植物绝缘油的制备及抗氧化性能研究
|
摘要
在油浸电力设备中得到广泛应用的矿物绝缘油,具有良好的电气绝缘和冷却性能以及低廉的成本。但是,矿物油难以生物降解,一旦泄漏将会对水源、居住环境等造成污染,无法达到环保绝缘材料的要求。因此,研究环保型液体绝缘介质成为国际上关注的新课题。植物绝缘油的研究与矿物油的研究是同期进行的。早期由于植物绝缘油的抗氧化性能较差、粘度大,因此仅被用作电容器的浸渍剂。自上世纪90年代以来,植物型液体绝缘介质的研究重新受到许多科学工作者的重视。植物油来源于天然的油料作物,可完全生物降解。在石油枯竭的新形势下,它将可能成为矿物油的绿色替代品。
实验采用菜籽油作为原料油、甲醇作为酯交换的小分子醇,在微波辐射和离子液体的催化作用下,高效、快速制备了植物绝缘油。研究了微波功率、微波辐射时间、离子液体的用量、催化剂的种类及用量、醇油物质的量比等对绝缘油制备的影响。研究结果表明,用碱作催化剂时,微波和离子液体对绝缘油的制备有协同促进作用。离子液体具有催化与增溶的作用,能较好地消除醇-油间的界面接触,减小皂化现象,提高酯交换效率,而微波加热的热效应和非热效应能加快酯交换速率。多次实验结果表明,微波法制备绝缘油的最佳工艺条件为微波功率为1000W,微波辐射时间为10min,微波温度为65℃,醇油物质的量比为6:1,催化剂NaOH的用量为油质量的0.8%,离子液体[BMIm]BF4用量为油质量的1.5%,此条件下绝缘油产率为84.6%。
对净化后合成的植物绝缘油进行了理化、电气性能的测试,结果表明:植物绝缘油闪点大于170℃,工频击穿电压达到64kV,90℃介损为0.0087,90℃体积电阻率为6.43×1010?·m,相对介电常数εr为3.08,对环境无污染,各项指标均能满足绝缘油的要求,是矿物绝缘油的良好替代品。
本文探讨了油酯的氧化机理;分析了抗氧化剂的作用机理,考察了BHT、PG、TBHQ等抗氧化剂的抗氧化性能及其用量,得出结论:三种抗氧化剂中TBHQ的抗氧化效果最佳,抗氧化剂最佳用量为50ppm。
Mineral insulating oil has extensive application in oil-immersed voltage equipment. It has excellent electric insulating property, high coolant capability and low cost. However, it is poorly biodegradable as well and may contaminate soil, waterways, and resident conditions when serious oil spill or leakage occurs. It can’t achieve the request of environmental protection. Therefore, research on the environment-friendly vegetable insulating oil has become a pop project.Researches on using vegetable oil as dielectric liquid began at the same time as mineral oil. Because of its weak antioxygenic property and high viscosity, vegetable oil was restricted in capacitor impregnan. From 1990s, the researches of using vegetable oil as dielectric liquid have been developed again. Vegetable oil, extracted from crude seed oil, is fully biodegradable. Nowaday, the reserves of mineral oil became decreased, so vegetable oil could be the green substitute as mineral oil.
The rapid method of preparation of insulating oil was studied with rapeseed oil and methanol catalyzed with ionic liquid under microwave irradiation. Factors influencing on yield of insulating oil were investigated following microwave power, microwave irradiation time, dosage and type of ionic liquid, amount and type of catalyst and mass ratio of methanol to oil. The results show that, microwave and ionic liquid had synergetic effect on transesterification when using NaOH as catalyst. Ionic liquid has the effects of catalysis and solubilization, which can eliminate the interface of methanol and oil, and it also can reduce the saponification and improves efficiency of transesterification. Microwave can also improve the transesterification efficiency for its thermal and non-thermal effect. The optimum conditions for preparation insulating oil are as follows: microwave power 1000W, reaction time 10min, reaction temperature 65℃, molar ratio of methanol to oil 6:1, dosage of catalyst 0.8% (mass ratio of NaOH to oil),dosage of ionic liquid 1.5% (mass ratio of [BMIm]BF4 to oil). The yield of insulating oil is 84.6%.
The physical and chemical properties, also electric performances of the vegetable insulating oil after microwave-assisted synthesis is tested. The results show that, the flashpoint of the insulating vegetagble oil is higher than 170℃, the dielectric breakdown voltage can reach as high as above 64 kV/2.5 cm, the dissipation factor at 90℃is 0.0087, the volume resistivity at 90℃is 6.43×1010?·m, the high dielectric constant dielectricεr is 3.08, pollution-free to environment, every index can meet well with the requirement for the insulating oil, so it is a excellent substitute of mineral insulating oil.
The oxidation mechanism of oil was discussed and the action mechanism of antioxidants was analyzed. Different kinds of antioxidant such as BHT, PG, TBHQ are tested in this study. It is found that the most suitable antioxidant is TBHQ and the optinal dosage for transgenic rapeseed oil is 50ppm.
实验采用菜籽油作为原料油、甲醇作为酯交换的小分子醇,在微波辐射和离子液体的催化作用下,高效、快速制备了植物绝缘油。研究了微波功率、微波辐射时间、离子液体的用量、催化剂的种类及用量、醇油物质的量比等对绝缘油制备的影响。研究结果表明,用碱作催化剂时,微波和离子液体对绝缘油的制备有协同促进作用。离子液体具有催化与增溶的作用,能较好地消除醇-油间的界面接触,减小皂化现象,提高酯交换效率,而微波加热的热效应和非热效应能加快酯交换速率。多次实验结果表明,微波法制备绝缘油的最佳工艺条件为微波功率为1000W,微波辐射时间为10min,微波温度为65℃,醇油物质的量比为6:1,催化剂NaOH的用量为油质量的0.8%,离子液体[BMIm]BF4用量为油质量的1.5%,此条件下绝缘油产率为84.6%。
对净化后合成的植物绝缘油进行了理化、电气性能的测试,结果表明:植物绝缘油闪点大于170℃,工频击穿电压达到64kV,90℃介损为0.0087,90℃体积电阻率为6.43×1010?·m,相对介电常数εr为3.08,对环境无污染,各项指标均能满足绝缘油的要求,是矿物绝缘油的良好替代品。
本文探讨了油酯的氧化机理;分析了抗氧化剂的作用机理,考察了BHT、PG、TBHQ等抗氧化剂的抗氧化性能及其用量,得出结论:三种抗氧化剂中TBHQ的抗氧化效果最佳,抗氧化剂最佳用量为50ppm。
Mineral insulating oil has extensive application in oil-immersed voltage equipment. It has excellent electric insulating property, high coolant capability and low cost. However, it is poorly biodegradable as well and may contaminate soil, waterways, and resident conditions when serious oil spill or leakage occurs. It can’t achieve the request of environmental protection. Therefore, research on the environment-friendly vegetable insulating oil has become a pop project.Researches on using vegetable oil as dielectric liquid began at the same time as mineral oil. Because of its weak antioxygenic property and high viscosity, vegetable oil was restricted in capacitor impregnan. From 1990s, the researches of using vegetable oil as dielectric liquid have been developed again. Vegetable oil, extracted from crude seed oil, is fully biodegradable. Nowaday, the reserves of mineral oil became decreased, so vegetable oil could be the green substitute as mineral oil.
The rapid method of preparation of insulating oil was studied with rapeseed oil and methanol catalyzed with ionic liquid under microwave irradiation. Factors influencing on yield of insulating oil were investigated following microwave power, microwave irradiation time, dosage and type of ionic liquid, amount and type of catalyst and mass ratio of methanol to oil. The results show that, microwave and ionic liquid had synergetic effect on transesterification when using NaOH as catalyst. Ionic liquid has the effects of catalysis and solubilization, which can eliminate the interface of methanol and oil, and it also can reduce the saponification and improves efficiency of transesterification. Microwave can also improve the transesterification efficiency for its thermal and non-thermal effect. The optimum conditions for preparation insulating oil are as follows: microwave power 1000W, reaction time 10min, reaction temperature 65℃, molar ratio of methanol to oil 6:1, dosage of catalyst 0.8% (mass ratio of NaOH to oil),dosage of ionic liquid 1.5% (mass ratio of [BMIm]BF4 to oil). The yield of insulating oil is 84.6%.
The physical and chemical properties, also electric performances of the vegetable insulating oil after microwave-assisted synthesis is tested. The results show that, the flashpoint of the insulating vegetagble oil is higher than 170℃, the dielectric breakdown voltage can reach as high as above 64 kV/2.5 cm, the dissipation factor at 90℃is 0.0087, the volume resistivity at 90℃is 6.43×1010?·m, the high dielectric constant dielectricεr is 3.08, pollution-free to environment, every index can meet well with the requirement for the insulating oil, so it is a excellent substitute of mineral insulating oil.
The oxidation mechanism of oil was discussed and the action mechanism of antioxidants was analyzed. Different kinds of antioxidant such as BHT, PG, TBHQ are tested in this study. It is found that the most suitable antioxidant is TBHQ and the optinal dosage for transgenic rapeseed oil is 50ppm.
引文
[1]李新森.电力用油[M].北京:中国石化出版社, 1988.
[2]温念珠.电力用油实用技术[M].北京:中国水利电力出版社, 1998:3-42.
[3]谭志龙.周东平.王淑德.电力用油(气)技术问答[M].中国电力出版社, 2006.
[4] T.V.Oommen, C.C.Claiborne, J.T.Mullen. Biodegradable electrical insulation fluids[C]. Proceedings of Electrical Insulation Conference, Sep 1997:465-468.
[5] T.V.Oommen. Vegetable oils for liquid filled transformers[J].IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2002, 8(1):6-11.
[6] Bertrand Y, Hoang L C. Vegetable oils as substitute for mineral oils[C]. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, Nagoya, Japan, 2003:491-494.
[7] Badent R, Julliard Y, Kist K etal. Behaviour of rape-seed-oils under impulse voltages[J]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena. 1999(2):638-641.
[8] Badent R, Kist K, Ruggemeier B et al. Dielectric characteristics of rape-seed oil[J]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.Oct.1998, vol.2:456-459.
[9] Mcshane C P. Relative properties of the new combustion resistant vegetable oil based dielectric coolants[C]. Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference. Sept.2000:11-13.
[10] Mcshane C P. Natural and synthetic ester dielectric fluids: their relative environmental, fire safety, and electrical performance[C]. Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference. 1999 IEEE. May:2-6.
[11] Mcshane C P, Gauger G A, Luksich J. Fire resistant natural ester dielectric fluid and novel insulation system for its use[C]. IEEE Transmission and distribution conference.1999:890-894.
[12] Claiborne C C, Walsh E J, Oommen T V. An agriculturally based biodegradable dielectric fluid[C]. Transmission and Distribution Conference. April. 1999,Vol.2:11-16.
[13] Boss P, Oommen T V. New insulating fluids for transformers based on biodegradable high oleic vegetable oil and ester fluid[J]. IEE Colloquium on Insulating Liquids. 1999:1-10.
[14]刘玉兰.植物油脂生产与综合利用[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社, 1999.
[15] Oommen T V,Claiborne C C, Walsh E J. Introduction of a new fully biodegradable dielectric fluid[C]. Texile,Fiber and Film Industry Technical Conference, May 1998:1-4.
[16] Oommen T V, Claiborne C C, Walsh E J et al. A new vegetable oil based transformer fluid: development and verification[C]. Annual report comference on electrical insulation and dielectric phenomena, 2000,Vol.1:308-312.
[17] Mcshane C P, Luksich J, Rapp K J. Retrofilling aging transformers with natural ester based dielectric coolant for safety and life extension[C]. Cement Industry Technical Conference. May. 2003:4-9.
[18] Mcshane C P, Rapp K J, Corkran J L et al. Aging of Kraft paper in natural ester dielectric fluid[C]. Proceedings of the 14th ICDL.Graz. Austria. July. 2002:7-12.
[19] Mcshane C P. Relative properties of the new combustion-resist vgetable oil based dielectric coolants for distribution and power ransformers[J]. Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on. 2001, 37(4):1132-1139.
[20] Mcshane C P, Rapp K J, Corkran J L et al. Aging of paper insulation in natural ester dielectric fluid[J]. Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition. 2001,Vol.2: 675-679.
[21] United States Patent. Electrical transformers containing electrical insulation fluids comprising high oleic acid oil compositions[S]. Patent Number: 5949017, Sep 1999.
[22] United States Patent. Soybean based transformer oil and transmission line fluid[S]. Patent Number: 5958851, Sep 1999.
[23] Hemmer M, Badent R, Leibfried T. Investigation of the suitability of commercially available bio-oils as insulating liquid[C]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena. Oct.2003:64-67.
[24] Hemmer M, Badent R, Leibfried T. Electrical properties of vegetable oil-impregnated paper insulation[C]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena. Oct.2003:60–63.
[25] Hemmer M, Badent R, Schwab A J. Electrical properties of rape-seed oil[C]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena. Oct.2002:83–86.
[26] Badent R, Hemmer M, Schwab A J. Inhibited rape-seed oil as substitute for mineral oils[C]. Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Oct 2002:268-271.
[27] Badent R, Kist K, Schwab A J. Rape-seed oil-a substitute for mineral oil[J]. Eleventh International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Aug.1999 (3):140-143.
[28]日本开发出用植物油做绝缘油的变压器[J].东北电力技术. 2002, (08):13.
[29]李晓虎,李剑,杜林等.一种转基因菜籽绝缘油的电气性能[J].中国电机工程学报. 2006, 26(15):95-99.
[30]李剑,党剑亮,杨丽君等.三种植物绝缘油的理化与电气性能的比较[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版), 2007, 30(09):42-45.
[31] Gedye R, Smith F, Westaway,K. The use of microwave-ovens for rapid organic-synthesis[J]. Tetrahedron Letters. 1986, 27(3):279-282.
[32]徐如人,庞文琴.无机合成与制备化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2001.
[33]金钦汉.微波化学[M].北京:科学出版社, 2001.
[34]王鹏.环境微波化学技术[M].化学工业出版社, 2003.
[35]乐长高.离子液体及其在有机合成反应中的应用[M].华东理工大学出版社, 2007.
[36]张锁江.离子液体[M].科学出版社, 2006.
[37]王军.离子液体的性能及应用[M].中国纺织出版社, 2007.
[38] Wasserscheid P. Keim w. Ionic liquids-new“solutions”for transition metal catalysis[J]. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2000, 39:3773-3789.
[39] Tait S, Osteryoung R A. Infrared study of ambient-temperature chloroaluminates as a function of melt acidity[J]. Inorg. Chem., 1984, 23:4325-4360.
[40] Wilkes J S. A short history of ionic liquids-from molten salts to neoteric solvents[J]. Green Chemistry. 2002, 4(2):73-80.
[41] Chum H L, Koch V R, Miller L L et al. Electrochemical scrutiny of organometallic iron complexes and hexamethylbenzene in a room temperature molten salt[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97(11):3264-3265.
[42] Hussey C L. Room temperature haloaluminate ionic liquids-novel solvents for transition metal solution chemistry[J]. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 1988, 60(12):1763-1772.
[43] Wilkes J S, Zaworotko M J. Air and water stable 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids[J]. J Chem Soc Chem Commun. 1992, 13:965-967.
[44]何东平.油脂精炼与加工工艺学[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2005:40-67.
[45]陈永南.油脂生产技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 1993.
[46]彭阳生.植物油脂加工实用技术[M].北京:金盾出版社, 2003.
[47]中华人民共和国国家标准. GB/T5530-2005《动植物油脂酸价和酸度测定》[S].
[48] [苏]H.C.阿鲁楚尼亚恩.油脂加工工艺[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 1990.
[49]郑茂松.正交试验法在活性白土加工工艺的应用[J].非金属矿. 2001, 24(5):42-44.
[50]孙忠,白福全.植物油脱色用高效活性白土制备及其脱色力测试方法改进[J].非金属矿, 2003,(1):32-33.
[51]兰州大学复旦大学化学系有机教研室.有机化学实验[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 1999.
[52]莊玉九,金凤鸣.肥皂、甘油及常用原料分析汇编[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社, 1995.
[53]电力行业电厂化学标准化技术委员会.电力用油、气质量、试验方法及监督管理标准汇编[M].北京:中国电力出版社.
[54]中华人民共和国电力行业标准. DL420.3-91《水溶性酸测定法》[S].
[55]中华人民共和国国家标准. GB/T507-86《绝缘油介电强度测定法》[S].
[56]中华人民共和国国家标准. GB/T5654-85《液体绝缘材料工频相对介电常数、介质损耗因数和体积电阻率的测量》[S].
[57] SUN Cai-xin; LI Jian; LI Xiao-hu, et al. Electric Properties of Vegetable Oil-Based DielectricLiquid and Lifetime Estimation of the Oil-Paper Insulation[C]. Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2006: 680-683.
[58] [加]G Wypych,马艳秋等译.材料自然老化手册[M].北京:中国石化出版社, 2004.
[59]毕艳兰.油脂化学[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2005.
[60]陈正行,狄济乐.食品添加剂新产品与新技术[M].江苏:江苏科学技术出版社, 2002.
[61]郑裕国,王远山,薛亚平.抗氧化剂的生产及应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2004.
[62]谢笔钧.食品化学[M].北京:科学出版社, 2004.
[63]凌关庭.食品抗氧化剂及其进展(Ⅰ)[J].粮食与油脂. 2000, (06):45-48.
[64]凌关庭.食品抗氧化剂及其进展(Ⅱ)[J].粮食与油脂. 2000, (07):47-48.
[65]凌关庭.食品抗氧化剂及其进展(三)[J].粮食与油脂. 2000, (08):45-47.
[66]凌关庭.食品抗氧化剂及其进展(四)[J].粮食与油脂. 2001, (01):47-48.
[67]凌关庭.食品抗氧化剂及其进展(五)[J].粮食与油脂. 2001, (02):46-48.
[68]凌关庭.食品抗氧化剂及其进展(六)[J].粮食与油脂. 2001, (03):47-49.
[69]凌关庭.食品抗氧化剂及其进展(七)[J].粮食与油脂. 2001, (04):40-42.
[70]陈永泉,彭辉,赵力超. TBHQ对油脂抗氧化的优越性及其在食品中的应用[J].中国食品添加剂. 2006:214-218.
[71]朱红梅. T501抗氧化剂在进口矿物变压器油中的应用[J].西北电力技术. 2002, (06):28-29.
[72]张贤明.电力设备用油的添加剂——T501型抗氧化剂[J].高压电器.1994, (06):54-55.
[73] STAV INOHA L L, HOWELL S . Biodiesel stability test methods: IASH 2000[C]. The 7 th international conference on stability and handling of liquid fuels, Sep tember 24 -29, 2000, Graz, Austria.
[74] OR菲尼马著.王章,许樱,沈国惠等译.食品化学[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社, 1991:152-156.
[2]温念珠.电力用油实用技术[M].北京:中国水利电力出版社, 1998:3-42.
[3]谭志龙.周东平.王淑德.电力用油(气)技术问答[M].中国电力出版社, 2006.
[4] T.V.Oommen, C.C.Claiborne, J.T.Mullen. Biodegradable electrical insulation fluids[C]. Proceedings of Electrical Insulation Conference, Sep 1997:465-468.
[5] T.V.Oommen. Vegetable oils for liquid filled transformers[J].IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2002, 8(1):6-11.
[6] Bertrand Y, Hoang L C. Vegetable oils as substitute for mineral oils[C]. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, Nagoya, Japan, 2003:491-494.
[7] Badent R, Julliard Y, Kist K etal. Behaviour of rape-seed-oils under impulse voltages[J]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena. 1999(2):638-641.
[8] Badent R, Kist K, Ruggemeier B et al. Dielectric characteristics of rape-seed oil[J]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena.Oct.1998, vol.2:456-459.
[9] Mcshane C P. Relative properties of the new combustion resistant vegetable oil based dielectric coolants[C]. Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference. Sept.2000:11-13.
[10] Mcshane C P. Natural and synthetic ester dielectric fluids: their relative environmental, fire safety, and electrical performance[C]. Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference. 1999 IEEE. May:2-6.
[11] Mcshane C P, Gauger G A, Luksich J. Fire resistant natural ester dielectric fluid and novel insulation system for its use[C]. IEEE Transmission and distribution conference.1999:890-894.
[12] Claiborne C C, Walsh E J, Oommen T V. An agriculturally based biodegradable dielectric fluid[C]. Transmission and Distribution Conference. April. 1999,Vol.2:11-16.
[13] Boss P, Oommen T V. New insulating fluids for transformers based on biodegradable high oleic vegetable oil and ester fluid[J]. IEE Colloquium on Insulating Liquids. 1999:1-10.
[14]刘玉兰.植物油脂生产与综合利用[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社, 1999.
[15] Oommen T V,Claiborne C C, Walsh E J. Introduction of a new fully biodegradable dielectric fluid[C]. Texile,Fiber and Film Industry Technical Conference, May 1998:1-4.
[16] Oommen T V, Claiborne C C, Walsh E J et al. A new vegetable oil based transformer fluid: development and verification[C]. Annual report comference on electrical insulation and dielectric phenomena, 2000,Vol.1:308-312.
[17] Mcshane C P, Luksich J, Rapp K J. Retrofilling aging transformers with natural ester based dielectric coolant for safety and life extension[C]. Cement Industry Technical Conference. May. 2003:4-9.
[18] Mcshane C P, Rapp K J, Corkran J L et al. Aging of Kraft paper in natural ester dielectric fluid[C]. Proceedings of the 14th ICDL.Graz. Austria. July. 2002:7-12.
[19] Mcshane C P. Relative properties of the new combustion-resist vgetable oil based dielectric coolants for distribution and power ransformers[J]. Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on. 2001, 37(4):1132-1139.
[20] Mcshane C P, Rapp K J, Corkran J L et al. Aging of paper insulation in natural ester dielectric fluid[J]. Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition. 2001,Vol.2: 675-679.
[21] United States Patent. Electrical transformers containing electrical insulation fluids comprising high oleic acid oil compositions[S]. Patent Number: 5949017, Sep 1999.
[22] United States Patent. Soybean based transformer oil and transmission line fluid[S]. Patent Number: 5958851, Sep 1999.
[23] Hemmer M, Badent R, Leibfried T. Investigation of the suitability of commercially available bio-oils as insulating liquid[C]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena. Oct.2003:64-67.
[24] Hemmer M, Badent R, Leibfried T. Electrical properties of vegetable oil-impregnated paper insulation[C]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena. Oct.2003:60–63.
[25] Hemmer M, Badent R, Schwab A J. Electrical properties of rape-seed oil[C]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena. Oct.2002:83–86.
[26] Badent R, Hemmer M, Schwab A J. Inhibited rape-seed oil as substitute for mineral oils[C]. Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Oct 2002:268-271.
[27] Badent R, Kist K, Schwab A J. Rape-seed oil-a substitute for mineral oil[J]. Eleventh International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Aug.1999 (3):140-143.
[28]日本开发出用植物油做绝缘油的变压器[J].东北电力技术. 2002, (08):13.
[29]李晓虎,李剑,杜林等.一种转基因菜籽绝缘油的电气性能[J].中国电机工程学报. 2006, 26(15):95-99.
[30]李剑,党剑亮,杨丽君等.三种植物绝缘油的理化与电气性能的比较[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版), 2007, 30(09):42-45.
[31] Gedye R, Smith F, Westaway,K. The use of microwave-ovens for rapid organic-synthesis[J]. Tetrahedron Letters. 1986, 27(3):279-282.
[32]徐如人,庞文琴.无机合成与制备化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2001.
[33]金钦汉.微波化学[M].北京:科学出版社, 2001.
[34]王鹏.环境微波化学技术[M].化学工业出版社, 2003.
[35]乐长高.离子液体及其在有机合成反应中的应用[M].华东理工大学出版社, 2007.
[36]张锁江.离子液体[M].科学出版社, 2006.
[37]王军.离子液体的性能及应用[M].中国纺织出版社, 2007.
[38] Wasserscheid P. Keim w. Ionic liquids-new“solutions”for transition metal catalysis[J]. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2000, 39:3773-3789.
[39] Tait S, Osteryoung R A. Infrared study of ambient-temperature chloroaluminates as a function of melt acidity[J]. Inorg. Chem., 1984, 23:4325-4360.
[40] Wilkes J S. A short history of ionic liquids-from molten salts to neoteric solvents[J]. Green Chemistry. 2002, 4(2):73-80.
[41] Chum H L, Koch V R, Miller L L et al. Electrochemical scrutiny of organometallic iron complexes and hexamethylbenzene in a room temperature molten salt[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97(11):3264-3265.
[42] Hussey C L. Room temperature haloaluminate ionic liquids-novel solvents for transition metal solution chemistry[J]. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 1988, 60(12):1763-1772.
[43] Wilkes J S, Zaworotko M J. Air and water stable 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids[J]. J Chem Soc Chem Commun. 1992, 13:965-967.
[44]何东平.油脂精炼与加工工艺学[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2005:40-67.
[45]陈永南.油脂生产技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 1993.
[46]彭阳生.植物油脂加工实用技术[M].北京:金盾出版社, 2003.
[47]中华人民共和国国家标准. GB/T5530-2005《动植物油脂酸价和酸度测定》[S].
[48] [苏]H.C.阿鲁楚尼亚恩.油脂加工工艺[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 1990.
[49]郑茂松.正交试验法在活性白土加工工艺的应用[J].非金属矿. 2001, 24(5):42-44.
[50]孙忠,白福全.植物油脱色用高效活性白土制备及其脱色力测试方法改进[J].非金属矿, 2003,(1):32-33.
[51]兰州大学复旦大学化学系有机教研室.有机化学实验[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 1999.
[52]莊玉九,金凤鸣.肥皂、甘油及常用原料分析汇编[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社, 1995.
[53]电力行业电厂化学标准化技术委员会.电力用油、气质量、试验方法及监督管理标准汇编[M].北京:中国电力出版社.
[54]中华人民共和国电力行业标准. DL420.3-91《水溶性酸测定法》[S].
[55]中华人民共和国国家标准. GB/T507-86《绝缘油介电强度测定法》[S].
[56]中华人民共和国国家标准. GB/T5654-85《液体绝缘材料工频相对介电常数、介质损耗因数和体积电阻率的测量》[S].
[57] SUN Cai-xin; LI Jian; LI Xiao-hu, et al. Electric Properties of Vegetable Oil-Based DielectricLiquid and Lifetime Estimation of the Oil-Paper Insulation[C]. Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2006: 680-683.
[58] [加]G Wypych,马艳秋等译.材料自然老化手册[M].北京:中国石化出版社, 2004.
[59]毕艳兰.油脂化学[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2005.
[60]陈正行,狄济乐.食品添加剂新产品与新技术[M].江苏:江苏科学技术出版社, 2002.
[61]郑裕国,王远山,薛亚平.抗氧化剂的生产及应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2004.
[62]谢笔钧.食品化学[M].北京:科学出版社, 2004.
[63]凌关庭.食品抗氧化剂及其进展(Ⅰ)[J].粮食与油脂. 2000, (06):45-48.
[64]凌关庭.食品抗氧化剂及其进展(Ⅱ)[J].粮食与油脂. 2000, (07):47-48.
[65]凌关庭.食品抗氧化剂及其进展(三)[J].粮食与油脂. 2000, (08):45-47.
[66]凌关庭.食品抗氧化剂及其进展(四)[J].粮食与油脂. 2001, (01):47-48.
[67]凌关庭.食品抗氧化剂及其进展(五)[J].粮食与油脂. 2001, (02):46-48.
[68]凌关庭.食品抗氧化剂及其进展(六)[J].粮食与油脂. 2001, (03):47-49.
[69]凌关庭.食品抗氧化剂及其进展(七)[J].粮食与油脂. 2001, (04):40-42.
[70]陈永泉,彭辉,赵力超. TBHQ对油脂抗氧化的优越性及其在食品中的应用[J].中国食品添加剂. 2006:214-218.
[71]朱红梅. T501抗氧化剂在进口矿物变压器油中的应用[J].西北电力技术. 2002, (06):28-29.
[72]张贤明.电力设备用油的添加剂——T501型抗氧化剂[J].高压电器.1994, (06):54-55.
[73] STAV INOHA L L, HOWELL S . Biodiesel stability test methods: IASH 2000[C]. The 7 th international conference on stability and handling of liquid fuels, Sep tember 24 -29, 2000, Graz, Austria.
[74] OR菲尼马著.王章,许樱,沈国惠等译.食品化学[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社, 1991:152-156.