典型黑土淀积层分布及抗蚀性特征的研究
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摘要
东北典型黑土区是我国重要的商品粮基地,以最适宜耕作而闻名于世。由于土壤中有机质含量高,土壤颗粒间团聚力强,使得典型黑土抗蚀性较强,而典型黑土区土壤侵蚀现象严重,且多以沟蚀为主,为了探索典型黑土发生深沟侵蚀的潜在原因,通过对未经开垦的典型黑土的理化性质、抗蚀性特征进行分层测定,探明典型黑土淀积层的埋藏上限深度,并对淀积层土壤性质进行细致的描述、对比,指出淀积层土壤对典型黑土侵蚀的潜在威胁。分别测定不同坡位和不同开垦年限耕地土壤淀积层土壤水分-物理性质、化学性质及可蚀性特征等,查明不同坡位、不同开垦年限耕地土壤淀积层垂直分布及性质特征,将测定结果与未经干扰的天然黑土淀积层进行对比研究,分析地形因子和人为开垦干扰对典型黑土区淀积层埋藏上限及性质特征的影响,为探明加剧典型黑土区土壤侵蚀的潜在因素提供了基础数据。研究结果如下：
未经干扰天然黑土的理化性质,结构性特征在垂直方向上呈现随土壤深度的增加而减弱的波动变化。经实地测量,未经干扰天然黑土层厚度<80cm,>80cm为淀积层,淀积层土壤质地不均,较上覆土层变化性强。81-130cm范围内淀积层土壤结构性差,有机质含量低,土壤紧实度高,持水性能较弱,团聚性低,肥力差,崩解现象明显,崩解速率高,土壤稳定性差。
地形因子对对土壤的结构存在一定干扰,地势越高,土壤结构性越差,物理、化学性质越差,抗侵蚀能力弱。淀积层且随地势高低得不同其出现的临界深度也有所不同,其临界深度为：坡上<坡中上<坡中下<坡下。地势越高,其埋藏上限越浅,结构性越差,化学性质弱,土壤颗粒团聚性能弱,崩解现象增强,周期短,速率大。
不同开垦年限耕地土壤的理化性质、渗透能力随开垦年限的增加而减弱,表层土壤均具有较强的渗透能力,21-40cm土壤渗透能力急剧下降,并开始出现不渗的现象。长期的耕作使耕作层土壤底部形成犁底层,随着开垦年限的增加淀积层临界深度呈增高趋势,开垦51年耕地其淀积层埋藏上限较未经开垦天然黑土提升近40cm,淀积层土壤性质也随着开垦年限的增加呈减弱趋势。
Typical black soil area in Northeast of China is an important commodity grain base. This place is known for the most suitable farming. The typical black soil has strong corrosion resistance due to the high content of soil organic matter and the strong cohesion between soil particles. However the soil erosion of typical black soil area is serious and the gully erosion is dominated in this region. In order to explore the potential erosion causes of deep gully erosion in typical black soil area, the physical-chemical properties and corrosion characteristics of uncultivated typical black soil were determined hierarchically. The upper limit depth of the typical black soil layer deposition was proved by the detailed description and comparison of the characteristics of the black soil layer deposition, consequently pointing out its potential threat to the typical black soil. The soil moisture-physical properties, chemical properties and erodibility characteristics of layer deposition in different slope positions and different years of land reclamation were separately investigated to find out the characteristics of vertical distribution and properties of the soil layer deposition in different slope positions and different years of land reclamation. Then the data was compared with the nature black soil layer deposition without interference. As well the effect of topographic factors and human disturbance on the upper limit depth and properties of the typical black soil area deposition layer soil was analyzed, in order to provide the basic data for the potential factors that increased soil erosion in typical black soil area.The results were shown as follows:
In the vertical direction the physical-chemical properties and structural features of typical black soil without interference decreased with soil depth increased. Through the field measurements, the soil layer thickness of black soil without interference is less than 80cm; the soil layer thickness which is more than 80 cm is belong to deposition layer with its uneven soil texture and more variations than the upper soil layer; the soil layer at the thickness ranging from 81 to 130cm had the poor structure, low organic matter content, high soil compaction, less water holding capacity, low reunion, obvious disintegration phenomenon, poor soil fertility and poor soil stability.
Topographic factors had a certain interference effect on the soil structure. With the terrain got higher, the soil structure and physical-chemical properties got even worse together with the poor anti-erosion. The position of deposition layer appeared different with the level of different terrain. The borderline depth is:upslope< up the middle-slope< down the middle-slope< down slope. With the terrain got higher, the upper limit of the layer got shallower accompanied with worse soil structure, worse physical-chemical properties, weaker aggregation behavior of soil particles, more obvious disintegration phenomenon, its shorter cycle and bigger velocity.
The physical-chemical properties and the infiltration capacities of different reclamation time soil decreased with the increasing years of reclamation. The surface soil had stronger permeability, the soil permeability capacity sharply declined in the layer depth ranging from 21 to 40cm and even stop infiltrating. Long-term farming made the bottom layer of soil became tillage pan. With the increase of reclamation years, the depth of deposition layer tended to increase. Compared with typical black soil without reclamation, the buried limit depth of deposition layer under 51 years reclamation was up to 40cm, but the nature of the soil in layer deposition decreased with the reclamation years increasing.
未经干扰天然黑土的理化性质,结构性特征在垂直方向上呈现随土壤深度的增加而减弱的波动变化。经实地测量,未经干扰天然黑土层厚度<80cm,>80cm为淀积层,淀积层土壤质地不均,较上覆土层变化性强。81-130cm范围内淀积层土壤结构性差,有机质含量低,土壤紧实度高,持水性能较弱,团聚性低,肥力差,崩解现象明显,崩解速率高,土壤稳定性差。
地形因子对对土壤的结构存在一定干扰,地势越高,土壤结构性越差,物理、化学性质越差,抗侵蚀能力弱。淀积层且随地势高低得不同其出现的临界深度也有所不同,其临界深度为：坡上<坡中上<坡中下<坡下。地势越高,其埋藏上限越浅,结构性越差,化学性质弱,土壤颗粒团聚性能弱,崩解现象增强,周期短,速率大。
不同开垦年限耕地土壤的理化性质、渗透能力随开垦年限的增加而减弱,表层土壤均具有较强的渗透能力,21-40cm土壤渗透能力急剧下降,并开始出现不渗的现象。长期的耕作使耕作层土壤底部形成犁底层,随着开垦年限的增加淀积层临界深度呈增高趋势,开垦51年耕地其淀积层埋藏上限较未经开垦天然黑土提升近40cm,淀积层土壤性质也随着开垦年限的增加呈减弱趋势。
Typical black soil area in Northeast of China is an important commodity grain base. This place is known for the most suitable farming. The typical black soil has strong corrosion resistance due to the high content of soil organic matter and the strong cohesion between soil particles. However the soil erosion of typical black soil area is serious and the gully erosion is dominated in this region. In order to explore the potential erosion causes of deep gully erosion in typical black soil area, the physical-chemical properties and corrosion characteristics of uncultivated typical black soil were determined hierarchically. The upper limit depth of the typical black soil layer deposition was proved by the detailed description and comparison of the characteristics of the black soil layer deposition, consequently pointing out its potential threat to the typical black soil. The soil moisture-physical properties, chemical properties and erodibility characteristics of layer deposition in different slope positions and different years of land reclamation were separately investigated to find out the characteristics of vertical distribution and properties of the soil layer deposition in different slope positions and different years of land reclamation. Then the data was compared with the nature black soil layer deposition without interference. As well the effect of topographic factors and human disturbance on the upper limit depth and properties of the typical black soil area deposition layer soil was analyzed, in order to provide the basic data for the potential factors that increased soil erosion in typical black soil area.The results were shown as follows:
In the vertical direction the physical-chemical properties and structural features of typical black soil without interference decreased with soil depth increased. Through the field measurements, the soil layer thickness of black soil without interference is less than 80cm; the soil layer thickness which is more than 80 cm is belong to deposition layer with its uneven soil texture and more variations than the upper soil layer; the soil layer at the thickness ranging from 81 to 130cm had the poor structure, low organic matter content, high soil compaction, less water holding capacity, low reunion, obvious disintegration phenomenon, poor soil fertility and poor soil stability.
Topographic factors had a certain interference effect on the soil structure. With the terrain got higher, the soil structure and physical-chemical properties got even worse together with the poor anti-erosion. The position of deposition layer appeared different with the level of different terrain. The borderline depth is:upslope< up the middle-slope< down the middle-slope< down slope. With the terrain got higher, the upper limit of the layer got shallower accompanied with worse soil structure, worse physical-chemical properties, weaker aggregation behavior of soil particles, more obvious disintegration phenomenon, its shorter cycle and bigger velocity.
The physical-chemical properties and the infiltration capacities of different reclamation time soil decreased with the increasing years of reclamation. The surface soil had stronger permeability, the soil permeability capacity sharply declined in the layer depth ranging from 21 to 40cm and even stop infiltrating. Long-term farming made the bottom layer of soil became tillage pan. With the increase of reclamation years, the depth of deposition layer tended to increase. Compared with typical black soil without reclamation, the buried limit depth of deposition layer under 51 years reclamation was up to 40cm, but the nature of the soil in layer deposition decreased with the reclamation years increasing.
引文
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