基于FPGA的PWM控制器设计及应用
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摘要
数字电源与传统的模拟电源相比具有灵活变换、精确控制、实时监控、稳定可靠等优点,在近几年得到高速发展,尤其在高端领域是模拟电源不能替代的。随着越来越多的国际设计公司开始涉足数字电源,数字电源正成为电源领域的研究热点。现场可编程门阵列器件(FPGA)是一种新型集成电路,可以将众多的控制功能模块集成为一体,具有集成度高、实用性强、高性价比、便于开发等优点,因而具有广泛的应用前景。
本文研究和设计了一款基于FPGA电压控制型PWM数字控制器,控制器结构分三个部分:ADC、PID控制器和数字PWM发生器。根据ADC的分辨率和采样率要求选用合适的A/D转换电路;数字PID控制器是通过设计连续域的PID控制器,利用零极点匹配方法将其转换成离散域PID控制器;数字PWM发生器的设计是根据系统精度要求确定分辨率要求,经分析比较各种方法后确定采用计数-比较方式实现。
整个设计利用Altera公司的EDA工具QuartusⅡ软件,采用自顶向下的方法对该控制器进行了RTL级详细设计,运用模块化结构设计易于移植,整个控制系统便于功能扩展和升级。设计完成后,对各模块和系统进行了仿真,最后将程序下载到EP2C5Q208C8N芯片中进行了系统功能测试。
数字控制器的系统验证是先通过Simulink建立系统模型,验证控制器的环路补偿特性和系统稳定性,然后将控制器应用于Buck电路进行测试,测试结果表明纹波系数为1.6%;在负载或输入电压变化情况下,电源系统的输出电压能快速恢复到稳定状态,总体性能达到预期设计目标。实验结果证明了理论分析的正确性和提出方案的可行性。
The digital power has many advantages, such as flexible transform, accurate control, real-time supervising and better stability. In recent years, digital powers play an irreplaceable role in senior power management applications. As more and more international power design companies set foot in digital power field, it becomes the focus of power design. FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) is a new type of IC (Integrated Circuit), integrating many control function modules. With advantages of full integration, good applicability, high performance-cost ratio and being developed easily, it has a variety of applications in many fields.
Based on a FPGA development board, a digital converter with voltage feedback PWM control mode is designed. It includes ADC controller, digital PID compensator and digital PWM generator. According to the adaptive sample rate and resolution ratio, a suitable ADC can be choosed. To design digital PID Compensator, a continue form compensator can be designed before it was transformed into a discrete one. According to the precision and resolution of the system, counter-compare method can be used in digital PWM generator.
With the top-to-down approach, RTL-level design of this controller is carried out based on QuartusⅡ. The design is easy to transplant and upgrade thanks to modularization. Each module is verified and the whole controller is simulated after the RTL level design. Finally, the designed file is downloaded to EP2C5Q208C8N chip at the FPGA kit to verify the system function.
The test of the design has two steps. Firstly, the compensatory and stable characters of the system are tested in a system Simulink model. Secondly, buck circuit is tested by an oscillograph. The result indicates that the ripple ratio is 1.6% and the output voltage can recover to stable state rapidly when the load or the input voltage changes. The experimental results prove the feasibility of the proposed method.
本文研究和设计了一款基于FPGA电压控制型PWM数字控制器,控制器结构分三个部分:ADC、PID控制器和数字PWM发生器。根据ADC的分辨率和采样率要求选用合适的A/D转换电路;数字PID控制器是通过设计连续域的PID控制器,利用零极点匹配方法将其转换成离散域PID控制器;数字PWM发生器的设计是根据系统精度要求确定分辨率要求,经分析比较各种方法后确定采用计数-比较方式实现。
整个设计利用Altera公司的EDA工具QuartusⅡ软件,采用自顶向下的方法对该控制器进行了RTL级详细设计,运用模块化结构设计易于移植,整个控制系统便于功能扩展和升级。设计完成后,对各模块和系统进行了仿真,最后将程序下载到EP2C5Q208C8N芯片中进行了系统功能测试。
数字控制器的系统验证是先通过Simulink建立系统模型,验证控制器的环路补偿特性和系统稳定性,然后将控制器应用于Buck电路进行测试,测试结果表明纹波系数为1.6%;在负载或输入电压变化情况下,电源系统的输出电压能快速恢复到稳定状态,总体性能达到预期设计目标。实验结果证明了理论分析的正确性和提出方案的可行性。
The digital power has many advantages, such as flexible transform, accurate control, real-time supervising and better stability. In recent years, digital powers play an irreplaceable role in senior power management applications. As more and more international power design companies set foot in digital power field, it becomes the focus of power design. FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) is a new type of IC (Integrated Circuit), integrating many control function modules. With advantages of full integration, good applicability, high performance-cost ratio and being developed easily, it has a variety of applications in many fields.
Based on a FPGA development board, a digital converter with voltage feedback PWM control mode is designed. It includes ADC controller, digital PID compensator and digital PWM generator. According to the adaptive sample rate and resolution ratio, a suitable ADC can be choosed. To design digital PID Compensator, a continue form compensator can be designed before it was transformed into a discrete one. According to the precision and resolution of the system, counter-compare method can be used in digital PWM generator.
With the top-to-down approach, RTL-level design of this controller is carried out based on QuartusⅡ. The design is easy to transplant and upgrade thanks to modularization. Each module is verified and the whole controller is simulated after the RTL level design. Finally, the designed file is downloaded to EP2C5Q208C8N chip at the FPGA kit to verify the system function.
The test of the design has two steps. Firstly, the compensatory and stable characters of the system are tested in a system Simulink model. Secondly, buck circuit is tested by an oscillograph. The result indicates that the ripple ratio is 1.6% and the output voltage can recover to stable state rapidly when the load or the input voltage changes. The experimental results prove the feasibility of the proposed method.
引文
[1]张自琴,山惠珍.开关电源在电力系统中的应用.宁夏电力.2005, (21):304~306
[2]杨通军.便携式产品的电源管理.中国集成电路.2007, 16(10):78~82
[3]曹香凝,汪东旭,严利民. DC/DC电荷泵的研究与设计.通信电源技术.2004,21(5):14~16
[4]缪民.便携式应用中的DC/DC变换器.电子产品世界.2003, (05B):45~46
[5]张小林,冉建桥,李贤云等.我国开关电源发展的思考.微电子学.2004, 34(4):402~406
[6]曹雪涛.数字电源市场前景诱人新老厂商开疆拓土.国际电子变压器.2006, (3):112~114
[7]陈凯,吴锦虹.数字电源的特点与发展现状[EB/OL]. [2007.10.30]. http://www.21ic.com/app/power/200710/22763.htm.
[8]阮新波,严仰光.直流开关电源的软开关技术.北京:科学出版社,2000:38～42
[9]张卫平.绿色电源:现代电能变换技术及应用.北京:科学出版社,2000:77～90
[10]严百平,刘健,程红丽.不连续导电模式高功率开关电源.北京:科学出版社,2000:1～8
[11]历风满.数字PID控制算法的研究.辽宁大学学报:自然科学版.2005, 32(4):367~370
[12]张国斌. FPGA开发全攻略—工程师创新设计宝典. 2009.2
[13]陈粲. Buck芯片高效率高可靠性的研究与实现:[学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2007
[14]肖华. BUCK变换器的性能改进研究与实现:[学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2007
[15] Duan Y, Jin H. Digital controller design for switchmode power converters. In: IEEE. Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Fourteenth Annual.Dallas, TX, USA: APEC'99.1999.vol (2) 967~973
[16] B.Patella, A.Prodic, A.Zirger, et al.High-frequency digital controller IC for DC/DC converters.in:IEEE.Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Seventeenth Annual.Dallas, TX, USA: APEC 2002. vol (1) 374~380
[17]窦伟,黄念慈,于玮等.单片机控制的正弦波逆变电源.电力电子技术.2004, 38(6):94~96
[18]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计(修订版).北京:电子工业出版社,2004
[19]高金源,夏洁.计算机控制系统.北京:清华大学出版社,2007
[20]吕小云,崔作龙.论数字控制系统中采样频率的选定.甘肃科学学报.2001, 13(3):83~87
[21] F.Franklin,G..Powell,J.D.Workman.Digital Control of Dynamic Systems,Third Edition.北京:清华大学出版社,2001
[22]许会军.数字控制DC/DC变换器的研究:[学位论文].天津:天津大学,2006
[23]刘晓艳.基于FPGA的高频PWM开关电源控制器设计:[学位论文].江苏:江苏大学,2009.
[24][美]John F.Wakerly著,林生,金京林,葛红译.数字设计原理与实践(第三版).北京:机械工业出版社,2003
[25]高鹏,安涛,寇怀成. Protel99入门与提高.人民邮电出版社,2002
[26]王晓薇,程永华.数字控制中控制延时的影响及改进PI消除饱和积分的探讨,电源技术应用,2003,6(10):571~574
[27]黄智伟. FPGA系统设计与实践.北京:电子工业出版社, 2005
[28] TLC5510 Data Sheet. Focus.ti.com
[29] M.Peretz, S.Ben-Yaakov.Time domain design of digital compensators for PWM DC/DC converters.in:IEEE.Applied Power Electronics Conference.Anaheim,CA,USA:APEC 2007
[30]张浩.基于FPGA的数字控制DC/DC变换器的研究与设计:[学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2009
[31]张卫平.开关变换器的建模与控制.北京:中国电力出版社,2005
[32]陶永华.新型PID控制及其应用(第2版).机械工业出版社,2002, 9
[33]刘金琨.先进PID控制及其Matlab仿真.北京:电子工业出版社,2003
[34] Y F Chan, M Moallem, W Wang.Efficient implementation of PID control altorithm using FPGA teehnology [J].The 43th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 2004:4885~4890
[35] Yuen Fong Chan, M Moallem, Wei Wang.Design and Implementation of Modular FPGA -based PID Controllers[J].Transactions on industrial electronics,2007,54(4):1898~1960
[36] L Samet, N Mansoudi, M W Kharrat, etal.A digita1 PID contro1ler for rea1 time and mu1t loop control a comparative study [J].The IEEE International Conference on Electronics Circuit and System, 1998:291~296
[37] Lima Joao, Menotti Ricardo, Cardoso Joao M P, etl.A methodology to design FPGA- based PID controllers [J].The IEEE International Conference on System Man and Cybernetics, 2006:2577~ 2583
[38]李垂君.基于FPGA的PID控制器研究与实现: [学位论文].大连:大连理工大学,2007
[39]郭蕾.基于FPGA的高速外围多功能芯片的设计与实现:[学位论文].西安:西安理工大学,2008
[40]G.Y.Wei,M.Horowitz, A low power switching self-clocked systems.International Symposium on low and design,1996 power supply for power electronics.
[41]J.Goodman,A.P.Dancy,A.P.Chandrakasan. An energy/security scalable encryptionprocessor using all embedded variable voltage dc/dc converter.IEEE joumal of Solid-State Circuits, Nov.1998, Vol.33, No.11.
[42] B.H.Gwee,J.S.Chang,H.Li,A micro-power low-distortion digital pulse width modulator for a digital class D amplifier.IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems,April 2002,Vol.49,No.4
[43] H.H.Chang, J.W.Lin, S.I.Liu.A fast lacking and low jitter delay-locked loop using DHDL.IEEE Journal of Solid-Stare Circuits.Vol.38, No.2, Feb.2M13, Page(s):343.
[44] H.McDermott, A programmable sound processor for advanced hearing aid research. IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, March 1998, Vol.6, No.1
[45] E.O’Malley, K.Rinne, A programmable digital pulse width modulatorproviding versatile pulse patterns and supporting switching frequencies beyond 15MHz, IEEE APEC 2004,Page(s):53~59
[46] B.J.Patella, Implementation of a high frequency,low-power digital pulse width modulation controller chip, M.S.thesis,Univ.Colorado,Boulder,Co.,Dee.2000
[47]李南.基于FPGA的高频数字DC/DC变换器的研究:[学位论文].上海:上海大学,2008
[48]张静.基于FPGA的SPWM逆变电源控制器研究:[学位论文].西安:西安科技大学,2010
[49] Cyclone Device Handbook. Altera Corporation, October 2003
[50] Kamai S. Ali. DIGITAL CIRCUIT DESIGN USING FPGAs. Computers and Industrial Engineering, October 1996, 31(1): 127~129
[51] K. Kuusilinna, T. Hamalainen, J. Saarinen. Practical VHDL optimization for timing critical FPGA applications. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 15 December 1999, 23(8): 459~469
[52] Reinaldo A Bergamaschi, Subhrajit Bhattacharya, Ronoldo Wagner, etal. Automating the design of SoCs using cores. Military Electronics Conference 2006, 18(5): 32~45
[53] Aubepart F, Poure P, Girerd C. Design and simulation of ASIC-based system control: application to direct torque control of induction machine. Industrial Electronics, 1999. ISIE’99. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on July 1999(3): 1250~1255
[54] Koutroulis. High-frequency pulse width modulation implementation using FPGA and CPLDs. Journal of Systems Architecture. 2006, 52(6):332~344
[55] Clive Max Maxfield. FPGA设计指南器件,工具和流程.北京:人民邮电出版社,2008
[56]刘福奇. FPGA嵌入式项目开发实战.北京:电子工业出版社,2009
[57]杨旭,裴云庆,王兆安.开关电源技术.北京:机械工业出版社,2007
[58]陈道炼. DC/AC逆变技术及其应用.北京:机械出版社,2003
[59]周志敏,纪爱华.高效功率器件驱动与保护电路设计及应用实例.北京:人民邮电出版社,2009
[60]常栋梁.基于FPGA的数字PWM控制器的研制: [学位论文].西安:西安科技大学,2008
[2]杨通军.便携式产品的电源管理.中国集成电路.2007, 16(10):78~82
[3]曹香凝,汪东旭,严利民. DC/DC电荷泵的研究与设计.通信电源技术.2004,21(5):14~16
[4]缪民.便携式应用中的DC/DC变换器.电子产品世界.2003, (05B):45~46
[5]张小林,冉建桥,李贤云等.我国开关电源发展的思考.微电子学.2004, 34(4):402~406
[6]曹雪涛.数字电源市场前景诱人新老厂商开疆拓土.国际电子变压器.2006, (3):112~114
[7]陈凯,吴锦虹.数字电源的特点与发展现状[EB/OL]. [2007.10.30]. http://www.21ic.com/app/power/200710/22763.htm.
[8]阮新波,严仰光.直流开关电源的软开关技术.北京:科学出版社,2000:38～42
[9]张卫平.绿色电源:现代电能变换技术及应用.北京:科学出版社,2000:77～90
[10]严百平,刘健,程红丽.不连续导电模式高功率开关电源.北京:科学出版社,2000:1～8
[11]历风满.数字PID控制算法的研究.辽宁大学学报:自然科学版.2005, 32(4):367~370
[12]张国斌. FPGA开发全攻略—工程师创新设计宝典. 2009.2
[13]陈粲. Buck芯片高效率高可靠性的研究与实现:[学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2007
[14]肖华. BUCK变换器的性能改进研究与实现:[学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2007
[15] Duan Y, Jin H. Digital controller design for switchmode power converters. In: IEEE. Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Fourteenth Annual.Dallas, TX, USA: APEC'99.1999.vol (2) 967~973
[16] B.Patella, A.Prodic, A.Zirger, et al.High-frequency digital controller IC for DC/DC converters.in:IEEE.Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Seventeenth Annual.Dallas, TX, USA: APEC 2002. vol (1) 374~380
[17]窦伟,黄念慈,于玮等.单片机控制的正弦波逆变电源.电力电子技术.2004, 38(6):94~96
[18]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计(修订版).北京:电子工业出版社,2004
[19]高金源,夏洁.计算机控制系统.北京:清华大学出版社,2007
[20]吕小云,崔作龙.论数字控制系统中采样频率的选定.甘肃科学学报.2001, 13(3):83~87
[21] F.Franklin,G..Powell,J.D.Workman.Digital Control of Dynamic Systems,Third Edition.北京:清华大学出版社,2001
[22]许会军.数字控制DC/DC变换器的研究:[学位论文].天津:天津大学,2006
[23]刘晓艳.基于FPGA的高频PWM开关电源控制器设计:[学位论文].江苏:江苏大学,2009.
[24][美]John F.Wakerly著,林生,金京林,葛红译.数字设计原理与实践(第三版).北京:机械工业出版社,2003
[25]高鹏,安涛,寇怀成. Protel99入门与提高.人民邮电出版社,2002
[26]王晓薇,程永华.数字控制中控制延时的影响及改进PI消除饱和积分的探讨,电源技术应用,2003,6(10):571~574
[27]黄智伟. FPGA系统设计与实践.北京:电子工业出版社, 2005
[28] TLC5510 Data Sheet. Focus.ti.com
[29] M.Peretz, S.Ben-Yaakov.Time domain design of digital compensators for PWM DC/DC converters.in:IEEE.Applied Power Electronics Conference.Anaheim,CA,USA:APEC 2007
[30]张浩.基于FPGA的数字控制DC/DC变换器的研究与设计:[学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2009
[31]张卫平.开关变换器的建模与控制.北京:中国电力出版社,2005
[32]陶永华.新型PID控制及其应用(第2版).机械工业出版社,2002, 9
[33]刘金琨.先进PID控制及其Matlab仿真.北京:电子工业出版社,2003
[34] Y F Chan, M Moallem, W Wang.Efficient implementation of PID control altorithm using FPGA teehnology [J].The 43th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 2004:4885~4890
[35] Yuen Fong Chan, M Moallem, Wei Wang.Design and Implementation of Modular FPGA -based PID Controllers[J].Transactions on industrial electronics,2007,54(4):1898~1960
[36] L Samet, N Mansoudi, M W Kharrat, etal.A digita1 PID contro1ler for rea1 time and mu1t loop control a comparative study [J].The IEEE International Conference on Electronics Circuit and System, 1998:291~296
[37] Lima Joao, Menotti Ricardo, Cardoso Joao M P, etl.A methodology to design FPGA- based PID controllers [J].The IEEE International Conference on System Man and Cybernetics, 2006:2577~ 2583
[38]李垂君.基于FPGA的PID控制器研究与实现: [学位论文].大连:大连理工大学,2007
[39]郭蕾.基于FPGA的高速外围多功能芯片的设计与实现:[学位论文].西安:西安理工大学,2008
[40]G.Y.Wei,M.Horowitz, A low power switching self-clocked systems.International Symposium on low and design,1996 power supply for power electronics.
[41]J.Goodman,A.P.Dancy,A.P.Chandrakasan. An energy/security scalable encryptionprocessor using all embedded variable voltage dc/dc converter.IEEE joumal of Solid-State Circuits, Nov.1998, Vol.33, No.11.
[42] B.H.Gwee,J.S.Chang,H.Li,A micro-power low-distortion digital pulse width modulator for a digital class D amplifier.IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems,April 2002,Vol.49,No.4
[43] H.H.Chang, J.W.Lin, S.I.Liu.A fast lacking and low jitter delay-locked loop using DHDL.IEEE Journal of Solid-Stare Circuits.Vol.38, No.2, Feb.2M13, Page(s):343.
[44] H.McDermott, A programmable sound processor for advanced hearing aid research. IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, March 1998, Vol.6, No.1
[45] E.O’Malley, K.Rinne, A programmable digital pulse width modulatorproviding versatile pulse patterns and supporting switching frequencies beyond 15MHz, IEEE APEC 2004,Page(s):53~59
[46] B.J.Patella, Implementation of a high frequency,low-power digital pulse width modulation controller chip, M.S.thesis,Univ.Colorado,Boulder,Co.,Dee.2000
[47]李南.基于FPGA的高频数字DC/DC变换器的研究:[学位论文].上海:上海大学,2008
[48]张静.基于FPGA的SPWM逆变电源控制器研究:[学位论文].西安:西安科技大学,2010
[49] Cyclone Device Handbook. Altera Corporation, October 2003
[50] Kamai S. Ali. DIGITAL CIRCUIT DESIGN USING FPGAs. Computers and Industrial Engineering, October 1996, 31(1): 127~129
[51] K. Kuusilinna, T. Hamalainen, J. Saarinen. Practical VHDL optimization for timing critical FPGA applications. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 15 December 1999, 23(8): 459~469
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