刻槽混凝土路面表面功能研究
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摘要
刻槽是提高水泥混凝土路面抗滑性的重要措施。但是刻槽混凝土路面噪声过大,路表构造耐久性不足问题突出,严重制约了水泥混凝土路面的推广与应用。为了推广水泥混凝土路面的应用,水泥混凝土路面的设计理念正在由目前的单一强度要求,转为在保证结构强度及其耐久性基础上,重视路表功能设计。本文依托国家西部交通建设科技项目“水泥混凝土路面表面功能研究”(项目编号：200731822301-8),在广泛收集并分析国内外混凝土路面表面功能研究相关成果的基础上,对刻槽混凝土路面抗滑性、噪声和耐磨性等表面功能特性进行了深入而系统的研究。
在分析轮胎与路面相互作用机理的基础上,应用有限元软件,建立了不同刻槽参数组合的纵向和横向刻槽混凝土路面与轮胎橡胶块的接触模型；分析了刻槽宽度、刻槽间距对混凝土路面与轮胎间纵向摩擦力和横向摩擦力的影响,为分析刻槽混凝土路面摩擦机理和选择合理的刻槽参数提供了理论依据。
基于流体动力学理论,建立了刻槽混凝土路面上轮胎发生滑水的3D有限元体积模型,并利用NASA滑水试验数据对所建有限元模型进行了验证;在此基础上,计算了轮胎在不同刻槽参数混凝土路面上以不同速度运行时胎底的动水压力,绘制了不同刻槽参数混凝土路面上轮胎的速度一胎底动水压力曲线,得到了不同刻槽混凝土路面上轮胎发生渭水的运动方程；变化刻槽深度、刻槽宽度和间距,研究了不同刻槽混凝土路面上轮胎的滑水规律及刻槽参数对滑水的影响；以刻槽参数为因子,建立了轮胎不同运行速度时,胎底动水压力预测模型。
引入了轮胎/路面噪声的滑行通过法,建立了轮胎/路面噪声的室内加速下落法,制订了这两种测试方法的实施细则。利用滑行通过法对西安市郊的4条横向刻槽混凝土路面的噪声进行了实测,建立了测试速度与声压的关系,得到了横向刻槽混凝土路面噪声的一些基本特性。同时,利用室内加速下落法对横向刻槽、纵向刻槽、光面及多孔隙混凝土路面的声压水平进行了实测,分析了光面及多孔隙混凝土路面与刻槽混凝土路面的噪声平差异的原因。在此基础上,利用灰色关联度分析法分析了刻槽参数对横向刻槽和纵向刻槽混凝土路面噪声水平的影响程度。
研发了混凝土路面磨损室内加速试验设备,提出了刻槽混凝土路面构造深度衰减测试方法——平板法。以槽宽、槽深、槽间距等三个刻槽参数为因素,设计了正交试验,利用平板法测定了各组混凝土板在磨损过程中不同时刻的构造深度,并对正交试验结果进行了直观分析、极差分析和方差分析,确定了影响刻槽混凝土路面构造深度衰减的重要因素和耐磨性好的刻槽组合。利用摆式摩擦系数仪得到了不同磨损时刻的混凝土路面的摆值,在此基础上利用GM(1,1)模型建立了刻槽混凝土磨损过程中的摆值衰减规律模型。
以水灰比、水泥用量、砂率和粗集料最大粒径等混凝土耐磨性的影响因素为因子,以混凝土的工作性、力学性能和耐磨性为评价指标设计正交试验,并利用模糊数学理论对多个评价指标的耐磨混凝土配合比设计方案进行评价,得到了耐磨性最优的配合比。在此基础上,研究了矿物掺合料对混凝土路面耐磨性的影响,并提出了混凝土路面耐磨性改善方案。
最后,建立了以抗滑性、噪声值及耐磨性作为评价指标的混凝土路面表面功能评价体系,采用熵值法确定了各个指标的权重,建立了基于熵权与Topsis法的混凝土路面表面功能综合评价模型,并对常见刻槽组合的纵向及横向刻槽混凝土路面表面功能进行了评价,得到了表面功能最优的刻槽组合。
Groove is a important measure to improve the skid resistance for cement concrete pavement. However, grooving pavement has some fault such as excessive noise and road surface texture of insufficient durability which become a obstacle of promotion and application cement concrete pavement in the world. In order to play the advantages of concrete pavement, the design concept of cement concrete pavement is changing from a single strength design to emphasize road surface functional design. Relying on the Western Region Transport Development Science and Technology Program-Surface Function of Cement Concrete Pavement, the surface characteristics such as skidding resistance, noise and wearing resistance were researched based on the extensive collection and analysis of concrete pavement surfaces at home and abroad.
Based on the analysis of interaction mechanism between tire and pavement, the contact model between vertical and horizontal grooving concrete pavement with different groove parameters and tire rubber block was established by the application of finite element software ABAQUS. The effect of groove width, groove spacing on longitudinal and transverse friction for the concrete pavement was analyzed, which provided a reasonable theoretical basis for the road surface friction mechanism analysis and concrete groove parameters selection.
According to the fluid dynamics theory,3D finite volume model of tire hydroplaning on the concrete pavement was established. The3D finite volume model of tire hydroplaning was checked by the experimental data in the NASA experiment. Based on this, the hydrodynamic pressure at the bottom of tire was calculated, and the relation curve between velocity and pressure was drafted when the car is running at the different speed on the concrete pavement with different parameters. The effect of pavement parameters on the tire hydroplaning was researched by the changing the grooving parameters. Take the grooving parameters as factor, the model of the hydrodynamic pressure at the bottom of tire was established at the different speed.
The coast-by noise tests was introduced and the tire-falling method in the door was established. At the same time, the implementation details about the test methods were developed. The noise of four horizontal groove concrete pavements in suburbs of Xi'an was measured by the method of coast-by. The relationship between sound pressure and velocity was established. The noise level of longitudinal and transverse groove, smooth, and porous concrete pavement was measured by the tire-falling method. And the reason of4concrete pavement was analyzed. Based on this, the influence of groove parameters on the longitudinal and transverse grooving pavement was analyzed by the gray correlation analysis.
The accelerated wearing test equipment and test plate of texture depth was developed for grooving concrete pavement. Take longitudinal and transverse groove pavement with depth, width, spacing as factors, the orthogonal experiment was designed. The texture depth was measured in the different time. The result of orthogonal experiment was analyzed by the analysis method such as visual, range and variance. On this basis, the important effect factor for attenuation of texture depth and association of grooving was determined for grooving concrete pavement. The pendulum value of grooving pavement was measured at the process of wearing. Based on this, the attenuation model of pendulum value in wear process was established using GM(1,1) model. It is helpful for grooving concrete pavement to preservation of skidding resistance.
Take into account water-cement ratio, the cement content, the maximum particle-size of aggregate, sand ratio, orthogonal experiment with the evaluation index was done such as compressive strength, flexural strength, slump, wear loss. And the experiments results were analyzed by the method of fuzzy. Taking the value of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation as the target function, mix design of wearable concrete was optimized based on the multiple target membership function of strength, workability and wear resistance. Finally, the influence of mineral admixture on the wear resistance of concrete pavement was researched. And the measure of wearing improvement was proposed.
The surface function evaluation system was established including skid resistance, noise, and wear resistance. The weight of each index was calculated by the method of entropy weighting. And the evaluation model was developed based on the entropy weighting and Topsis. Finally, the surface function with common groove parameters was evaluated for longitudinal and transverse grooving pavement. Based on this, the best groove parameters was recommended.
在分析轮胎与路面相互作用机理的基础上,应用有限元软件,建立了不同刻槽参数组合的纵向和横向刻槽混凝土路面与轮胎橡胶块的接触模型；分析了刻槽宽度、刻槽间距对混凝土路面与轮胎间纵向摩擦力和横向摩擦力的影响,为分析刻槽混凝土路面摩擦机理和选择合理的刻槽参数提供了理论依据。
基于流体动力学理论,建立了刻槽混凝土路面上轮胎发生滑水的3D有限元体积模型,并利用NASA滑水试验数据对所建有限元模型进行了验证;在此基础上,计算了轮胎在不同刻槽参数混凝土路面上以不同速度运行时胎底的动水压力,绘制了不同刻槽参数混凝土路面上轮胎的速度一胎底动水压力曲线,得到了不同刻槽混凝土路面上轮胎发生渭水的运动方程；变化刻槽深度、刻槽宽度和间距,研究了不同刻槽混凝土路面上轮胎的滑水规律及刻槽参数对滑水的影响；以刻槽参数为因子,建立了轮胎不同运行速度时,胎底动水压力预测模型。
引入了轮胎/路面噪声的滑行通过法,建立了轮胎/路面噪声的室内加速下落法,制订了这两种测试方法的实施细则。利用滑行通过法对西安市郊的4条横向刻槽混凝土路面的噪声进行了实测,建立了测试速度与声压的关系,得到了横向刻槽混凝土路面噪声的一些基本特性。同时,利用室内加速下落法对横向刻槽、纵向刻槽、光面及多孔隙混凝土路面的声压水平进行了实测,分析了光面及多孔隙混凝土路面与刻槽混凝土路面的噪声平差异的原因。在此基础上,利用灰色关联度分析法分析了刻槽参数对横向刻槽和纵向刻槽混凝土路面噪声水平的影响程度。
研发了混凝土路面磨损室内加速试验设备,提出了刻槽混凝土路面构造深度衰减测试方法——平板法。以槽宽、槽深、槽间距等三个刻槽参数为因素,设计了正交试验,利用平板法测定了各组混凝土板在磨损过程中不同时刻的构造深度,并对正交试验结果进行了直观分析、极差分析和方差分析,确定了影响刻槽混凝土路面构造深度衰减的重要因素和耐磨性好的刻槽组合。利用摆式摩擦系数仪得到了不同磨损时刻的混凝土路面的摆值,在此基础上利用GM(1,1)模型建立了刻槽混凝土磨损过程中的摆值衰减规律模型。
以水灰比、水泥用量、砂率和粗集料最大粒径等混凝土耐磨性的影响因素为因子,以混凝土的工作性、力学性能和耐磨性为评价指标设计正交试验,并利用模糊数学理论对多个评价指标的耐磨混凝土配合比设计方案进行评价,得到了耐磨性最优的配合比。在此基础上,研究了矿物掺合料对混凝土路面耐磨性的影响,并提出了混凝土路面耐磨性改善方案。
最后,建立了以抗滑性、噪声值及耐磨性作为评价指标的混凝土路面表面功能评价体系,采用熵值法确定了各个指标的权重,建立了基于熵权与Topsis法的混凝土路面表面功能综合评价模型,并对常见刻槽组合的纵向及横向刻槽混凝土路面表面功能进行了评价,得到了表面功能最优的刻槽组合。
Groove is a important measure to improve the skid resistance for cement concrete pavement. However, grooving pavement has some fault such as excessive noise and road surface texture of insufficient durability which become a obstacle of promotion and application cement concrete pavement in the world. In order to play the advantages of concrete pavement, the design concept of cement concrete pavement is changing from a single strength design to emphasize road surface functional design. Relying on the Western Region Transport Development Science and Technology Program-Surface Function of Cement Concrete Pavement, the surface characteristics such as skidding resistance, noise and wearing resistance were researched based on the extensive collection and analysis of concrete pavement surfaces at home and abroad.
Based on the analysis of interaction mechanism between tire and pavement, the contact model between vertical and horizontal grooving concrete pavement with different groove parameters and tire rubber block was established by the application of finite element software ABAQUS. The effect of groove width, groove spacing on longitudinal and transverse friction for the concrete pavement was analyzed, which provided a reasonable theoretical basis for the road surface friction mechanism analysis and concrete groove parameters selection.
According to the fluid dynamics theory,3D finite volume model of tire hydroplaning on the concrete pavement was established. The3D finite volume model of tire hydroplaning was checked by the experimental data in the NASA experiment. Based on this, the hydrodynamic pressure at the bottom of tire was calculated, and the relation curve between velocity and pressure was drafted when the car is running at the different speed on the concrete pavement with different parameters. The effect of pavement parameters on the tire hydroplaning was researched by the changing the grooving parameters. Take the grooving parameters as factor, the model of the hydrodynamic pressure at the bottom of tire was established at the different speed.
The coast-by noise tests was introduced and the tire-falling method in the door was established. At the same time, the implementation details about the test methods were developed. The noise of four horizontal groove concrete pavements in suburbs of Xi'an was measured by the method of coast-by. The relationship between sound pressure and velocity was established. The noise level of longitudinal and transverse groove, smooth, and porous concrete pavement was measured by the tire-falling method. And the reason of4concrete pavement was analyzed. Based on this, the influence of groove parameters on the longitudinal and transverse grooving pavement was analyzed by the gray correlation analysis.
The accelerated wearing test equipment and test plate of texture depth was developed for grooving concrete pavement. Take longitudinal and transverse groove pavement with depth, width, spacing as factors, the orthogonal experiment was designed. The texture depth was measured in the different time. The result of orthogonal experiment was analyzed by the analysis method such as visual, range and variance. On this basis, the important effect factor for attenuation of texture depth and association of grooving was determined for grooving concrete pavement. The pendulum value of grooving pavement was measured at the process of wearing. Based on this, the attenuation model of pendulum value in wear process was established using GM(1,1) model. It is helpful for grooving concrete pavement to preservation of skidding resistance.
Take into account water-cement ratio, the cement content, the maximum particle-size of aggregate, sand ratio, orthogonal experiment with the evaluation index was done such as compressive strength, flexural strength, slump, wear loss. And the experiments results were analyzed by the method of fuzzy. Taking the value of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation as the target function, mix design of wearable concrete was optimized based on the multiple target membership function of strength, workability and wear resistance. Finally, the influence of mineral admixture on the wear resistance of concrete pavement was researched. And the measure of wearing improvement was proposed.
The surface function evaluation system was established including skid resistance, noise, and wear resistance. The weight of each index was calculated by the method of entropy weighting. And the evaluation model was developed based on the entropy weighting and Topsis. Finally, the surface function with common groove parameters was evaluated for longitudinal and transverse grooving pavement. Based on this, the best groove parameters was recommended.
引文
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