育秧,45 d秧龄的机插质量较好,其漂秧率为8.07%、伤秧率为16.03%、全漂率为6.74%、勾秧率为11.81%、漏插率为8.90%、翻倒率为9.53%；1叶1心期追施6g/m2氮肥并配以100 mg／L多效唑浸种+2叶1心期250 mg/L多效唑喷施,可将漏插率降低至8.5%。对塑盘早育秧,1叶1心期与移栽期分别追施纯氮6 g／m2,可将漏插率降低至为7.05%；将秧盘孔数、孔径分别调整为728个和2 mm,能明显提高大苗机插质量,其漂秧率为6.00%,伤秧率10.0%,全漂率3.50%,勾秧率8.70%,漏插率7.64%,翻倒率7.36%。此外,报纸旱育秧、无底旱育秧在277.78-416.67 g／m2的播种量下的漏插率也较低,分别为7.02%和8.07%。
3、杂交中稻大苗机插的生育期较常规手插和定抛延长6 d左右,其返青生长相对较慢。表现为根系活力低,根系数量少,干物质生产能力弱。与常规手插秧苗比较,机插秧苗叶片SOD酶活性在移栽后15 d内差异较大,之后差异逐渐减小。与定抛秧苗比较,机插秧苗叶片POD酶活性在移栽后30 d内的差异范围为41.42-53.05△A470·g-1FM·min-1；与常规手插秧苗比较,在移栽后25-30 d内,差异有减小的趋势。移栽后30 d内,机插秧苗叶片的CAT酶活性与定抛和常规手插的差异相对稳定,相应的差值范围分别为24.64-28.21μ.mo1H202.g-1FM.min-1和13.76-16.99μmo1H202-g-1FM.min-1。机插秧苗在移栽后12 d内基本不发生分蘖,但之后增加迅速,并与常规手插和定抛秧苗在相同时间(移栽后36 d)达到最高茎蘖数,但每穴最高茎蘖数和最终茎蘖数均较低,分别为15.38个和12.73个。
4、不同种植方式的水稻在抽穗-成熟期的群体质量具有一定差异。常规手插和定抛水稻在抽穗-成熟期高效叶面积比例均为0.79,较机插高0.12。’抽穗期,常规手插和定抛水稻的叶面积指数(LAI)较高,分别为8.02和8.03,二者显著高于机插；成熟期,各种植方式的水稻叶面积指数(LAI)差异不显著。抽穗-成熟期,三种种植方式的水稻LAI衰减率无显著差异,均在0.144／d左右,但植株中部透光率差异极显著。抽穗期,机插水稻的透光率为30.5%,较常规手插和定抛分别高5.36%和8.82%。成熟期,机插水稻的透光率为24.78%,较常规手插和定抛分别高8.49%和10.0%。因此,与常规手插和定抛相比,机插水稻抽穗-成熟期的净同化率、叶面积指数较小,其衰减率较大,高效叶面积比例低,但通风透光强；三个供试品种中,冈优906的透光率较好,冈优188的净同化率和高效叶面积比例较高,川香9838的叶面积指数较大。
5、与常规手插和定抛相比,机插水稻的籽粒灌浆能力相对较弱,表现为强、弱势粒的起始生长势较小,实际灌浆时间较短,平均灌浆速率较低,籽粒增重也相应较慢。机插水稻的强势籽粒平均起始生长势(R0)为0.178g/100粒,较常规手插和定抛分别低0.132g/100粒和0.096g/100粒；机插水稻的弱势籽粒平均起始生长势(R0)为0.124g/100粒,较常规手插和定抛分别低0.003g/100粒和0.005g/100粒。机插水稻的强势粒和弱势粒的实际灌浆时间均较短,分别为19 d和24 d；其强势粒和弱势粒的平均灌浆速率均较低,分别为1.078 mg.grain-1.d-1和0.603 mg.grain-1·d-1。三个供试品种中,机插冈优188的强势粒实灌时间较川香9838少2 d,但弱势粒实灌时间较长为26 d,强、弱势粒平均灌浆速率较快,分别为1.174 mg.grain-1·d-1-0.685mg.grain-1.d-1。
6、育秧技术对长秧龄机插水稻的产量影响较大。Ⅱ优498在45 d秧龄下可获得9.53t.hm-2的高产；其次为川香9838、冈优527和冈优305等：早熟组合中优448的产量较低。氮肥与多效唑及育秧方式与播种量配合分别能获得9.95 t.hm-2和9.70 t.hm-2以上的较高产量。在塑盘旱育秧条件下,1叶1心期与移栽期分别追施纯氮6g/m2可获得10.41 t.hm-2的高产；而适当增加秧盘孔数有利于提高长秧龄机插水稻的产量,处理组合间以以728个孔配合2 mm孔径的稻谷产量较高,达到9.73 t.hm-2,以182个孔配合1 mm孔径的稻谷产量较低,仅为7.50 t·hm-2。
不同种植方式的水稻产量差异达极显著水平。以定抛的产量较高,实际产量为10.25t.hm-2；常规手插次之,实际产量为10.13 t.hm-2;机插较低,实际产量为9.50 t.hm-2。分析产量构成因素,机插水稻的有效穗数极显著高于常规手插和定抛,后两者差异不显著;定抛水稻的穗着粒数显著高于常规手插,极显著高于机插；定抛和常规手插水稻的穗实粒数和结实率差异不显著,但均极显著高于机插；各种植方式的稻谷千粒重差异不显著。供试品种中,以冈优188的产量较高。种植方式对稻米精米率、整精米率影响较小,但垩白率差异极显著；对稻米RVA特性影响较小,仅消减值差异显著。
In order to understand the plant growth characteristics and seedling-raising techniques for machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice, the study was executed in Pixian county of Sichuan province from 2007 to 2009, and it included six experiments:seedling age+ variety; nitrogenous fertilizer+PP333; seedling raising method+sowing rate; pore number of plastic tray+pore diameter of plastic tray; seedling raising method+nitrogenous fertilizer and transplanting method+variety. In the five nursing seedling experiments, it researched the growth characteristics of machine-transplanted rice with long seedling age; in the transplanting method+variety experiment, conventional tillage & transplanting and optimized-broadcasting rice were selected as CK, the seedling growth characteristics in turning green period, population quality indices between heading stage and mature stage, grain-filling properties, grain yield and quality were researched. Based on the experimental results and production demonstration, the seedling-raising techniques for machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice were summarized in this paper. The main results are as follows:
1. Two years experiments showed that,36 days after sowing was the optimum stage of machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice seedling,44 days and 52 d after sowing was respectively the over-optimum stage and serious over-optimum stage of machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice seedling. In the over-optimum especially serious over-optimum stage of machine-transplanted rice seedling, the seedling quality decreased rapidly, i.e. the plant height increase rapidly while the dry weight per 100 plants and root vigor decrease rapidly. /Meanwhile, the MDA content of seedling leaf increased in line. Premature or late sowing date wasn't be propitious to raising seedling for mid-season hybrid rice. The ratio of weight/height, seedling root number, and root length and height uniformity of 35 d seedling age decreased significantly, the plant height of 55 d seedling age increased rapidly, while the weight of 100 seedlings decreased, the seedling was decrepit. Adjust the sowing date that control the seedling age between 40～45 d, the rates of seed emergence, height uniformity, root vigor and roots twisting power were ameliorated significantly. Thereby, the seedling individual diathesis and seedling block quality of machine-transplanted rice with long seedling age were ameliorated effectively.
2. According to GB/T 6243-86, optimum selecting the seedling raising technology factors can effectively improve the machinerice-transplanted quantity. For dry-raised seedling by two-layers plastic film, the machinerice-transplanted quantity of 45 d seedling age was better, which partial floating rate was 8.07%, hurting rate was 16.03%, whole partial floating rate was 6.74%, crooking rate was 11.81%, empty rate was 8.90%, and overturning rate was 9.53%. Soaking seeds with 100 mg/L PP333 and spraying seedling leaf with 250 mg/L PP333 in 2.5 leaf age combining the application of 6 g/m2 nitrogenous fertilizer in 1.5 leaf age, the rate of empty-hole can decrease to 8.5%. For dry-raised seedling in plastic trays, combining the application of 6 g/m2 nitrogenous fertilizer in 1.5 leaf age and transplanting age, the rate of empty-hole can decrease to 7.05%. Adjusting the pore number and pore diameter of plastic tray to 728 and 2 mm can effectively improve the machinerice-transplanted quantity respectively. Which partial floating rate was 6.00%, hurting rate was 10.00%, whole partial floating rate was 3.50%, crooking rate was 8.70%, empty rate was 7.64%, and overturning rate was 7.36%. Moreover, the seedling raised with newspaper and bottomless on upland fields, and the sowing rate of 277.78-416.67 g/m2 gained the better machinerice-transplanted quantity, which empty rate were 7.02% and 8.07% respectively.
3. The growth period of machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice with long age seedlings was longer than the conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice, which was about 6 days. In turning green period, the growth of machine transplanted rice with long age seedlings was slow, the root vigor, root number, length of the longest root and dry matter accumulation of which were worse than other transplanting mothods. After transplanted 15 d, the seedling SOD enzyme activity difference between machine-transplanted rice and conventional tillage & transplanting rice was obvious. In turning green period, the seedling POD enzyme activity difference between machine-transplanted rice and optimized-broadcasting rice was from 41.42 to 53.05 △A470·g-1FM·min-1; Compared to the conventional tillage & transplanting rice, the POD enzyme activity difference decreased in the days after transplanted 25-30 d. In turning green period, the seedling CAT enzyme activity difference among the three transplanting methods were jarless relatively, the difference range were 24.64-28.21μmolH2O2·g-1FM·min-1 and 13.76-16.99μmolH2O2·g-1FM·min-1 respectively. After transplanted 12 d, there was scarcely any tiller of machine-transplanted rice, the tillers main bourgeon in the later of turning green period, and the tiptop number of tiller appeared after transplanted 36 d, which was the same as conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice. But the tiptop number of tiller and the finally number of tiller are lower, which are 15.38/hole and 12.73/ hole respectively.
4. The population quality indices between heading stage and mature stage of three transplanting methods were different. Between heading stage and mature stage, the ratio of high effective leaf area of the conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice was 0.79, which was higher than machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice 0.12. In heading stage, the Leaf area index (LAI) of the conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice were 8.02 and 8.03, which was higher tan machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice significant. In mature stage, the leaf area index (LAI) difference of three transplanting methods was inconspicuousness. Between heading stage and mature stage, the LAI decay rate of three transplanting methods was inconspicuousness, which was about 0.144/d. The light permeating percentage difference which was the 1/2 plant height of three transplanting methods was extremely notable. In heading stage, the light permeating percentage of machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice was 30.5%, which was higher than the conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice 5.36% and 8.82% respectively. In mature stage, the light permeating percentage of machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice was 24.78%, which was higher than the conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice 8.49% and 10.00% respectively. So, compared to the conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice, the NAR, leaf area index and ratio of high effective leaf area were lower, but the LAI attenuation rate and light permeating percentage were higher. Among the three varieties, the light permeating percentage of Gangyou 906 was better; LAI of Chuanxiang 9838 was bigger, while the NAR and RLA of Gangyou 188 were higher.
5. Compared to the conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice, the grain-filling ablity of machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice with long age seedlings was weaker. The concrete embody were as followes:the superior, inferior grain Ro was small, the actual grain-filling time was short, the average grain-filling rate was slow and the increasing of grain weight was slow. The superior grain average Ro of machine transplanted rice was 0.178 g/100 grains, which lower than the conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice 0.132 g/100 grains and 0.096 g/100 grains respectively. The inferior grain average Ro of machine-transplanted rice was 0.124 g/100 grains, which lower than the conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice 0.003 g/100 grains and 0.005 g/100 grains respectively. The actual grain-filling time of machine transplanted rice superior and inferior grain were all shorter, which were 19 d and 24 d respectively; the average grain-filling rate of machine-transplanted rice superior and inferior grain were all lower, which were 1.078 mg-grain-1·d-1 and 0.603 mg-grain-1·d-1 respectively. In the three varieties, the superior actual grain-filling time of machine-transplanted Gangyou 188 was fewer than Chuanxiang 9838 two days, but the inferior actual grain-filling time of Gangyou 188 was longer, which was 26 days, and the average grain-filling rate of superior grain and inferior grain of Gangyou 188 were 1.174 mg-grain-1·d-1 and 0.685 mg-grain-1·d-1.
6. Seedling-raising techniques have big effects on the grain yield of machine-transplanted rice.The better seedling age was 45 d (sowing date was from lth April to 6th April), suitable variety wasⅡyou 498, which grain yield can reach to 9.53 t·ha-1 at 45 d seedling age, grain yield of Chuanxiang 9838, Gangyou 527 and Gangyou 305 were medium, the grain yield of prematurely hybrid paddy rice Zhongyou 448 was lower. Nitrogenous fertilizer, PP333 and seedling raising methods, sowing rate can obtain higher grain yield, which were 9.95 t·ha-1 and 9.70 t·ha-1 respectively. For dry-raised seedling in plastic trays, combining the application of 6 g/m2 nitrogenous fertilizer in 1.5 leaf age and transplanting age, the grain yield can reach to 10.41 t·ha-1. Increasing the pore number and decreasing the pore diameter were propitious to increase the grain yield of machine-transplanted rice. The grain yield of 728 pore+2 mm pore diameter was higher, which was 9.73 t·ha-1, the grain yield of 182 pore+1 mm pore diameter was lower, which was 7.50 t·ha-1.
The Grain yield difference of three transplanting methods was extremely notable, the grain yield of optimized-broadcasting rice was higher, which actual grain yield was 10.25 t·ha-1; the grain yield of machine-transplanted rice was lower, which actual grain yield was 9.50 t·ha-1; the grain yield of conventional tillage & transplanting rice was mid, which actual grain yield was 10.13 t·ha-1. Analyzing the grain yield composing factors, the effective panicle of machine-transplanted rice was higher than the other transplanting mothods, the difference was extremely notable; the grains per panicle of optimized-broadcasting rice was higher than the other transplanting mothods, the filled grains per panicle difference between optimized-broadcasting rice and conventional tillage & transplanting rice was not notable, but all of them were higher than machine transplanted rice, the difference was extremely notable. The 1000-grain weight of three transplanting methods was not notable. In the three varieties, the grain yield of Gang you188 was higher. The effects of transplanting mothods on the milled rice rate, head rice rate and the grain amylase RVA were small, while have big effects on the chalky rice rate and setback numerical value.
1、两年秧龄试验表明,播种后36 d为杂交中稻机插适宜期,44 d为超秧龄初期,52 d为严重超秧龄期。在机插秧苗的超秧龄特别是严重超秧龄阶段,秧苗素质迅速变劣,表现为株高急剧增加,百株干质量和根系活力迅速下降,叶片丙二醛含量呈线性上升。播种期过早或过晚均不利于培育适宜机插的大苗。35 d秧龄的秧苗质量高比、根数、根长及株高整齐度显著下降,55 d秧龄的秧苗株高过高,百株干质量降低,,秧苗迅速衰老。适当调整播种期控制秧龄在40～45 d可显著增加种子成苗率、秧苗株高整齐度、根系活力、秧块盘结力等性状,从而有效改善机插秧苗个体素质和秧块质量。
2、依据GB／T 6243-86评价表明,优选育秧技术因子能有效提高杂交中稻大苗机插质量。对双膜旱育秧,45 d秧龄的机插质量较好,其漂秧率为8.07%、伤秧率为16.03%、全漂率为6.74%、勾秧率为11.81%、漏插率为8.90%、翻倒率为9.53%；1叶1心期追施6g/m2氮肥并配以100 mg／L多效唑浸种+2叶1心期250 mg/L多效唑喷施,可将漏插率降低至8.5%。对塑盘早育秧,1叶1心期与移栽期分别追施纯氮6 g／m2,可将漏插率降低至为7.05%；将秧盘孔数、孔径分别调整为728个和2 mm,能明显提高大苗机插质量,其漂秧率为6.00%,伤秧率10.0%,全漂率3.50%,勾秧率8.70%,漏插率7.64%,翻倒率7.36%。此外,报纸旱育秧、无底旱育秧在277.78-416.67 g／m2的播种量下的漏插率也较低,分别为7.02%和8.07%。
3、杂交中稻大苗机插的生育期较常规手插和定抛延长6 d左右,其返青生长相对较慢。表现为根系活力低,根系数量少,干物质生产能力弱。与常规手插秧苗比较,机插秧苗叶片SOD酶活性在移栽后15 d内差异较大,之后差异逐渐减小。与定抛秧苗比较,机插秧苗叶片POD酶活性在移栽后30 d内的差异范围为41.42-53.05△A470·g-1FM·min-1；与常规手插秧苗比较,在移栽后25-30 d内,差异有减小的趋势。移栽后30 d内,机插秧苗叶片的CAT酶活性与定抛和常规手插的差异相对稳定,相应的差值范围分别为24.64-28.21μ.mo1H202.g-1FM.min-1和13.76-16.99μmo1H202-g-1FM.min-1。机插秧苗在移栽后12 d内基本不发生分蘖,但之后增加迅速,并与常规手插和定抛秧苗在相同时间(移栽后36 d)达到最高茎蘖数,但每穴最高茎蘖数和最终茎蘖数均较低,分别为15.38个和12.73个。
4、不同种植方式的水稻在抽穗-成熟期的群体质量具有一定差异。常规手插和定抛水稻在抽穗-成熟期高效叶面积比例均为0.79,较机插高0.12。’抽穗期,常规手插和定抛水稻的叶面积指数(LAI)较高,分别为8.02和8.03,二者显著高于机插；成熟期,各种植方式的水稻叶面积指数(LAI)差异不显著。抽穗-成熟期,三种种植方式的水稻LAI衰减率无显著差异,均在0.144／d左右,但植株中部透光率差异极显著。抽穗期,机插水稻的透光率为30.5%,较常规手插和定抛分别高5.36%和8.82%。成熟期,机插水稻的透光率为24.78%,较常规手插和定抛分别高8.49%和10.0%。因此,与常规手插和定抛相比,机插水稻抽穗-成熟期的净同化率、叶面积指数较小,其衰减率较大,高效叶面积比例低,但通风透光强；三个供试品种中,冈优906的透光率较好,冈优188的净同化率和高效叶面积比例较高,川香9838的叶面积指数较大。
5、与常规手插和定抛相比,机插水稻的籽粒灌浆能力相对较弱,表现为强、弱势粒的起始生长势较小,实际灌浆时间较短,平均灌浆速率较低,籽粒增重也相应较慢。机插水稻的强势籽粒平均起始生长势(R0)为0.178g/100粒,较常规手插和定抛分别低0.132g/100粒和0.096g/100粒；机插水稻的弱势籽粒平均起始生长势(R0)为0.124g/100粒,较常规手插和定抛分别低0.003g/100粒和0.005g/100粒。机插水稻的强势粒和弱势粒的实际灌浆时间均较短,分别为19 d和24 d；其强势粒和弱势粒的平均灌浆速率均较低,分别为1.078 mg.grain-1.d-1和0.603 mg.grain-1·d-1。三个供试品种中,机插冈优188的强势粒实灌时间较川香9838少2 d,但弱势粒实灌时间较长为26 d,强、弱势粒平均灌浆速率较快,分别为1.174 mg.grain-1·d-1-0.685mg.grain-1.d-1。
6、育秧技术对长秧龄机插水稻的产量影响较大。Ⅱ优498在45 d秧龄下可获得9.53t.hm-2的高产；其次为川香9838、冈优527和冈优305等：早熟组合中优448的产量较低。氮肥与多效唑及育秧方式与播种量配合分别能获得9.95 t.hm-2和9.70 t.hm-2以上的较高产量。在塑盘旱育秧条件下,1叶1心期与移栽期分别追施纯氮6g/m2可获得10.41 t.hm-2的高产；而适当增加秧盘孔数有利于提高长秧龄机插水稻的产量,处理组合间以以728个孔配合2 mm孔径的稻谷产量较高,达到9.73 t.hm-2,以182个孔配合1 mm孔径的稻谷产量较低,仅为7.50 t·hm-2。
不同种植方式的水稻产量差异达极显著水平。以定抛的产量较高,实际产量为10.25t.hm-2；常规手插次之,实际产量为10.13 t.hm-2;机插较低,实际产量为9.50 t.hm-2。分析产量构成因素,机插水稻的有效穗数极显著高于常规手插和定抛,后两者差异不显著;定抛水稻的穗着粒数显著高于常规手插,极显著高于机插；定抛和常规手插水稻的穗实粒数和结实率差异不显著,但均极显著高于机插；各种植方式的稻谷千粒重差异不显著。供试品种中,以冈优188的产量较高。种植方式对稻米精米率、整精米率影响较小,但垩白率差异极显著；对稻米RVA特性影响较小,仅消减值差异显著。
In order to understand the plant growth characteristics and seedling-raising techniques for machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice, the study was executed in Pixian county of Sichuan province from 2007 to 2009, and it included six experiments:seedling age+ variety; nitrogenous fertilizer+PP333; seedling raising method+sowing rate; pore number of plastic tray+pore diameter of plastic tray; seedling raising method+nitrogenous fertilizer and transplanting method+variety. In the five nursing seedling experiments, it researched the growth characteristics of machine-transplanted rice with long seedling age; in the transplanting method+variety experiment, conventional tillage & transplanting and optimized-broadcasting rice were selected as CK, the seedling growth characteristics in turning green period, population quality indices between heading stage and mature stage, grain-filling properties, grain yield and quality were researched. Based on the experimental results and production demonstration, the seedling-raising techniques for machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice were summarized in this paper. The main results are as follows:
1. Two years experiments showed that,36 days after sowing was the optimum stage of machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice seedling,44 days and 52 d after sowing was respectively the over-optimum stage and serious over-optimum stage of machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice seedling. In the over-optimum especially serious over-optimum stage of machine-transplanted rice seedling, the seedling quality decreased rapidly, i.e. the plant height increase rapidly while the dry weight per 100 plants and root vigor decrease rapidly. /Meanwhile, the MDA content of seedling leaf increased in line. Premature or late sowing date wasn't be propitious to raising seedling for mid-season hybrid rice. The ratio of weight/height, seedling root number, and root length and height uniformity of 35 d seedling age decreased significantly, the plant height of 55 d seedling age increased rapidly, while the weight of 100 seedlings decreased, the seedling was decrepit. Adjust the sowing date that control the seedling age between 40～45 d, the rates of seed emergence, height uniformity, root vigor and roots twisting power were ameliorated significantly. Thereby, the seedling individual diathesis and seedling block quality of machine-transplanted rice with long seedling age were ameliorated effectively.
2. According to GB/T 6243-86, optimum selecting the seedling raising technology factors can effectively improve the machinerice-transplanted quantity. For dry-raised seedling by two-layers plastic film, the machinerice-transplanted quantity of 45 d seedling age was better, which partial floating rate was 8.07%, hurting rate was 16.03%, whole partial floating rate was 6.74%, crooking rate was 11.81%, empty rate was 8.90%, and overturning rate was 9.53%. Soaking seeds with 100 mg/L PP333 and spraying seedling leaf with 250 mg/L PP333 in 2.5 leaf age combining the application of 6 g/m2 nitrogenous fertilizer in 1.5 leaf age, the rate of empty-hole can decrease to 8.5%. For dry-raised seedling in plastic trays, combining the application of 6 g/m2 nitrogenous fertilizer in 1.5 leaf age and transplanting age, the rate of empty-hole can decrease to 7.05%. Adjusting the pore number and pore diameter of plastic tray to 728 and 2 mm can effectively improve the machinerice-transplanted quantity respectively. Which partial floating rate was 6.00%, hurting rate was 10.00%, whole partial floating rate was 3.50%, crooking rate was 8.70%, empty rate was 7.64%, and overturning rate was 7.36%. Moreover, the seedling raised with newspaper and bottomless on upland fields, and the sowing rate of 277.78-416.67 g/m2 gained the better machinerice-transplanted quantity, which empty rate were 7.02% and 8.07% respectively.
3. The growth period of machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice with long age seedlings was longer than the conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice, which was about 6 days. In turning green period, the growth of machine transplanted rice with long age seedlings was slow, the root vigor, root number, length of the longest root and dry matter accumulation of which were worse than other transplanting mothods. After transplanted 15 d, the seedling SOD enzyme activity difference between machine-transplanted rice and conventional tillage & transplanting rice was obvious. In turning green period, the seedling POD enzyme activity difference between machine-transplanted rice and optimized-broadcasting rice was from 41.42 to 53.05 △A470·g-1FM·min-1; Compared to the conventional tillage & transplanting rice, the POD enzyme activity difference decreased in the days after transplanted 25-30 d. In turning green period, the seedling CAT enzyme activity difference among the three transplanting methods were jarless relatively, the difference range were 24.64-28.21μmolH2O2·g-1FM·min-1 and 13.76-16.99μmolH2O2·g-1FM·min-1 respectively. After transplanted 12 d, there was scarcely any tiller of machine-transplanted rice, the tillers main bourgeon in the later of turning green period, and the tiptop number of tiller appeared after transplanted 36 d, which was the same as conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice. But the tiptop number of tiller and the finally number of tiller are lower, which are 15.38/hole and 12.73/ hole respectively.
4. The population quality indices between heading stage and mature stage of three transplanting methods were different. Between heading stage and mature stage, the ratio of high effective leaf area of the conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice was 0.79, which was higher than machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice 0.12. In heading stage, the Leaf area index (LAI) of the conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice were 8.02 and 8.03, which was higher tan machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice significant. In mature stage, the leaf area index (LAI) difference of three transplanting methods was inconspicuousness. Between heading stage and mature stage, the LAI decay rate of three transplanting methods was inconspicuousness, which was about 0.144/d. The light permeating percentage difference which was the 1/2 plant height of three transplanting methods was extremely notable. In heading stage, the light permeating percentage of machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice was 30.5%, which was higher than the conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice 5.36% and 8.82% respectively. In mature stage, the light permeating percentage of machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice was 24.78%, which was higher than the conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice 8.49% and 10.00% respectively. So, compared to the conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice, the NAR, leaf area index and ratio of high effective leaf area were lower, but the LAI attenuation rate and light permeating percentage were higher. Among the three varieties, the light permeating percentage of Gangyou 906 was better; LAI of Chuanxiang 9838 was bigger, while the NAR and RLA of Gangyou 188 were higher.
5. Compared to the conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice, the grain-filling ablity of machine-transplanted mid-season hybrid rice with long age seedlings was weaker. The concrete embody were as followes:the superior, inferior grain Ro was small, the actual grain-filling time was short, the average grain-filling rate was slow and the increasing of grain weight was slow. The superior grain average Ro of machine transplanted rice was 0.178 g/100 grains, which lower than the conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice 0.132 g/100 grains and 0.096 g/100 grains respectively. The inferior grain average Ro of machine-transplanted rice was 0.124 g/100 grains, which lower than the conventional tillage & transplanting rice and optimized-broadcasting rice 0.003 g/100 grains and 0.005 g/100 grains respectively. The actual grain-filling time of machine transplanted rice superior and inferior grain were all shorter, which were 19 d and 24 d respectively; the average grain-filling rate of machine-transplanted rice superior and inferior grain were all lower, which were 1.078 mg-grain-1·d-1 and 0.603 mg-grain-1·d-1 respectively. In the three varieties, the superior actual grain-filling time of machine-transplanted Gangyou 188 was fewer than Chuanxiang 9838 two days, but the inferior actual grain-filling time of Gangyou 188 was longer, which was 26 days, and the average grain-filling rate of superior grain and inferior grain of Gangyou 188 were 1.174 mg-grain-1·d-1 and 0.685 mg-grain-1·d-1.
6. Seedling-raising techniques have big effects on the grain yield of machine-transplanted rice.The better seedling age was 45 d (sowing date was from lth April to 6th April), suitable variety wasⅡyou 498, which grain yield can reach to 9.53 t·ha-1 at 45 d seedling age, grain yield of Chuanxiang 9838, Gangyou 527 and Gangyou 305 were medium, the grain yield of prematurely hybrid paddy rice Zhongyou 448 was lower. Nitrogenous fertilizer, PP333 and seedling raising methods, sowing rate can obtain higher grain yield, which were 9.95 t·ha-1 and 9.70 t·ha-1 respectively. For dry-raised seedling in plastic trays, combining the application of 6 g/m2 nitrogenous fertilizer in 1.5 leaf age and transplanting age, the grain yield can reach to 10.41 t·ha-1. Increasing the pore number and decreasing the pore diameter were propitious to increase the grain yield of machine-transplanted rice. The grain yield of 728 pore+2 mm pore diameter was higher, which was 9.73 t·ha-1, the grain yield of 182 pore+1 mm pore diameter was lower, which was 7.50 t·ha-1.
The Grain yield difference of three transplanting methods was extremely notable, the grain yield of optimized-broadcasting rice was higher, which actual grain yield was 10.25 t·ha-1; the grain yield of machine-transplanted rice was lower, which actual grain yield was 9.50 t·ha-1; the grain yield of conventional tillage & transplanting rice was mid, which actual grain yield was 10.13 t·ha-1. Analyzing the grain yield composing factors, the effective panicle of machine-transplanted rice was higher than the other transplanting mothods, the difference was extremely notable; the grains per panicle of optimized-broadcasting rice was higher than the other transplanting mothods, the filled grains per panicle difference between optimized-broadcasting rice and conventional tillage & transplanting rice was not notable, but all of them were higher than machine transplanted rice, the difference was extremely notable. The 1000-grain weight of three transplanting methods was not notable. In the three varieties, the grain yield of Gang you188 was higher. The effects of transplanting mothods on the milled rice rate, head rice rate and the grain amylase RVA were small, while have big effects on the chalky rice rate and setback numerical value.
引文
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