子午岭人工油松林自然发育过程及其特征研究
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摘要
以黄土高原子午岭林区的次生天然油松林和人工油松林为对象,对不同生境油松林进行了样地调查,分析了两种林分的物种多样性、群落结构、养分库和碳库的主要特征,取得了以下主要结论:
1、选择不同坡向、不同坡位的人工油松林和天然油松林,通过多样性指数进行分层测度,发现两种群落多样性指数变化规律一致,即:灌木层〉草本层〉乔木层。在对人工油松林和天然油松林群落多样性分层测度的基础上,利用群落各生长型的叶层相对厚度和相对盖度作为加权参数,对处于不同坡向的人工油松林和天然油松林群落总体的多样性指数研究,表明生长在阴坡的人工油松林,其群落总体的多样性指数较大。群落相似性比较结果表明生长在阴坡的天然林和生长在阳坡的天然林相似性显著高于处于不同坡向的人工林,无论在物种组成还是在多样性及群落空间结构上,天然林和人工林均具有较高的相似性,这进一步证明了适当人工抚育措施可以增加林下植被的种类数量和盖度,能够有效促进人工林的生长发育。
2、该区油松针叶C、N、P的含量平均值分别为499.5±63.75mg/g,8.53±0.50mg/g和0.94±0.64mg/g,叶片C含量大小依次为阳坡天然林>阴坡天然林>阴坡人工林>阳坡人工林,而阳坡的人工林叶片N、P含量显著高于阳坡的天然林。不同立地条件下油松林叶片C/N、C/P差异显著,叶片N、P和N/P均达到极显著水平,而叶片C含量差异不显著。油松叶片C含量与N、P含量均成极显著负相关,而N和P之间的呈显著正相关。油松林针叶N/P<14,表明该地区的油松林在自然发育过程中可能更容易受N限制。不同立地的油松林除40～60cm土层土壤C、N含量无显著差异外,另外两个土层(0～20cm土层和20～40cm土层)的人工林土壤C、N含量显著高于天然林,同时阳坡人工林土壤C、N含量显著高于阴坡的人工林。子午岭林区0～20cm、20～40cm土壤C含量与N含量均成极显著正相关,与植物N、P均成显著正相关。子午岭林区阳坡的人工油松林不仅叶片养分最高,而且林地土壤是该区土壤的最大养分库和碳库,土壤C、N与油松叶片C、N、P之间明显的协同性充分体现了油松与土壤之间的互动关系。3、在黄土高原子午岭林区对不同立地条件下的天然油松种群的结构和动态进行了研究。结果表明,不同立地条件的油松种群个体数量集中于中树,大树和幼树个体数量较少。阴坡谷地和阴坡上坡位的油松种群由于水热条件适宜,林内有林窗出现,幼苗个体数量相对丰富;而阳坡上坡位的油松种群由于幼苗个体严重缺乏,衰退趋势明显。油松种群密度随径级的增加呈现降低趋势,种群密度与径级呈现出明显的负相关。尽管油松所处的生境条件差异较大,但存活曲线基本属于Deevey III型,种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏有关,一般I-II径级和VI-VII径级死亡率较高。在未来4、8、16和24年中,油松种群均会呈现中树先增加而后减少的趋势,16年后种群进入成熟阶段,说明油松在该区内生长更新良好,在无人为干扰条件下,油松可通过自我调节而保持种群的稳定性。阳坡上坡位的油松种群的幼树相对较为缺乏,若幼苗和幼树株树不能改善,种群维持困难。在黄土高原地区针对不同立地条件下油松种群应该采取适度的人为干扰抚育,采取适度的人工措施为油松种子萌芽、幼苗定居和发展创造有利条件,以形成不同龄级的种群更新体系。
The species diversity, Size-class structure, nutrient pool and organic carbon pool of the Pinus tabulaeformis were studied in the different site conditions in Ziwuling area on the Loess Plateau. The results are as followed:
1. The results showed that the artificial Pinus tabulaeformis and natural Pinus tabulaeformis both had the quite rich species composition. This two forest types had similar trends of the community diversity as shrubs>herbs> trees. In order to measure the whole community diversity, the average of the relative thickness of the leaf layer and the relative coverage of each living from were used as weighting parameters. The results showed that the artificial Pinus tabulaeformis in shade slope had the highest community diversity. The result of similarity comparison indicated that there had the highest comparability indices of natural Pinus tabulaeformis forests in different slopes. Regardless of the species composition and the community spatial structure of the natural forest and the artificial forest, this two forest types had the high similarity. It was proved that the proper artificial measures can increase both the quantity and the coverage of the forestland and the development of the artificial forest.
2. The results showed that in this region the average of C﹑N and P content of P. tabulaeformis needles were 499.5±63.75 mg/g, 8.53±0.50 mg/g and 0.94±0.64 mg/g, respectively. The C content of plant leaves was decreased in the order of natural forest on sunny slope> natural forest on shade slope> plantation on shade slope> plantation on sunny slopes. The N、P content of plantation leaves in sunny slopes was obviously higher than that of the natural forest in sunny slope. There were significant differences in the C/N、C/P、N、P、and N/P of leaves among four kinds of Pinus tabulaeformis which differed in site conditions. But there was no significant difference in the C content of leaves. The C of leaves had negative correlation with the N、P of leaves. And the N of leaves had observably positive correlation with the P of leaves. The result of N/P<14 in Pinus tabulaeformis leaves showed that Pinus tabulaeformis forest is easily influenced by the limit of N in the nature growth process. There was no significant difference in the C、N content in the 40～60 cm soil layer, but in the other soil layers, the C and N content of the plantation soil was significantly higher than that of the natural forest. The C and N content of plantation on sunny slope soil was significantly higher than that on shade slope soil. Soil C both in the 0～20 cm and 20～40 cm soil layer were positively correlated with soil N、the plant N and P. Not only leaves nutrients was the maximum in the plantation sunny slope, but also soil communities in this region was the greatest soil nutrient pools and carbon pools. The obvious correlation of soil C and N with the C、N and P in Pinus tabulaeformis leaves showed that interaction relations between Pinus tabulaeformis and soil.
3. The analysis of the size structure of three populations of Pinus tabulaeformis showed that most individuals were concentrated in the 0～4㎝、12～16㎝、16～20㎝ and 20～24㎝ size classes. Younger and older individuals were dramatically few. Because of different environmental conditions, different populations developed their own characteristic size structure. Valley in the cloudy slop showed a stable development tendency. However, uphill position in sunny slope showed obvious declining tendencies. The result showed that the density decreased with the increasing of size-class structure. The analysis of life tables and survival curves showed that even under different environmental conditions, survival curves of Pinus tabulaeformis populations belonged to Deevey type III, and death peaks of different populations were the in period of I-II size classes and IV-VII size classes. Time sequence prediction models of different populations after 4, 8, 16, 24 years indicated that the numbers of old individuals would increase in the beginning and finally decrease, giving rise to difficulties for maintenance of these populations, most of the individual would be adult after 20 years. The investigations indicate that Pinus tabulaeformis population in Ziwuling area develops and renewals well. Pinus tabulaeformis population is able to maintain the stability through self-regulating without human interference. However, younger individuals of Pinus tabulaeformis population in uphill position in Sunny slope were dramatically few, if it would not be improved, the Pinus tabulaeformis population will lose its balance. Different counter-measures for fostering species should be made according to different site conditions, so as to create the environmental condition for development of young seedlings of T Pinus tabulaeformis .
1、选择不同坡向、不同坡位的人工油松林和天然油松林,通过多样性指数进行分层测度,发现两种群落多样性指数变化规律一致,即:灌木层〉草本层〉乔木层。在对人工油松林和天然油松林群落多样性分层测度的基础上,利用群落各生长型的叶层相对厚度和相对盖度作为加权参数,对处于不同坡向的人工油松林和天然油松林群落总体的多样性指数研究,表明生长在阴坡的人工油松林,其群落总体的多样性指数较大。群落相似性比较结果表明生长在阴坡的天然林和生长在阳坡的天然林相似性显著高于处于不同坡向的人工林,无论在物种组成还是在多样性及群落空间结构上,天然林和人工林均具有较高的相似性,这进一步证明了适当人工抚育措施可以增加林下植被的种类数量和盖度,能够有效促进人工林的生长发育。
2、该区油松针叶C、N、P的含量平均值分别为499.5±63.75mg/g,8.53±0.50mg/g和0.94±0.64mg/g,叶片C含量大小依次为阳坡天然林>阴坡天然林>阴坡人工林>阳坡人工林,而阳坡的人工林叶片N、P含量显著高于阳坡的天然林。不同立地条件下油松林叶片C/N、C/P差异显著,叶片N、P和N/P均达到极显著水平,而叶片C含量差异不显著。油松叶片C含量与N、P含量均成极显著负相关,而N和P之间的呈显著正相关。油松林针叶N/P<14,表明该地区的油松林在自然发育过程中可能更容易受N限制。不同立地的油松林除40～60cm土层土壤C、N含量无显著差异外,另外两个土层(0～20cm土层和20～40cm土层)的人工林土壤C、N含量显著高于天然林,同时阳坡人工林土壤C、N含量显著高于阴坡的人工林。子午岭林区0～20cm、20～40cm土壤C含量与N含量均成极显著正相关,与植物N、P均成显著正相关。子午岭林区阳坡的人工油松林不仅叶片养分最高,而且林地土壤是该区土壤的最大养分库和碳库,土壤C、N与油松叶片C、N、P之间明显的协同性充分体现了油松与土壤之间的互动关系。3、在黄土高原子午岭林区对不同立地条件下的天然油松种群的结构和动态进行了研究。结果表明,不同立地条件的油松种群个体数量集中于中树,大树和幼树个体数量较少。阴坡谷地和阴坡上坡位的油松种群由于水热条件适宜,林内有林窗出现,幼苗个体数量相对丰富;而阳坡上坡位的油松种群由于幼苗个体严重缺乏,衰退趋势明显。油松种群密度随径级的增加呈现降低趋势,种群密度与径级呈现出明显的负相关。尽管油松所处的生境条件差异较大,但存活曲线基本属于Deevey III型,种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏有关,一般I-II径级和VI-VII径级死亡率较高。在未来4、8、16和24年中,油松种群均会呈现中树先增加而后减少的趋势,16年后种群进入成熟阶段,说明油松在该区内生长更新良好,在无人为干扰条件下,油松可通过自我调节而保持种群的稳定性。阳坡上坡位的油松种群的幼树相对较为缺乏,若幼苗和幼树株树不能改善,种群维持困难。在黄土高原地区针对不同立地条件下油松种群应该采取适度的人为干扰抚育,采取适度的人工措施为油松种子萌芽、幼苗定居和发展创造有利条件,以形成不同龄级的种群更新体系。
The species diversity, Size-class structure, nutrient pool and organic carbon pool of the Pinus tabulaeformis were studied in the different site conditions in Ziwuling area on the Loess Plateau. The results are as followed:
1. The results showed that the artificial Pinus tabulaeformis and natural Pinus tabulaeformis both had the quite rich species composition. This two forest types had similar trends of the community diversity as shrubs>herbs> trees. In order to measure the whole community diversity, the average of the relative thickness of the leaf layer and the relative coverage of each living from were used as weighting parameters. The results showed that the artificial Pinus tabulaeformis in shade slope had the highest community diversity. The result of similarity comparison indicated that there had the highest comparability indices of natural Pinus tabulaeformis forests in different slopes. Regardless of the species composition and the community spatial structure of the natural forest and the artificial forest, this two forest types had the high similarity. It was proved that the proper artificial measures can increase both the quantity and the coverage of the forestland and the development of the artificial forest.
2. The results showed that in this region the average of C﹑N and P content of P. tabulaeformis needles were 499.5±63.75 mg/g, 8.53±0.50 mg/g and 0.94±0.64 mg/g, respectively. The C content of plant leaves was decreased in the order of natural forest on sunny slope> natural forest on shade slope> plantation on shade slope> plantation on sunny slopes. The N、P content of plantation leaves in sunny slopes was obviously higher than that of the natural forest in sunny slope. There were significant differences in the C/N、C/P、N、P、and N/P of leaves among four kinds of Pinus tabulaeformis which differed in site conditions. But there was no significant difference in the C content of leaves. The C of leaves had negative correlation with the N、P of leaves. And the N of leaves had observably positive correlation with the P of leaves. The result of N/P<14 in Pinus tabulaeformis leaves showed that Pinus tabulaeformis forest is easily influenced by the limit of N in the nature growth process. There was no significant difference in the C、N content in the 40～60 cm soil layer, but in the other soil layers, the C and N content of the plantation soil was significantly higher than that of the natural forest. The C and N content of plantation on sunny slope soil was significantly higher than that on shade slope soil. Soil C both in the 0～20 cm and 20～40 cm soil layer were positively correlated with soil N、the plant N and P. Not only leaves nutrients was the maximum in the plantation sunny slope, but also soil communities in this region was the greatest soil nutrient pools and carbon pools. The obvious correlation of soil C and N with the C、N and P in Pinus tabulaeformis leaves showed that interaction relations between Pinus tabulaeformis and soil.
3. The analysis of the size structure of three populations of Pinus tabulaeformis showed that most individuals were concentrated in the 0～4㎝、12～16㎝、16～20㎝ and 20～24㎝ size classes. Younger and older individuals were dramatically few. Because of different environmental conditions, different populations developed their own characteristic size structure. Valley in the cloudy slop showed a stable development tendency. However, uphill position in sunny slope showed obvious declining tendencies. The result showed that the density decreased with the increasing of size-class structure. The analysis of life tables and survival curves showed that even under different environmental conditions, survival curves of Pinus tabulaeformis populations belonged to Deevey type III, and death peaks of different populations were the in period of I-II size classes and IV-VII size classes. Time sequence prediction models of different populations after 4, 8, 16, 24 years indicated that the numbers of old individuals would increase in the beginning and finally decrease, giving rise to difficulties for maintenance of these populations, most of the individual would be adult after 20 years. The investigations indicate that Pinus tabulaeformis population in Ziwuling area develops and renewals well. Pinus tabulaeformis population is able to maintain the stability through self-regulating without human interference. However, younger individuals of Pinus tabulaeformis population in uphill position in Sunny slope were dramatically few, if it would not be improved, the Pinus tabulaeformis population will lose its balance. Different counter-measures for fostering species should be made according to different site conditions, so as to create the environmental condition for development of young seedlings of T Pinus tabulaeformis .
引文
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