治疗性克隆与生命伦理初探
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摘要
人类治疗性克隆技术的的研究和应用,对维护和促进人类的健康具有巨大的潜在价值,但该项研究和应用也会引发一些社会、伦理问题。本文分析了治疗性克隆技术研究伦理争论的焦点问题以及世界各国的反应态度,探讨了我国该如何面对这一研究热点问题。在全面描述治疗性克隆技术的基础上,提出了要严格区分“治疗性克隆”和“生殖性克隆”的观点,并从辩证哲学的角度分析了治疗性克隆技术的影响,指出只有“治疗性克隆”能促进人类社会的可持续发展,应该将伦理、法律纳入治疗性克隆技术的发展框架,促进科技对人类社会的推进作用。
本文认为,治疗性克隆符合生命伦理,人类需要治疗性克隆。支持治疗性克隆的主要论证是其对治愈多种疾病的巨大潜力,而且人类胚胎的伦理学地位并不妨碍有控制地利用胚胎于治病救人的人道目的。在一定的伦理原则指导下,治疗性克隆技术的发展有利于人类的健康和长寿,有利于人类社会的可持续发展,全社会都应该理解和支持治疗性克隆研究。
The research and application of therapeutic cloning, have bigness of latent value to maintain and promote the health of mankind, but this can also cause some ethical and social problems. Analyzed the focus problems of the ethics issue about the therapeutic cloning and the attitude of the international community, also studied how to face this hot point problem in our country. Based on the all-round description of the therapeutic cloning technology, this paper puts forward the opinion of making the strict distinction between the therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning ,analyzes on the influence of the therapeutic cloning technology from the angle of the dialectical philosophy, and point out that only the therapeutic cloning can promote the sustainable development of the human society, and should put the ethics and law into the developing frame of the therapeutic cloning technology, and give full play to the promoting function of the science and technology for the human society.
The paper holds that therapeutic cloning matches the life ethics, mankind need treatment of clone. The main argument for therapeutic cloning is a huge potential to cure many kinds of diseases; the moral status of human embryo doesn't impede the controlled use of embryo for the humanitarian aim of curing disease and saving life. Guided the certain ethics principle, the development of therapeutic cloning technology benefits to the health and the longevity of mankind, makes for the sustainable development of human society. The people of whole society should understand and support the research of therapeutic cloning.
本文认为,治疗性克隆符合生命伦理,人类需要治疗性克隆。支持治疗性克隆的主要论证是其对治愈多种疾病的巨大潜力,而且人类胚胎的伦理学地位并不妨碍有控制地利用胚胎于治病救人的人道目的。在一定的伦理原则指导下,治疗性克隆技术的发展有利于人类的健康和长寿,有利于人类社会的可持续发展,全社会都应该理解和支持治疗性克隆研究。
The research and application of therapeutic cloning, have bigness of latent value to maintain and promote the health of mankind, but this can also cause some ethical and social problems. Analyzed the focus problems of the ethics issue about the therapeutic cloning and the attitude of the international community, also studied how to face this hot point problem in our country. Based on the all-round description of the therapeutic cloning technology, this paper puts forward the opinion of making the strict distinction between the therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning ,analyzes on the influence of the therapeutic cloning technology from the angle of the dialectical philosophy, and point out that only the therapeutic cloning can promote the sustainable development of the human society, and should put the ethics and law into the developing frame of the therapeutic cloning technology, and give full play to the promoting function of the science and technology for the human society.
The paper holds that therapeutic cloning matches the life ethics, mankind need treatment of clone. The main argument for therapeutic cloning is a huge potential to cure many kinds of diseases; the moral status of human embryo doesn't impede the controlled use of embryo for the humanitarian aim of curing disease and saving life. Guided the certain ethics principle, the development of therapeutic cloning technology benefits to the health and the longevity of mankind, makes for the sustainable development of human society. The people of whole society should understand and support the research of therapeutic cloning.
引文
[1] 杨怀中.人类需要治疗性克隆[J].自然辩证法研究,2004(10):55-58
[2] [美]里奇拉克.发现自由意志与个人责任.贵州人民出版社,1994:63
[3] 刘大椿.在真与善之间——科技时代的伦理问题与道德抉择.中国社会科学出版社,1999:26
[4] 人民日报,2005 年 02 月 23 日
[5] Freedman B. Equipoise and the ethics of clinical research [A]. Kuhse H.Singer P et al. Bioethics [C].Oxford:Blackwell,1999:429-435
[6] Holm S. Does the end sanctify the means?[A].Cloning in Biomedical Research and Reproduction:Scientific Aspects-Ethical,Legal and Social Limits[C]. Bonn: Bonn University Press,2003:427-436
[7] 翟晓梅.死亡的尊严[M].北京:首都师范大学出版社,2002.:第四章
[8] Groenhout Ruth. Utility,Reason Or Care:The Difference Theory Makes in Evaluation of Human Genome Research[R].Beijing:Proceedings of Beijing International Bioethics Conference,2004:5-8
[9] 甘绍平.应用伦理学前沿问题研究.江西人民出版社,2002:65-68
[10] 默克尔.胚胎的权利.载于《时代》周报,2001 年第 5 期
[11] Singer P. Questions d'ethiqu pratique[M].Paris,1997. 转 引 自 Cloning in Biomedical Research and Cloning in Biomedical Research and Reproduction: Scientific Aspects-Ethical,Legal and Social Limits[C]. Bonn: Bonn University Press, 2003:526-527
[12] [美]罗纳德·德沃金.自由的法.上海人民出版社,2001:72
[13] [台]李震山.复制人科技发展对既有法律思维和制度的冲击.月旦法学.2001(12):43
[14] 默克尔. 胚胎的权利?[A].甘绍平. 应用伦理学[M].南昌:江西人民出版社,2002:69
[15] 李传忠.对克隆技术讨论的哲学思考[J].哲学研究,1998(2):17-21
[16] 马克思恩格斯全集(42 卷)[M]. 北京:人民出版社,1979:36
[17] 马克思恩格斯全集(42 卷)[M]. 北京:人民出版社,1979:96
[18] 马克思恩格斯全集(25 卷)[M]. 北京:人民出版社,1979:927
[19] 池田大作.走向 21 世纪的人与哲学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1992:339-340
[20] 刘科.克隆技术发展的超前预想与伦理观念的适当介入[J].西安电子科技大学学报(社会科学版),2004(3):27-31
[21] Schweber.Physics community and the crisis in physical theory[J].Physics Today,1993(46):39
[22] [加]邦格.科学技术的价值判断与道德判断[J].哲学译丛,1993(3)
[23] [德]赖特.生物伦理学与生物伦理公约[J].国外社会科学,2001(2):104
[24] [美]库尔兹.保卫世俗人道主义[M].上海:东方出版社,1996:252
[25] 刘大椿.在真与善之间——科技时代的伦理问题与道德抉择[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000:123
[26] [美]爱因斯坦.爱因斯坦文集[M].北京:商务印书馆,1979:73
[1] 邱仁宗.生命伦理学. 上海人民出版社,1987
[2] 孙慕义等.新生命伦理学. 东南大学出版社,2003
[3] 倪慧芳等.高科技与生命伦理学. 高等教育出版社,2000
[4] 李庆臻等.现代科技伦理学. 山东人民出版社,2003
[5] 甘绍平.应用伦理学前沿问题研究. 江西人民出版社,2002
[6] 伍天章.医学伦理学. 广东高等教育出版社,1998
[7] 徐少锦.西方科技伦理思想史. 江苏教育出版社,1999
[8] 刘大椿.在真与善之间——科技时代的伦理问题与道德抉择.中国社会科学出版社,1999
[9] 王小锡.伦理与社会. 江苏人民出版社,1998
[10] 林平.克隆震撼. 经济日报出版社,1997
[11] 韩松.人造人——克隆技术改变世界. 中国人事出版社,1997
[12] 〔美〕安德鲁·金柏利.克隆——人的设计与销售. 内蒙古文化出版社,1997
[13] 凯先.克隆风云.浙江大学出版社,1997
[14] 张乃根.克隆人:法律与社会. 复旦大学出版社,2004
[15] 刘科.后克隆时代的技术价值分析. 中国社会科学出版社,2004
[16] 邦格.科学技术的价值判断与道德判断[J].哲学译丛,1993
[17] 赖特.生物伦理学与生物伦理公约[J].国外社会科学,2001
[18] 库尔兹.保卫世俗人道主义[M].上海:东方出版社,1996
[19] 刘大椿.在真与善之间——科技时代的伦理问题与道德抉择[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000
[20] 爱因斯坦.爱因斯坦文集[M].北京:商务印书馆,1979
[21] 罗纳德·德沃金.自由的法.上海人民出版社,2001
[22] 默克尔.胚胎的权利?[A].甘绍平. 应用伦理学[M].南昌:江西人民出版社,2002
[23] 李传忠.对克隆技术讨论的哲学思考[J].哲学研究,1998(2)
[24] 吴国盛.生命神圣.自然辩证法研究,1997(8)
[25] 王鹏云.面对克隆我们怎么办?自然辩证法研究,1997(6)
[26] 李宁晖.克隆可能带来生命意义的淡薄. 自然辩证法研究,1997(6)
[27] 张华夏.克隆技术与社会伦理.开放时代,1997(7)
[28] 何祚庥.呼吁宽容.中国科学报,1997 年 6 月 4 日
[29] 何祚庥.再谈请宽容地看待克隆技术.自然辩证法研究,1997(6)
[30] 华杰. 克隆, 应慎重但不必惊慌.自然辩证法研究,1997(6)
[31] 王树人.科学研究无禁区及研究成果应有禁区.自然辩证法研究,1997(6)
[32] 徐兰.发展有益于人的克隆技术.哲学动态,1997(6)
[33] 邱仁宗.克隆技术及其伦理学涵义.自然辩证法研究,1997(6)
[34] 樊小贤.从伦理视角审视“克隆技术”.人文杂志,1998(2)
[35] 徐兰.克隆的意义与价值标准.自然辩证法通讯,1998(1)
[36] 肖静宁.对“克隆热”的理性思考.武汉大学学报(哲社版),1998(5)
[37] 许启贤.要克隆技术,不要克隆人.人民日报,1998 年 2 月 10 日.
[38] 李涛.克隆冲击与当代科技伦理学的定位.科学技术与辩证法,1999(5)
[39] 陈蓉霞.评论:从克隆技术看人的地位与尊严.科技日报 2000 年 12 月 15 日
[40] Kieffer, G.H., Bioethics: A Textbook of Issues. Addisonwesley Pub.Co.,1979
[41] Goldstein, D.M., Bioethics: A Guide to Information Sources. Letroit, Mich: Gale Research Co.,1982
[42] Mahoney, J., Bioethics and Belief: Religion and Medicine in Dialogue. London: Sheed & Ward,1984
[43] Coppenger, M.T., Bioethics: A Casebook. Englewood Cliffts, New Jersey: Prentice- Hall Inc.,1985
[44] Brody, B.A., Bioethics: Readings and Cases. Englewood Cliffts, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.,1987
[45] Charlesworth, M.J., Bioethics in a Liberal Society. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Prss,1993
[46] Brody, B.A., Theological Developments in Bioethics. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Pub.,1993
[47] Smith, G.P., Bioethics and the Law : Medical, Sociolegal and Philosophical Directions for a Brave New World. Lanham, Md: Univ. Press of America, 1993
[48] Warren, J.R., Bioethics: Sex, Geneticsn & Huma reproduction. New York: Macmillan Library Reference USA,1995
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[2] [美]里奇拉克.发现自由意志与个人责任.贵州人民出版社,1994:63
[3] 刘大椿.在真与善之间——科技时代的伦理问题与道德抉择.中国社会科学出版社,1999:26
[4] 人民日报,2005 年 02 月 23 日
[5] Freedman B. Equipoise and the ethics of clinical research [A]. Kuhse H.Singer P et al. Bioethics [C].Oxford:Blackwell,1999:429-435
[6] Holm S. Does the end sanctify the means?[A].Cloning in Biomedical Research and Reproduction:Scientific Aspects-Ethical,Legal and Social Limits[C]. Bonn: Bonn University Press,2003:427-436
[7] 翟晓梅.死亡的尊严[M].北京:首都师范大学出版社,2002.:第四章
[8] Groenhout Ruth. Utility,Reason Or Care:The Difference Theory Makes in Evaluation of Human Genome Research[R].Beijing:Proceedings of Beijing International Bioethics Conference,2004:5-8
[9] 甘绍平.应用伦理学前沿问题研究.江西人民出版社,2002:65-68
[10] 默克尔.胚胎的权利.载于《时代》周报,2001 年第 5 期
[11] Singer P. Questions d'ethiqu pratique[M].Paris,1997. 转 引 自 Cloning in Biomedical Research and Cloning in Biomedical Research and Reproduction: Scientific Aspects-Ethical,Legal and Social Limits[C]. Bonn: Bonn University Press, 2003:526-527
[12] [美]罗纳德·德沃金.自由的法.上海人民出版社,2001:72
[13] [台]李震山.复制人科技发展对既有法律思维和制度的冲击.月旦法学.2001(12):43
[14] 默克尔. 胚胎的权利?[A].甘绍平. 应用伦理学[M].南昌:江西人民出版社,2002:69
[15] 李传忠.对克隆技术讨论的哲学思考[J].哲学研究,1998(2):17-21
[16] 马克思恩格斯全集(42 卷)[M]. 北京:人民出版社,1979:36
[17] 马克思恩格斯全集(42 卷)[M]. 北京:人民出版社,1979:96
[18] 马克思恩格斯全集(25 卷)[M]. 北京:人民出版社,1979:927
[19] 池田大作.走向 21 世纪的人与哲学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1992:339-340
[20] 刘科.克隆技术发展的超前预想与伦理观念的适当介入[J].西安电子科技大学学报(社会科学版),2004(3):27-31
[21] Schweber.Physics community and the crisis in physical theory[J].Physics Today,1993(46):39
[22] [加]邦格.科学技术的价值判断与道德判断[J].哲学译丛,1993(3)
[23] [德]赖特.生物伦理学与生物伦理公约[J].国外社会科学,2001(2):104
[24] [美]库尔兹.保卫世俗人道主义[M].上海:东方出版社,1996:252
[25] 刘大椿.在真与善之间——科技时代的伦理问题与道德抉择[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000:123
[26] [美]爱因斯坦.爱因斯坦文集[M].北京:商务印书馆,1979:73
[1] 邱仁宗.生命伦理学. 上海人民出版社,1987
[2] 孙慕义等.新生命伦理学. 东南大学出版社,2003
[3] 倪慧芳等.高科技与生命伦理学. 高等教育出版社,2000
[4] 李庆臻等.现代科技伦理学. 山东人民出版社,2003
[5] 甘绍平.应用伦理学前沿问题研究. 江西人民出版社,2002
[6] 伍天章.医学伦理学. 广东高等教育出版社,1998
[7] 徐少锦.西方科技伦理思想史. 江苏教育出版社,1999
[8] 刘大椿.在真与善之间——科技时代的伦理问题与道德抉择.中国社会科学出版社,1999
[9] 王小锡.伦理与社会. 江苏人民出版社,1998
[10] 林平.克隆震撼. 经济日报出版社,1997
[11] 韩松.人造人——克隆技术改变世界. 中国人事出版社,1997
[12] 〔美〕安德鲁·金柏利.克隆——人的设计与销售. 内蒙古文化出版社,1997
[13] 凯先.克隆风云.浙江大学出版社,1997
[14] 张乃根.克隆人:法律与社会. 复旦大学出版社,2004
[15] 刘科.后克隆时代的技术价值分析. 中国社会科学出版社,2004
[16] 邦格.科学技术的价值判断与道德判断[J].哲学译丛,1993
[17] 赖特.生物伦理学与生物伦理公约[J].国外社会科学,2001
[18] 库尔兹.保卫世俗人道主义[M].上海:东方出版社,1996
[19] 刘大椿.在真与善之间——科技时代的伦理问题与道德抉择[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000
[20] 爱因斯坦.爱因斯坦文集[M].北京:商务印书馆,1979
[21] 罗纳德·德沃金.自由的法.上海人民出版社,2001
[22] 默克尔.胚胎的权利?[A].甘绍平. 应用伦理学[M].南昌:江西人民出版社,2002
[23] 李传忠.对克隆技术讨论的哲学思考[J].哲学研究,1998(2)
[24] 吴国盛.生命神圣.自然辩证法研究,1997(8)
[25] 王鹏云.面对克隆我们怎么办?自然辩证法研究,1997(6)
[26] 李宁晖.克隆可能带来生命意义的淡薄. 自然辩证法研究,1997(6)
[27] 张华夏.克隆技术与社会伦理.开放时代,1997(7)
[28] 何祚庥.呼吁宽容.中国科学报,1997 年 6 月 4 日
[29] 何祚庥.再谈请宽容地看待克隆技术.自然辩证法研究,1997(6)
[30] 华杰. 克隆, 应慎重但不必惊慌.自然辩证法研究,1997(6)
[31] 王树人.科学研究无禁区及研究成果应有禁区.自然辩证法研究,1997(6)
[32] 徐兰.发展有益于人的克隆技术.哲学动态,1997(6)
[33] 邱仁宗.克隆技术及其伦理学涵义.自然辩证法研究,1997(6)
[34] 樊小贤.从伦理视角审视“克隆技术”.人文杂志,1998(2)
[35] 徐兰.克隆的意义与价值标准.自然辩证法通讯,1998(1)
[36] 肖静宁.对“克隆热”的理性思考.武汉大学学报(哲社版),1998(5)
[37] 许启贤.要克隆技术,不要克隆人.人民日报,1998 年 2 月 10 日.
[38] 李涛.克隆冲击与当代科技伦理学的定位.科学技术与辩证法,1999(5)
[39] 陈蓉霞.评论:从克隆技术看人的地位与尊严.科技日报 2000 年 12 月 15 日
[40] Kieffer, G.H., Bioethics: A Textbook of Issues. Addisonwesley Pub.Co.,1979
[41] Goldstein, D.M., Bioethics: A Guide to Information Sources. Letroit, Mich: Gale Research Co.,1982
[42] Mahoney, J., Bioethics and Belief: Religion and Medicine in Dialogue. London: Sheed & Ward,1984
[43] Coppenger, M.T., Bioethics: A Casebook. Englewood Cliffts, New Jersey: Prentice- Hall Inc.,1985
[44] Brody, B.A., Bioethics: Readings and Cases. Englewood Cliffts, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.,1987
[45] Charlesworth, M.J., Bioethics in a Liberal Society. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Prss,1993
[46] Brody, B.A., Theological Developments in Bioethics. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Pub.,1993
[47] Smith, G.P., Bioethics and the Law : Medical, Sociolegal and Philosophical Directions for a Brave New World. Lanham, Md: Univ. Press of America, 1993
[48] Warren, J.R., Bioethics: Sex, Geneticsn & Huma reproduction. New York: Macmillan Library Reference USA,1995
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