沥青混合料内部应力分布及其对粘弹性能的影响研究
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摘要
沥青路面由于具有表面平整、无接缝、便于舒适行车和噪声较低的优点，在现代高等级道路建设中得到了广泛的应用。为了探究沥青混合料的受力特性和破坏机理，长期以来，国内外学者对沥青混合料力学特性的研究和探讨从未终止过。传统研究中，一般将沥青路面和沥青混合料作为各向同性均质材料进行处理，通过试验测试的方法获得材料弹性和粘弹性力学参数，然后将这些参数用于力学计算分析。然而沥青混合料实际上是一种由沥青胶浆、集料、填料和空隙构成的多相复合材料。由于不规则集料的复杂排列方式，混合料内部真实的受力特性和变形特性与各向同性材料的假设存在较大的差距。因此，为了准确分析混合料内部真实的受力特性不得不寻找能够反映混合料真实结构的分析方法。
本文结合国家自然科学基金项目(51278222)“基于数字图像处理技术的沥青混合料各向异性特性研究”和吉林大学研究生创新基金项目(20121079)，对沥青混合料的真实应力分布状态和粘弹性变形特性进行了系统研究，通过本文的研究取得了如下成果：
1.采用CCD数码相机采集了沥青混合料的数字图像，由于受到噪声和采集精度影响，混合料图像中存在严重的集料粘连现象，提出采用分水岭分割方法对集料粘连进行分割处理，收到了良好的效果。同时采用等效圆直径法对混合料的面积级配进行识别，针对粗细集料粒径尺寸相差较大，等间距分组难以兼顾粗细集料的缺陷，提出采用对数等间距分组的方法对面积级配进行体视学转换，进而推测了沥青混合料的体积级配，修正后的级配与设计级配吻合较好，采用此方法进行转换能够同时识别粗细级配，解决了以往只能识别粗集料级配的问题。
2.通过对沥青混合料图像的矢量化方法的研究，针对混合料图像中多尺度集料的分布问题，提出采用与尺度无关的拆分合并强度为判断指标，在充分考虑集料特征点不均匀分布的情况下，对集料边缘轮廓和空隙边缘轮廓进行多边形逼近迭代。基于逼近误差保证率原则提出采用均方根误差作为迭代收敛控制指标。根据所提出的的方法自行编制了相应的迭代程序，完成了沥青混合料数字图像的矢量化。对迭代收敛效率和稳定性的分析表明，本文所提出的多边形逼近方法能够有效的处理多尺度轮廓矢量化问题，同时具有较高的收敛效率。对不同矢量化方法所建立的数值模型规模的比较分析表明，本文所提出的多边形逼近方法能够有效的减小数值模型的规模，降低了大规模分析模型对计算机硬件的依赖程度，提高了数值分析的计算效率。
3.针对沥青混合料内部复杂的应力状态分布问题，对混合料内部沥青胶砂的应力状态进行了统计分析，提出采用高斯函数模型描述沥青混合料在单轴应力作用下的应力状态。针对不同级配形式的沥青混合料分别建立了相应的数值分析模型，研究了材料参数、级配形式、空隙含量、成型方式等对胶砂应力状态的影响规律，结果表明骨架密实结构的沥青胶砂其应力统计平均值和应力偏差均好于其他类型的沥青混合料。空隙的存在能够减小沥青胶砂的应力统计平均值，但同时也会使沥青胶砂的应力分布更加均匀，高应力区域出现的频率明显增大。此外，对比分析了多尺度模型和各向同性假设下沥青路面应力分布的差异性，表明采用传统理论分析得到的沥青路面的应力值低于多尺度模型的计算结果。
4.针对Burgers粘弹性参数识别问题，提出采用最优分段方法进行拟合，采用时域搜索拟合的方式并结合非线性寻优方法确定出拟合残差最小的分段时刻，最终得到了最优拟合参数。该方法与现有方法的对比分析结果表明，按照本文方法进行粘弹性参数拟合识别所产生的残差平方和是所有可能分段方案中最小的。拟合残差平方和随着蠕变时间的增加趋于稳定。改进方法的残差平方和相对原有方法大为降低。
5.针对沥青混合料内部沥青胶砂的应力分布特点，在室内制备了沥青胶砂试件，采用单轴压缩蠕变试验对沥青胶砂的非线性粘弹性行为进行了试验研究，提出采用实用非线性粘弹性模型描述沥青胶砂的非线性粘弹性能，建立了粘弹性模型参数与应力水平的函数关系，分析结果表明沥青胶砂的弹性元件参数与应力水平呈现幂函数关系，松弛时间随着应力水平的变化呈现非线性变化的趋势。此外，通过二次开发将非线性粘弹性模型运用到沥青混合料粘弹性变形的预测中，结果表明由于没有考虑集料横向加强作用的影响，采用平面多尺度数值模型预测的混合料粘弹性变形低于试验值，非线性粘弹性模型的预测值高于线性粘弹性预测值，并且与试验结果更加接近。考虑沥青胶砂的非线性粘弹性效应能够更好反映沥青混合料的真实粘弹性变形特性。对碾压成型试件不同方向的模拟和试验结果表明，沥青混合料呈现微弱的各向异性特性，与以往各向同性材料的假设存在一定的差异。
Asphalt pavement has been widely used in the modern high grade road engineeringbecause of its smooth surface, without seams, facilitate comfortable driving and theadvantages of low noise. However, in order to investigate the mechanical characteristics andfailure mechanism of the asphalt mixture, the discussion on mechanical properties of asphaltmixture has never been terminated. In previous studying, asphalt pavement and asphaltmixture were assumed as isotropic homogeneous material in general engineering analysis.The elastic or viscoelastic mechanical parameters of asphalt mixture for these analysis werenecessarily tested by experiments. In actuality, asphalt mixture is a multiphase compositematerial that consist of asphalt mortar, aggregate, filler and voids. Therefore, the assumptionof isotropic materials has a big gap with real mixture as a result of the complexity ofirregular aggregates arrangement. The internal mechanical characteristics and deformationproperties of mixture were complex and different form the isotropic material. Wherefore, Itis needed find a new method that can reflect the real mixture structure for internalmechanical characteristics evaluation.
Combining with Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (Grant No.51278222)"Investigation on anisotropic properties of asphalt mixturebased on digital image processing technology" and Project20121079Supported by GraduateInnovation Fund of Jilin University, the internal stress distribution and the viscoelasticdeformation characteristics of asphalt mixture were investigated. The following results wereobtained with research of this paper:
1. The asphalt mixture digital images were obtained with CCD digital camera.Aggregates has a serious adhesion phenomenon because of the influence of noise and pixelaccuracy. The watershed segmentation method was proposed for break up aggregateadhesions in digital images. It was proved that this method was suit for aggregate adhesionsegmentation. And then the method of equivalent diameter was adopted to distinguish the area gradation of mixture. According to the particle size of aggregate has a large gap,equidistant grouping can not considered the defect of coarse and fine aggregatessimultaneously. The logarithmic spacing block method was proposed to transform areagradation to real gradation, and speculated the volume gradation of the asphalt mixture. Thecorrected and designed gradation are consistently well. This method can simultaneouslyidentify the coarse and fine aggregates, the problem of identify aggregates gradationsuccessful solved.
2. Vectorized method of asphalt mixture image was investigated, the split strength andmerge strength were adopted as judgment indexes which has nothing to do with the diffrentscale of aggregates. Feature points of aggregates can be reserved effectively under thecondition of uneven distribution. The aggregates edge contour and voids edge contour werevectorized with polygon approximation iteration. Root Mean Square Error was used asiterative convergence control index based on the approximation error of the reliabilityprinciple as is presented in this paper. The iterative program was made for contourvectorization. Edge contour of aggregates and voids in asphalt mixture digital image werevectorized. The analysis of iteration convergence efficiency and stability show that thepresented polygonal approximation method can effectively deal with the problem ofmulti-scale contour vector problem. It has a high convergent efficiency. The comparativeanalysis of the numerical model for different Root Mean Square Error shows that thepresented polygonal approximation method can effectively reduce the scale of the numericalmodel, reduces the model dependence on computer hardware, and improves the computationefficiency for numerical analysis.
3. The internal stress state of asphalt mortar in mixture was investigated. Stress state ofasphalt mortar was complex and can’t be characterization with a index. And then Gaussfunction was used to describes the state of asphalt mortar under the uniaxial stress.Numerical model of different gradation asphalt mixture were established. Effect of materialparameters, grading form, void content and manufacture method on stress state of mortarwere investigated. The results showed that statistical average value of its stress and stressdeviation of the skeleton dense structure are better than other types of asphalt mixture. The existence of voids can reduce the statistical average stress of asphalt mortar, and stressdistribution of asphalt mortar is more uniform. The frequency of the high stress area appearsincrease obvious. In addition, the multi-scale model of asphalt pavement was established.through comparative analysis of asphalt pavement was carried out for multi-scale model andisotropic model. It suggests that stress value comes from traditional theory is lower than thecalculation results of multi-scale model.
4. A optimal segmentation method for Burgers viscoelastic parameters identificationwas proposed. A optimal segmentation scheme of time that has a min fitting residual errorwas obtained. The best parameters of Burgers model was obtained with time-domainsearching method and nonlinear fitting method. This method was compared with existingmethods. It shows that the residual quadratic sum produced by identify is the smallest of allpossible segmentation programme if parameter fitting in accordance with this method. Sumof residual error squares tends to be stable as the creep time increase. And residual errorsquares sum of improved methods reduced significantly compared with the original method.
5. Asphalt mortar specimens were prepared in the room. The uniaxial compressivecreep tests were conducted in order to investigate the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior ofasphalt mortar. A practical nonlinear viscoelastic model was used to describe the nonlinearviscoelastic properties of asphalt mortar. And then the parameters of nonlinear viscoelasticmodel were obtained by nonlinear fitting. The parameters function of stress level wereestablished finaly. It shows that the elastic parameters of the model were power function ofstress. The relaxation time changes render non-linear trend as the level of stress. In addition,the nonlinear viscoelastic model of asphalt mastic was applied in the viscoelasticitydeformation prediction by the secondary development. The results show that the predictedviscoelastic deformation of plane multi-scale numerical model is lower than test resultswithout considering the influence of aggregate in lateral strength. The predicted viscoelasticdeformation with nonlinear viscoelastic model is higher than that of linear viscoelasticpredictive value, and it is more close to experimental results. Therefore the nonlinearviscoelasticity effect of asphalt mortar will be reflect the real viscoelasticity deformationcharacteristics of the asphalt mixture better. Asphalt mixture specimens were prepared by rolling. The simulation and test results of specimens in different directions show that asphaltmixture appears weak anisotropic characteristics. This is different with the assumption ofisotropic materials.
本文结合国家自然科学基金项目(51278222)“基于数字图像处理技术的沥青混合料各向异性特性研究”和吉林大学研究生创新基金项目(20121079)，对沥青混合料的真实应力分布状态和粘弹性变形特性进行了系统研究，通过本文的研究取得了如下成果：
1.采用CCD数码相机采集了沥青混合料的数字图像，由于受到噪声和采集精度影响，混合料图像中存在严重的集料粘连现象，提出采用分水岭分割方法对集料粘连进行分割处理，收到了良好的效果。同时采用等效圆直径法对混合料的面积级配进行识别，针对粗细集料粒径尺寸相差较大，等间距分组难以兼顾粗细集料的缺陷，提出采用对数等间距分组的方法对面积级配进行体视学转换，进而推测了沥青混合料的体积级配，修正后的级配与设计级配吻合较好，采用此方法进行转换能够同时识别粗细级配，解决了以往只能识别粗集料级配的问题。
2.通过对沥青混合料图像的矢量化方法的研究，针对混合料图像中多尺度集料的分布问题，提出采用与尺度无关的拆分合并强度为判断指标，在充分考虑集料特征点不均匀分布的情况下，对集料边缘轮廓和空隙边缘轮廓进行多边形逼近迭代。基于逼近误差保证率原则提出采用均方根误差作为迭代收敛控制指标。根据所提出的的方法自行编制了相应的迭代程序，完成了沥青混合料数字图像的矢量化。对迭代收敛效率和稳定性的分析表明，本文所提出的多边形逼近方法能够有效的处理多尺度轮廓矢量化问题，同时具有较高的收敛效率。对不同矢量化方法所建立的数值模型规模的比较分析表明，本文所提出的多边形逼近方法能够有效的减小数值模型的规模，降低了大规模分析模型对计算机硬件的依赖程度，提高了数值分析的计算效率。
3.针对沥青混合料内部复杂的应力状态分布问题，对混合料内部沥青胶砂的应力状态进行了统计分析，提出采用高斯函数模型描述沥青混合料在单轴应力作用下的应力状态。针对不同级配形式的沥青混合料分别建立了相应的数值分析模型，研究了材料参数、级配形式、空隙含量、成型方式等对胶砂应力状态的影响规律，结果表明骨架密实结构的沥青胶砂其应力统计平均值和应力偏差均好于其他类型的沥青混合料。空隙的存在能够减小沥青胶砂的应力统计平均值，但同时也会使沥青胶砂的应力分布更加均匀，高应力区域出现的频率明显增大。此外，对比分析了多尺度模型和各向同性假设下沥青路面应力分布的差异性，表明采用传统理论分析得到的沥青路面的应力值低于多尺度模型的计算结果。
4.针对Burgers粘弹性参数识别问题，提出采用最优分段方法进行拟合，采用时域搜索拟合的方式并结合非线性寻优方法确定出拟合残差最小的分段时刻，最终得到了最优拟合参数。该方法与现有方法的对比分析结果表明，按照本文方法进行粘弹性参数拟合识别所产生的残差平方和是所有可能分段方案中最小的。拟合残差平方和随着蠕变时间的增加趋于稳定。改进方法的残差平方和相对原有方法大为降低。
5.针对沥青混合料内部沥青胶砂的应力分布特点，在室内制备了沥青胶砂试件，采用单轴压缩蠕变试验对沥青胶砂的非线性粘弹性行为进行了试验研究，提出采用实用非线性粘弹性模型描述沥青胶砂的非线性粘弹性能，建立了粘弹性模型参数与应力水平的函数关系，分析结果表明沥青胶砂的弹性元件参数与应力水平呈现幂函数关系，松弛时间随着应力水平的变化呈现非线性变化的趋势。此外，通过二次开发将非线性粘弹性模型运用到沥青混合料粘弹性变形的预测中，结果表明由于没有考虑集料横向加强作用的影响，采用平面多尺度数值模型预测的混合料粘弹性变形低于试验值，非线性粘弹性模型的预测值高于线性粘弹性预测值，并且与试验结果更加接近。考虑沥青胶砂的非线性粘弹性效应能够更好反映沥青混合料的真实粘弹性变形特性。对碾压成型试件不同方向的模拟和试验结果表明，沥青混合料呈现微弱的各向异性特性，与以往各向同性材料的假设存在一定的差异。
Asphalt pavement has been widely used in the modern high grade road engineeringbecause of its smooth surface, without seams, facilitate comfortable driving and theadvantages of low noise. However, in order to investigate the mechanical characteristics andfailure mechanism of the asphalt mixture, the discussion on mechanical properties of asphaltmixture has never been terminated. In previous studying, asphalt pavement and asphaltmixture were assumed as isotropic homogeneous material in general engineering analysis.The elastic or viscoelastic mechanical parameters of asphalt mixture for these analysis werenecessarily tested by experiments. In actuality, asphalt mixture is a multiphase compositematerial that consist of asphalt mortar, aggregate, filler and voids. Therefore, the assumptionof isotropic materials has a big gap with real mixture as a result of the complexity ofirregular aggregates arrangement. The internal mechanical characteristics and deformationproperties of mixture were complex and different form the isotropic material. Wherefore, Itis needed find a new method that can reflect the real mixture structure for internalmechanical characteristics evaluation.
Combining with Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (Grant No.51278222)"Investigation on anisotropic properties of asphalt mixturebased on digital image processing technology" and Project20121079Supported by GraduateInnovation Fund of Jilin University, the internal stress distribution and the viscoelasticdeformation characteristics of asphalt mixture were investigated. The following results wereobtained with research of this paper:
1. The asphalt mixture digital images were obtained with CCD digital camera.Aggregates has a serious adhesion phenomenon because of the influence of noise and pixelaccuracy. The watershed segmentation method was proposed for break up aggregateadhesions in digital images. It was proved that this method was suit for aggregate adhesionsegmentation. And then the method of equivalent diameter was adopted to distinguish the area gradation of mixture. According to the particle size of aggregate has a large gap,equidistant grouping can not considered the defect of coarse and fine aggregatessimultaneously. The logarithmic spacing block method was proposed to transform areagradation to real gradation, and speculated the volume gradation of the asphalt mixture. Thecorrected and designed gradation are consistently well. This method can simultaneouslyidentify the coarse and fine aggregates, the problem of identify aggregates gradationsuccessful solved.
2. Vectorized method of asphalt mixture image was investigated, the split strength andmerge strength were adopted as judgment indexes which has nothing to do with the diffrentscale of aggregates. Feature points of aggregates can be reserved effectively under thecondition of uneven distribution. The aggregates edge contour and voids edge contour werevectorized with polygon approximation iteration. Root Mean Square Error was used asiterative convergence control index based on the approximation error of the reliabilityprinciple as is presented in this paper. The iterative program was made for contourvectorization. Edge contour of aggregates and voids in asphalt mixture digital image werevectorized. The analysis of iteration convergence efficiency and stability show that thepresented polygonal approximation method can effectively deal with the problem ofmulti-scale contour vector problem. It has a high convergent efficiency. The comparativeanalysis of the numerical model for different Root Mean Square Error shows that thepresented polygonal approximation method can effectively reduce the scale of the numericalmodel, reduces the model dependence on computer hardware, and improves the computationefficiency for numerical analysis.
3. The internal stress state of asphalt mortar in mixture was investigated. Stress state ofasphalt mortar was complex and can’t be characterization with a index. And then Gaussfunction was used to describes the state of asphalt mortar under the uniaxial stress.Numerical model of different gradation asphalt mixture were established. Effect of materialparameters, grading form, void content and manufacture method on stress state of mortarwere investigated. The results showed that statistical average value of its stress and stressdeviation of the skeleton dense structure are better than other types of asphalt mixture. The existence of voids can reduce the statistical average stress of asphalt mortar, and stressdistribution of asphalt mortar is more uniform. The frequency of the high stress area appearsincrease obvious. In addition, the multi-scale model of asphalt pavement was established.through comparative analysis of asphalt pavement was carried out for multi-scale model andisotropic model. It suggests that stress value comes from traditional theory is lower than thecalculation results of multi-scale model.
4. A optimal segmentation method for Burgers viscoelastic parameters identificationwas proposed. A optimal segmentation scheme of time that has a min fitting residual errorwas obtained. The best parameters of Burgers model was obtained with time-domainsearching method and nonlinear fitting method. This method was compared with existingmethods. It shows that the residual quadratic sum produced by identify is the smallest of allpossible segmentation programme if parameter fitting in accordance with this method. Sumof residual error squares tends to be stable as the creep time increase. And residual errorsquares sum of improved methods reduced significantly compared with the original method.
5. Asphalt mortar specimens were prepared in the room. The uniaxial compressivecreep tests were conducted in order to investigate the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior ofasphalt mortar. A practical nonlinear viscoelastic model was used to describe the nonlinearviscoelastic properties of asphalt mortar. And then the parameters of nonlinear viscoelasticmodel were obtained by nonlinear fitting. The parameters function of stress level wereestablished finaly. It shows that the elastic parameters of the model were power function ofstress. The relaxation time changes render non-linear trend as the level of stress. In addition,the nonlinear viscoelastic model of asphalt mastic was applied in the viscoelasticitydeformation prediction by the secondary development. The results show that the predictedviscoelastic deformation of plane multi-scale numerical model is lower than test resultswithout considering the influence of aggregate in lateral strength. The predicted viscoelasticdeformation with nonlinear viscoelastic model is higher than that of linear viscoelasticpredictive value, and it is more close to experimental results. Therefore the nonlinearviscoelasticity effect of asphalt mortar will be reflect the real viscoelasticity deformationcharacteristics of the asphalt mixture better. Asphalt mixture specimens were prepared by rolling. The simulation and test results of specimens in different directions show that asphaltmixture appears weak anisotropic characteristics. This is different with the assumption ofisotropic materials.
引文
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