江苏省高中体育教师职业倦怠的现状及其影响因素研究
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摘要
教师职业是承受压力最多的职业之一,是职业倦怠的高发人群,教师职业的倦怠现象已成为国际社会日益关注的热点问题。在过去的三十多年里,国内外的专家学者已经取得了丰硕的成果,并将研究的范围扩展到教学领域。近年来,一些学者也将职业倦怠的理论应用于具体学科,这种研究趋势显示了越来越多的学者开始注意到不同学科教师职业倦怠的特殊之处。
通过对体育教师职业倦怠的理论分析,本研究探讨了体育教师职业倦怠的现状、过程以及成因。在此基础上,本研究确定了导致江苏省高中体育教师职业倦怠的因素,这些因素包括社会因素、职业因素、学校因素、人际因素和个人因素。以此因素为假设,我们编制了导致体育教师职业倦怠原因的调查问卷和访谈问题。该问卷具有良好的信度和效度,适合江苏省高中体育教师的现状。
本研究将江苏省高中体育教师作为调查对象。第一部分调查所使用的问卷是当前国际上被认为最公正、应用最广泛的职业倦怠测量工具《马氏量表》,(Maslach Burnout Inventory,简称MBI),对江苏省500余名高中体育教师进行的职业倦怠情况测试,并用SPSS14.0进行统计分析。通过对不同性别、教龄与所在不同类别的学校等人口学变量对体育教师职业倦怠总体情况以及职业倦怠三个不同维度进行比较,结果发现:(1)江苏省体育教师的职业倦怠已经普遍存在,体育教师的职业倦怠程度整体处于中等偏高水平。(2)从整体来看,女体育教师的倦怠程度要略高于男体育教师,并显示出不同的特点。在情绪衰竭维度上,女体育教师在此维度的得分略高于男性但存在的差异不十分显著;在去人性化维度上,男教师平均得分要明显高于女教师,差异达到显著水平。在个人成就感维度上,男教师的平均分明显低于女教师,差异十分显著。(3)乡镇体育教师在职业倦怠程度上要高于城市体育教师。(4)体育教师的职称、教龄对教师职业倦怠在一个或多个维度上都有显著的影响。(5)体育教师所在学校地域和学校的级别在职业倦怠各维度上存在差异。(6)学校的性质影响体育教师职业倦怠的程度。
在第一部分调查的基础上,第二部分调查自编的《江苏省高中体育教师职业倦怠影响因素问卷》,目的是探寻导致高中体育教师职业倦怠的深层次原因。对影响体育教师职业倦怠的社会因素、学校因素、职业因素、人际因素和个人因素进行了调查分析。结果发现:(1)职业倦怠是由多种因素导致的,每个因素对职业倦怠三个维度的影响不同。(2)社会因素、人际因素和职业因素都是通过损耗个体情感资源的方式影响教师的身心,致使他们产生倦怠,而学校因素、职业因素则与教师的成就感更为相关。(3)社会因素、学校因素、职业因素和人际因素对职业倦怠的情感耗竭维度有显著的影响。(4)社会因素、学校因素、职业因素、人际因素和个人对职业倦怠的去个性化维度有显著影响。(5)而学校因素、职业因素和人际因素对个人成就感维度有显著的影响。
作为第二部分调查的补充,我们对一部分高中体育教师进行了访谈,进一步揭示了导致体育教师职业倦怠深层次的原因。
通过以上研究,我们发现不同人口学变量的体育教师职业倦怠程度不同。导致江苏省高中体育教师职业倦怠的因素是多层面的,因此应该从多层面来看待缓解教师职业倦怠的措施。本文就社会层面、学校及人际支持层面、职业发展层面、和个人层面提出了缓解江苏省高中体育教师职业倦怠的策略。
The notion of job burnout was advocated by Freudenberger in 1974. The research of job burnout has much comprehensive production in the departed 30 years by the experts and scholars from home and abroad. And the study of this field is emphasized by researchers and it even extends to the field of teaching. Teachers work under the great pressure of their job. Many people pay great attention to teachers' burnout because burnout is common to teachers. Job burnout has been becoming the focus of international society gradually. In recent years, some researchers also put the theory of job burnout into many concrete subjects in the middle school. That is to say, more and more researchers begin to notice the differences of the job burnout among the teachers who teach different subjects.
The high school PE teachers in Jiangsu province were regarded as the object of our study. We use Maslach Burnout Inventory, an internationally recognized and used job burnout questionnaire, in the investigation. More than 500 high school PE teachers were invested in this survey, and SPSS14.0 was applied to analyze the data. There are significant different development levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and efficiency dimensions among demographic statistics variables, such as: different genders, different teaching ages and different schools they are belonged to. The results are as follows: job burnout is prevalent in high school PE teachers in Jiangsu province. The teachers' job burnout is not quite serious on the whole. The job burnout of female PE teachers is more serious than that of male PE teachers, but shows in different characteristics. The teachers who work in the rural high schools receive higher burnout score than those in the city schools. The rank, school age brought significant effect to teachers’burnout. The type of the school and the nature of the school affect teachers’burnout.
Base on the first questionnaire, we formatted the teachers’burnout effective factors inventory to find out the deep-rooted factors that cause job burnout. It all proceeded from reality and the questions are all screened strictly. The results are as follows: We found that many factors could generate burnout and they had different effect to the three respects of burnout. The social factors, human relation factors and occupation factors brought effect to emotional exhaustion, while the school factors and occupation factors bought significant effect to teachers’reduced personal accomplishment. Social factors, school factors, human relation factors and occupation factors brought effect to depersonalization.
The last part of the text is the countermeasures and suggestions to cope with PE teachers’burnout in high schools in Jiangsu province. The strategy to solve the problem should be multi-level and multidimensional including social factors, school factors, occupation factors, human relation factors, and personal factors.
通过对体育教师职业倦怠的理论分析,本研究探讨了体育教师职业倦怠的现状、过程以及成因。在此基础上,本研究确定了导致江苏省高中体育教师职业倦怠的因素,这些因素包括社会因素、职业因素、学校因素、人际因素和个人因素。以此因素为假设,我们编制了导致体育教师职业倦怠原因的调查问卷和访谈问题。该问卷具有良好的信度和效度,适合江苏省高中体育教师的现状。
本研究将江苏省高中体育教师作为调查对象。第一部分调查所使用的问卷是当前国际上被认为最公正、应用最广泛的职业倦怠测量工具《马氏量表》,(Maslach Burnout Inventory,简称MBI),对江苏省500余名高中体育教师进行的职业倦怠情况测试,并用SPSS14.0进行统计分析。通过对不同性别、教龄与所在不同类别的学校等人口学变量对体育教师职业倦怠总体情况以及职业倦怠三个不同维度进行比较,结果发现:(1)江苏省体育教师的职业倦怠已经普遍存在,体育教师的职业倦怠程度整体处于中等偏高水平。(2)从整体来看,女体育教师的倦怠程度要略高于男体育教师,并显示出不同的特点。在情绪衰竭维度上,女体育教师在此维度的得分略高于男性但存在的差异不十分显著;在去人性化维度上,男教师平均得分要明显高于女教师,差异达到显著水平。在个人成就感维度上,男教师的平均分明显低于女教师,差异十分显著。(3)乡镇体育教师在职业倦怠程度上要高于城市体育教师。(4)体育教师的职称、教龄对教师职业倦怠在一个或多个维度上都有显著的影响。(5)体育教师所在学校地域和学校的级别在职业倦怠各维度上存在差异。(6)学校的性质影响体育教师职业倦怠的程度。
在第一部分调查的基础上,第二部分调查自编的《江苏省高中体育教师职业倦怠影响因素问卷》,目的是探寻导致高中体育教师职业倦怠的深层次原因。对影响体育教师职业倦怠的社会因素、学校因素、职业因素、人际因素和个人因素进行了调查分析。结果发现:(1)职业倦怠是由多种因素导致的,每个因素对职业倦怠三个维度的影响不同。(2)社会因素、人际因素和职业因素都是通过损耗个体情感资源的方式影响教师的身心,致使他们产生倦怠,而学校因素、职业因素则与教师的成就感更为相关。(3)社会因素、学校因素、职业因素和人际因素对职业倦怠的情感耗竭维度有显著的影响。(4)社会因素、学校因素、职业因素、人际因素和个人对职业倦怠的去个性化维度有显著影响。(5)而学校因素、职业因素和人际因素对个人成就感维度有显著的影响。
作为第二部分调查的补充,我们对一部分高中体育教师进行了访谈,进一步揭示了导致体育教师职业倦怠深层次的原因。
通过以上研究,我们发现不同人口学变量的体育教师职业倦怠程度不同。导致江苏省高中体育教师职业倦怠的因素是多层面的,因此应该从多层面来看待缓解教师职业倦怠的措施。本文就社会层面、学校及人际支持层面、职业发展层面、和个人层面提出了缓解江苏省高中体育教师职业倦怠的策略。
The notion of job burnout was advocated by Freudenberger in 1974. The research of job burnout has much comprehensive production in the departed 30 years by the experts and scholars from home and abroad. And the study of this field is emphasized by researchers and it even extends to the field of teaching. Teachers work under the great pressure of their job. Many people pay great attention to teachers' burnout because burnout is common to teachers. Job burnout has been becoming the focus of international society gradually. In recent years, some researchers also put the theory of job burnout into many concrete subjects in the middle school. That is to say, more and more researchers begin to notice the differences of the job burnout among the teachers who teach different subjects.
The high school PE teachers in Jiangsu province were regarded as the object of our study. We use Maslach Burnout Inventory, an internationally recognized and used job burnout questionnaire, in the investigation. More than 500 high school PE teachers were invested in this survey, and SPSS14.0 was applied to analyze the data. There are significant different development levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and efficiency dimensions among demographic statistics variables, such as: different genders, different teaching ages and different schools they are belonged to. The results are as follows: job burnout is prevalent in high school PE teachers in Jiangsu province. The teachers' job burnout is not quite serious on the whole. The job burnout of female PE teachers is more serious than that of male PE teachers, but shows in different characteristics. The teachers who work in the rural high schools receive higher burnout score than those in the city schools. The rank, school age brought significant effect to teachers’burnout. The type of the school and the nature of the school affect teachers’burnout.
Base on the first questionnaire, we formatted the teachers’burnout effective factors inventory to find out the deep-rooted factors that cause job burnout. It all proceeded from reality and the questions are all screened strictly. The results are as follows: We found that many factors could generate burnout and they had different effect to the three respects of burnout. The social factors, human relation factors and occupation factors brought effect to emotional exhaustion, while the school factors and occupation factors bought significant effect to teachers’reduced personal accomplishment. Social factors, school factors, human relation factors and occupation factors brought effect to depersonalization.
The last part of the text is the countermeasures and suggestions to cope with PE teachers’burnout in high schools in Jiangsu province. The strategy to solve the problem should be multi-level and multidimensional including social factors, school factors, occupation factors, human relation factors, and personal factors.
引文
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