基于DSP和FPGA的数字化开关电源的实用化研究
摘要
文章开篇提出了开发背景。认为现在所广泛应用的开关电源都是基于传统的分立元件组成的。它的特点是频率范围窄、电力小、功能少、器件多、成本较高、精度低,对不同的客户要求来“量身定做”不同的产品,同时几乎没有通用性和可移植性。在电子技术飞速发展的今天,这种传统的模拟开关电源已经很难跟上时代的发展步伐。
随着DSP、ASIC等电子器件的小型化、高速化,开关电源的控制部分正在向数字化方向发展。由于数字化,使开关电源的控制部分的智能化、零件的共通化、电源的动作状态的远距离监测成为了可能,同时由于它的智能化、零件的共通化使得它能够灵活地应对不同客户的需求,这就降低了开发周期和成本。依靠现代数字化控制和数字信号处理新技术,数字化开关电源有着广阔的发展空间。
在数字化领域的今天,最后一个没有数字化的堡垒就是电源领域。近年来,数字电源的研究势头与日俱增,成果也越来越多。虽然目前中国制造的开关电源占了世界市场的80%以上,但都是传统的比较低端的模拟电源。高端市场上几乎没有我们份额。
本论文研究的主要内容是在传统开关电源模拟调节器的基础上,提出了一种新的数字化调节器方案,即基于DSP和FPGA的数字化PID调节器。论文对系统方案和电路进行了较为具体的设计,并通过测试取得了预期结果。测试证明该方案能够适合本行业时代发展的步伐,使系统电路更简单,精度更高,通用性更强。同时该方案也可用于相关领域。
本文首先分析了国内外开关电源发展的现状,以及研究数字化开关电源的意义。然后提出了数字化开关电源的总体设计框图和实现方案,并与传统的开关电源做了较为详细的比较。本论文的设计方案是采用DSP技术和FPGA技术来做数字化PID调节,通过数字化PID算法产生PWM波来控制斩波器,控制主回路。从而取代传统的模拟PID调节器,使电路更简单,精度更高,通用性更强。传统的模拟开关电源是将电流电压反馈信号做PID调节后——分立元器件构成,采用专用脉宽调制芯片实现PWM控制。电流反馈信号来自主回路的电流取样,电压反馈信号来自主回路的电压采样。再将这两个信号分别送至电流调节器和电压调节器的反相输入端,用来实现闭环控制。同时用来保证系统的稳定性及实现系统的过流过压保护、电流和电压值的显示。电压、电流的给定信号则由单片机或电位器提供。
再次,文章对各个模块从理论和实际的上都做了仔细的分析和设计,并给出了具体的电路图,同时写出了软件流程图以及设计中应该注意的地方。整个系统由DSP板和ADC板组成。DSP板完成PWM生成、PID运算、环境开关量检测、环境开关量生成以及本地控制。ADC板主要完成前馈电压信号采集、负载电压信号采集、负载电流信号采集、以及对信号的一阶数字低通滤波。由于整个系统是闭环控制系统,要求采样速率相当高。本系统采用FPGA来控制ADC,这样就避免了高速采样占用系统资源的问题,减轻了DSP的负担。DSP可以将读到的ADC信号做PID调节,从而产生PWM波来控制逆变桥的开关速率,从而达到闭环控制的目的。
最后,对数字化开关电源和模拟开关电源做了对比测试,得出了预期结论。同时也提出了一些需要改进的地方,认为该方案在其他相关行业中可以广泛地应用。模拟控制电路因为使用许多零件而需要很大空间,这些零件的参数值还会随着使用时间、温度和其它环境条件的改变而变动并对系统稳定性和响应能力造成负面影响。数字电源则刚好相反,同时数字控制还能让硬件频繁重复使用、加快上市时间以及减少开发成本与风险。在当前对产品要求体积小、智能化、共通化、精度高和稳定度好等前提条件下,数字化开关电源有着广阔的发展空间。本系统来基本上达到了设计要求。能够满足较高精度的设计要求。但对于高精度数字化电源,系统还有值得改进的地方,比如改进主控器,提高参考电压的精度,提高采样器件的精度等,都可以提高系统的精度。
本系统涉及电子、通信和测控等技术领域,将数字PID算法与电力电子技术、通信技术等有机地结合了起来。本系统的设计方案不仅可以用在电源控制器上,只要是相关的领域都可以采用。
This paper presents the development of background , which hold the idea that the now widely used switching power supply are based on the traditional form of discrete components. It is characterized by narrow frequency range, small power, less functional, multi-device, high cost, low accuracy, to fulfil the different requirements of customers with different products, at the same time ,it almost has not common and portability. Today, in the rapid development of electronic technology, this traditional analog switching power has been difficult to keep up with the pace of the development of the times.
With the smaller and higher speed of DSP, ASIC, and other small electronic devices, the switching power supply control is move to the digital direction. in virtue of digital, it's possible to make the switching power supply intelligent, the component common, power moves into the of remote monitoring in virtue of digital, and because of its intelligent, and the common parts making it the flexibility to respond to demand of different customers, which reduced the development cycle and cost. Rely on modern digital control and digital signal processing technology, digital switching power supply has a broad space for development.
In the digital field of today, the power field is the last no digitize In recent years, the study of digital power and results are more and more . Although, China-made power switches occupy more than 80 percents of the world market, they are relatively low-end traditional analog power. We have nothing in High-end market.
This paper introduced a new digital regulator plan namely DSP and FPGA-based digital PID regulator, which was on the basis of the traditional analog switching power supply regulator. In this paper, the circuits and the system solutions were specific designed, and got a expected result through some tests. Tests showed that the system solutions can keep pace of the development of the industry, it also made the circuits simpler, higher accuracy, more universal. In addition, this plan can also be used in related fields.
Firstly, the paper analyzed the development of domestic and international status quo of the switching power supply , and the significance of studying the digital switching power supply, then bring up the digital switching power supply design diagram and the achievement of the plan were introduced, in the meantime it made a detailed comparison between the traditional switching power and the digital switching power supply. This paper's design plan is using DSP and FPGA technology to do digital PID regulator, control a wave PWM chopper and the main circuit through digital PID algorithm so that can replace traditional analog PID regulator, make the circuit more simple, more precision, more universal. The traditional analog switching power supply is made up of discrete components after the regulation of feedback signal to current and voltage ,using special pulse regulator chip to achieve PWM control. The current feedback signal come from the main circuit of the current sampling, voltage feedback signals come from the main circuit voltage sampling. The two signals were then sent to the current regulator and voltage regulator of the RP-input, to achieve closed-loop control. At the same time it can ensure the stability of the system, realize the protection of the over-voltage and over-current, and show the value of voltage and current The given voltage and current signals were offer by the SCM or potential.
Thirdly, the paper made a carefully analysis and designing in various modules from the theoretical and practical, gave a specific circuit, and wrote some software flow charts and design places in which should been paid attention to. The entire system is composed of DSP board and ADC board. The DSP board completed PWM generation, PID computing, the detection of environment switch, the environment switch generation and local control. The ADC board mainly achieved the acquisition of the main feed voltage signal, load voltage signal, load current signal and the first low-pass filter with signal .Since the entire system is a closed-loop control system, the sampling rate must be quite high. The system used FPGA to control the ADC so that it avoided the problem of high-speed sampling occupying the system resources, reduced the burden of DSP. The DSP can read the ADC signal and do PID regulation so that the PWM wave to control the inverter bridge switching rate, as a result, the closed-loop can control.
Finally, the digital switching power and analog switching power supply were tested by some comparisons, and then got a expected result. In conclusion ,it pointed out some places which need to improve, and showed that this plan could widely apply in the related fields. Analog control circuit need much space because of using many components, these parameter of parts will be altered with the change of time, temperature and other environmental conditions ,and make a negative impact to the stability and influence of system . Digital power is exactly the opposite, simultaneously, digital control can frequently repeated using hardware, accelerate the time-to-market and reduce the development costs and risks. Under the current requirements of the small in size, intelligence, common, high accuracy and stability for good, the digital switching power supply has a broad space for development. Basically the system reached the design requirement and meet the high accuracy design requirements. But also had many improved aspects such as improving the master ,the accuracy of reference voltage and the accuracy of sampling devices, all above can improve the accuracy.
This system involved electronics, communications and monitoring fields ,it combined the digital PID algorithm ,the power of electronic technology and communications technology. The system design can be used not only in the power controller, but also in the related field.
随着DSP、ASIC等电子器件的小型化、高速化,开关电源的控制部分正在向数字化方向发展。由于数字化,使开关电源的控制部分的智能化、零件的共通化、电源的动作状态的远距离监测成为了可能,同时由于它的智能化、零件的共通化使得它能够灵活地应对不同客户的需求,这就降低了开发周期和成本。依靠现代数字化控制和数字信号处理新技术,数字化开关电源有着广阔的发展空间。
在数字化领域的今天,最后一个没有数字化的堡垒就是电源领域。近年来,数字电源的研究势头与日俱增,成果也越来越多。虽然目前中国制造的开关电源占了世界市场的80%以上,但都是传统的比较低端的模拟电源。高端市场上几乎没有我们份额。
本论文研究的主要内容是在传统开关电源模拟调节器的基础上,提出了一种新的数字化调节器方案,即基于DSP和FPGA的数字化PID调节器。论文对系统方案和电路进行了较为具体的设计,并通过测试取得了预期结果。测试证明该方案能够适合本行业时代发展的步伐,使系统电路更简单,精度更高,通用性更强。同时该方案也可用于相关领域。
本文首先分析了国内外开关电源发展的现状,以及研究数字化开关电源的意义。然后提出了数字化开关电源的总体设计框图和实现方案,并与传统的开关电源做了较为详细的比较。本论文的设计方案是采用DSP技术和FPGA技术来做数字化PID调节,通过数字化PID算法产生PWM波来控制斩波器,控制主回路。从而取代传统的模拟PID调节器,使电路更简单,精度更高,通用性更强。传统的模拟开关电源是将电流电压反馈信号做PID调节后——分立元器件构成,采用专用脉宽调制芯片实现PWM控制。电流反馈信号来自主回路的电流取样,电压反馈信号来自主回路的电压采样。再将这两个信号分别送至电流调节器和电压调节器的反相输入端,用来实现闭环控制。同时用来保证系统的稳定性及实现系统的过流过压保护、电流和电压值的显示。电压、电流的给定信号则由单片机或电位器提供。
再次,文章对各个模块从理论和实际的上都做了仔细的分析和设计,并给出了具体的电路图,同时写出了软件流程图以及设计中应该注意的地方。整个系统由DSP板和ADC板组成。DSP板完成PWM生成、PID运算、环境开关量检测、环境开关量生成以及本地控制。ADC板主要完成前馈电压信号采集、负载电压信号采集、负载电流信号采集、以及对信号的一阶数字低通滤波。由于整个系统是闭环控制系统,要求采样速率相当高。本系统采用FPGA来控制ADC,这样就避免了高速采样占用系统资源的问题,减轻了DSP的负担。DSP可以将读到的ADC信号做PID调节,从而产生PWM波来控制逆变桥的开关速率,从而达到闭环控制的目的。
最后,对数字化开关电源和模拟开关电源做了对比测试,得出了预期结论。同时也提出了一些需要改进的地方,认为该方案在其他相关行业中可以广泛地应用。模拟控制电路因为使用许多零件而需要很大空间,这些零件的参数值还会随着使用时间、温度和其它环境条件的改变而变动并对系统稳定性和响应能力造成负面影响。数字电源则刚好相反,同时数字控制还能让硬件频繁重复使用、加快上市时间以及减少开发成本与风险。在当前对产品要求体积小、智能化、共通化、精度高和稳定度好等前提条件下,数字化开关电源有着广阔的发展空间。本系统来基本上达到了设计要求。能够满足较高精度的设计要求。但对于高精度数字化电源,系统还有值得改进的地方,比如改进主控器,提高参考电压的精度,提高采样器件的精度等,都可以提高系统的精度。
本系统涉及电子、通信和测控等技术领域,将数字PID算法与电力电子技术、通信技术等有机地结合了起来。本系统的设计方案不仅可以用在电源控制器上,只要是相关的领域都可以采用。
This paper presents the development of background , which hold the idea that the now widely used switching power supply are based on the traditional form of discrete components. It is characterized by narrow frequency range, small power, less functional, multi-device, high cost, low accuracy, to fulfil the different requirements of customers with different products, at the same time ,it almost has not common and portability. Today, in the rapid development of electronic technology, this traditional analog switching power has been difficult to keep up with the pace of the development of the times.
With the smaller and higher speed of DSP, ASIC, and other small electronic devices, the switching power supply control is move to the digital direction. in virtue of digital, it's possible to make the switching power supply intelligent, the component common, power moves into the of remote monitoring in virtue of digital, and because of its intelligent, and the common parts making it the flexibility to respond to demand of different customers, which reduced the development cycle and cost. Rely on modern digital control and digital signal processing technology, digital switching power supply has a broad space for development.
In the digital field of today, the power field is the last no digitize In recent years, the study of digital power and results are more and more . Although, China-made power switches occupy more than 80 percents of the world market, they are relatively low-end traditional analog power. We have nothing in High-end market.
This paper introduced a new digital regulator plan namely DSP and FPGA-based digital PID regulator, which was on the basis of the traditional analog switching power supply regulator. In this paper, the circuits and the system solutions were specific designed, and got a expected result through some tests. Tests showed that the system solutions can keep pace of the development of the industry, it also made the circuits simpler, higher accuracy, more universal. In addition, this plan can also be used in related fields.
Firstly, the paper analyzed the development of domestic and international status quo of the switching power supply , and the significance of studying the digital switching power supply, then bring up the digital switching power supply design diagram and the achievement of the plan were introduced, in the meantime it made a detailed comparison between the traditional switching power and the digital switching power supply. This paper's design plan is using DSP and FPGA technology to do digital PID regulator, control a wave PWM chopper and the main circuit through digital PID algorithm so that can replace traditional analog PID regulator, make the circuit more simple, more precision, more universal. The traditional analog switching power supply is made up of discrete components after the regulation of feedback signal to current and voltage ,using special pulse regulator chip to achieve PWM control. The current feedback signal come from the main circuit of the current sampling, voltage feedback signals come from the main circuit voltage sampling. The two signals were then sent to the current regulator and voltage regulator of the RP-input, to achieve closed-loop control. At the same time it can ensure the stability of the system, realize the protection of the over-voltage and over-current, and show the value of voltage and current The given voltage and current signals were offer by the SCM or potential.
Thirdly, the paper made a carefully analysis and designing in various modules from the theoretical and practical, gave a specific circuit, and wrote some software flow charts and design places in which should been paid attention to. The entire system is composed of DSP board and ADC board. The DSP board completed PWM generation, PID computing, the detection of environment switch, the environment switch generation and local control. The ADC board mainly achieved the acquisition of the main feed voltage signal, load voltage signal, load current signal and the first low-pass filter with signal .Since the entire system is a closed-loop control system, the sampling rate must be quite high. The system used FPGA to control the ADC so that it avoided the problem of high-speed sampling occupying the system resources, reduced the burden of DSP. The DSP can read the ADC signal and do PID regulation so that the PWM wave to control the inverter bridge switching rate, as a result, the closed-loop can control.
Finally, the digital switching power and analog switching power supply were tested by some comparisons, and then got a expected result. In conclusion ,it pointed out some places which need to improve, and showed that this plan could widely apply in the related fields. Analog control circuit need much space because of using many components, these parameter of parts will be altered with the change of time, temperature and other environmental conditions ,and make a negative impact to the stability and influence of system . Digital power is exactly the opposite, simultaneously, digital control can frequently repeated using hardware, accelerate the time-to-market and reduce the development costs and risks. Under the current requirements of the small in size, intelligence, common, high accuracy and stability for good, the digital switching power supply has a broad space for development. Basically the system reached the design requirement and meet the high accuracy design requirements. But also had many improved aspects such as improving the master ,the accuracy of reference voltage and the accuracy of sampling devices, all above can improve the accuracy.
This system involved electronics, communications and monitoring fields ,it combined the digital PID algorithm ,the power of electronic technology and communications technology. The system design can be used not only in the power controller, but also in the related field.
引文
[1]王茂飞等.TMS320C2000 DSP技术与应用开发.清华大学出版社.2007
[2]刘和平等.DSP原理及电机控制应用-基于TMS320LF240X系列.北京航空航天大学出版社.2006
[3]汪安民.DSP应用开发实用子程序 人民邮电出版社..2005.
[4]张毅刚等.TMS320LF240X 系列DSP原理、开发与应用 哈尔滨工业大学出版社.2006
[5]高有堂.EDA技术及应用实践 清华大学出版社.2006
[6]姜雪松等.VHDL设计实例与仿真 机械工业出版社.2007
[7]叶淦华.FPGA嵌入式应用系统开发典型实例 中国电力出版社.2005
[8]徐光辉.基于FPGA的嵌入式开发与应用 电子工业出版社.2006
[9]李洪伟.基于QUARTUS Ⅱ的FPGA/CPLD 设计电子工业出版社.2006
[10]程昱著.PROTELDXP电路设计白金教程 科学出版社.2004
[11]唐清善.PROTELDXP高级实例教程 中国水利水电出版社.2004
[12][美]BENJAMIN C.KUO自动控制系统:翻译版高等教育出版社.2004
[13]胡贞 控制工程基础 国防工业出版社.2006
[14]尹勇等.DSP集成开发环境CCS开发指南,电子工业出版社 2002
[15]历风满.数字PID控制算法的研究,辽宁大学学报自然科学版.2005.4
[16]吴宏鑫.PID控制的应用与理论依据,控制工程.2003.1
[17]刘道兴.PID控制及程序实现方法,内江师范学院学报.2005。12
[18]陈施华.PID控制器参数的自动整定,雷达与对抗.2005.3
[19]史增树.TMS320F2812在全数字开关电源中的应用,现代电子技术.2006.13
[20]符晓玲.基于DSP的数字PID控制器设计.现代电子技术2007.7
[21]陈雷.锂离子蓄电池充电的数字比例积分调节算法,电源技术.2002.8
[22]TMS320LF2407A data manual
[23]ad7678 data manual
[24]SI8442 data manual
[25]SI8442 data manual
[26]http://www.ti.com
[27]http://www.atmel.com
[28]http://www.21ic.com
[29]http://www.icbase.com
[30]http://www.atmel.com
[2]刘和平等.DSP原理及电机控制应用-基于TMS320LF240X系列.北京航空航天大学出版社.2006
[3]汪安民.DSP应用开发实用子程序 人民邮电出版社..2005.
[4]张毅刚等.TMS320LF240X 系列DSP原理、开发与应用 哈尔滨工业大学出版社.2006
[5]高有堂.EDA技术及应用实践 清华大学出版社.2006
[6]姜雪松等.VHDL设计实例与仿真 机械工业出版社.2007
[7]叶淦华.FPGA嵌入式应用系统开发典型实例 中国电力出版社.2005
[8]徐光辉.基于FPGA的嵌入式开发与应用 电子工业出版社.2006
[9]李洪伟.基于QUARTUS Ⅱ的FPGA/CPLD 设计电子工业出版社.2006
[10]程昱著.PROTELDXP电路设计白金教程 科学出版社.2004
[11]唐清善.PROTELDXP高级实例教程 中国水利水电出版社.2004
[12][美]BENJAMIN C.KUO自动控制系统:翻译版高等教育出版社.2004
[13]胡贞 控制工程基础 国防工业出版社.2006
[14]尹勇等.DSP集成开发环境CCS开发指南,电子工业出版社 2002
[15]历风满.数字PID控制算法的研究,辽宁大学学报自然科学版.2005.4
[16]吴宏鑫.PID控制的应用与理论依据,控制工程.2003.1
[17]刘道兴.PID控制及程序实现方法,内江师范学院学报.2005。12
[18]陈施华.PID控制器参数的自动整定,雷达与对抗.2005.3
[19]史增树.TMS320F2812在全数字开关电源中的应用,现代电子技术.2006.13
[20]符晓玲.基于DSP的数字PID控制器设计.现代电子技术2007.7
[21]陈雷.锂离子蓄电池充电的数字比例积分调节算法,电源技术.2002.8
[22]TMS320LF2407A data manual
[23]ad7678 data manual
[24]SI8442 data manual
[25]SI8442 data manual
[26]http://www.ti.com
[27]http://www.atmel.com
[28]http://www.21ic.com
[29]http://www.icbase.com
[30]http://www.atmel.com