光伏电池阵列模拟电源的研究与设计
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摘要
光伏发电是新能源发电的重要方式,随着太阳能光伏发电系统的应用越来越广泛,对光伏系统的开发和测试的要求越来越高。在光伏系统的研发过程中采用光伏电池阵列模拟电源代替实际的光伏电池阵列可减少开发成本、降低实验风险、提高开发效率。本文围绕光伏电池阵列模拟电源这一课题展开研究。
首先在分析光伏电池光电转换机理与常见光伏电池及组件数学模型的基础上,推导出了适用于光伏电池组件阵列输出特征模拟的工程化的数学模型。利用该模型可仿真出在阴影遮挡、不均匀光照等气候条件下发电效率急剧下降,组件阵列组合特性存在多个输出功率峰值的现象；同时利用该模型可以求解出不同内阻特征的光伏电池并联导致系统发电效率损失的数值。
并联结构是光伏模拟电源常见的组成方式,本文在详细的分析并联模拟电源系统建模与控制特点的基础上,建立了双BUCK并联闭环系统的数学模型。仿真研究表明,该系统在某些反馈参数条件会引起系统出现分叉等混沌现象,导致系统失稳,表明系统稳定性与闭环系统状态参数密切相关。
在研究单BUCK电路光伏电池阵列模拟电源的经典控制器与状态空间平均模型状态反馈控制的基础上,针对并联系统存在分又等混沌现象的问题,提出了一种并联均衡的博弈算法,建立了基于电源内阻均衡的博弈方程组,求解出在不同控制目标条件下,并联电源系统的均衡控制策略与最优工作点。
在详细电路理论分析的基础上,设计了光伏电池阵列模拟电源样机。各部分电路的测试实验结果表明：信号采样与调理电路准确可靠,模拟样机的短路保护迅速且功能完善；稳态控制精度与动态响应过渡过程性能良好,达到了预期的设计目的。
Photovoltaic (PV) generation is an important part of new energy. As the solar photovoltaic system has been more and more widely used, the demand for its development and test is growing much higher. A new method that substitutes PV arrays simulator for actual PV arrays is found out, which could effectively cut down the development costs, reduce experiment risk as well as increase development efficiency. Accordingly, this paper made a study on the PV arrays simulator.
On the basis of research on the photovoltaic principle of solar cell and the mathematical model of PV arrays, this paper firstly deduced the engineering PV arrays mathematical model which can be applied to simulate the output characteristics of PV arrays. The engineering PV arrays mathematical model can simulate the shadowing and uneven light condition under which the power generation efficiency of tandem PV arrays would sharply decline and presented multi-peak power output. Simultaneously, the model can calculate the loss of power generation efficiency result from different resistance characteristics PV cells in parallel.
Parallel structure is a normal structure of PV simulator, On the basis of analysis about modeling and controlling features of parallel simulator, this paper established the mathematical model of double BUCK parallel feedback control system. Simulation results showed that changes in feedback coefficient of system would bring about chaos such as bifurcation, and lead to instability which indicated that the correlation between the system stability and system parameter of feedback state was very closed.
On the basis of research on the classic control model and state-space average model of single simulator, this paper proposed a parallel equilibrium game arithmetic for the problem about chaos in parallel simulator system. This paper established the game equations by the equilibrium of resistance of simulator. Then this paper solve out the equilibrium control strategy and optimal state point under the condition of each simulator having different control objective.
Based on the theoretical analysis, a prototype of the PV arrays simulator was designed. The result of experiment test on parts of circuit indicated that:signal sampling and conditioning circuits were accurate and reliable, the short circuit protection of the prototype of PV arrays simulator was rapid and functional, and the steady-state control accuracy and the performance of transition of dynamic response were good. The prototype of the PV arrays simulator achieved the expected design requirements.
首先在分析光伏电池光电转换机理与常见光伏电池及组件数学模型的基础上,推导出了适用于光伏电池组件阵列输出特征模拟的工程化的数学模型。利用该模型可仿真出在阴影遮挡、不均匀光照等气候条件下发电效率急剧下降,组件阵列组合特性存在多个输出功率峰值的现象；同时利用该模型可以求解出不同内阻特征的光伏电池并联导致系统发电效率损失的数值。
并联结构是光伏模拟电源常见的组成方式,本文在详细的分析并联模拟电源系统建模与控制特点的基础上,建立了双BUCK并联闭环系统的数学模型。仿真研究表明,该系统在某些反馈参数条件会引起系统出现分叉等混沌现象,导致系统失稳,表明系统稳定性与闭环系统状态参数密切相关。
在研究单BUCK电路光伏电池阵列模拟电源的经典控制器与状态空间平均模型状态反馈控制的基础上,针对并联系统存在分又等混沌现象的问题,提出了一种并联均衡的博弈算法,建立了基于电源内阻均衡的博弈方程组,求解出在不同控制目标条件下,并联电源系统的均衡控制策略与最优工作点。
在详细电路理论分析的基础上,设计了光伏电池阵列模拟电源样机。各部分电路的测试实验结果表明：信号采样与调理电路准确可靠,模拟样机的短路保护迅速且功能完善；稳态控制精度与动态响应过渡过程性能良好,达到了预期的设计目的。
Photovoltaic (PV) generation is an important part of new energy. As the solar photovoltaic system has been more and more widely used, the demand for its development and test is growing much higher. A new method that substitutes PV arrays simulator for actual PV arrays is found out, which could effectively cut down the development costs, reduce experiment risk as well as increase development efficiency. Accordingly, this paper made a study on the PV arrays simulator.
On the basis of research on the photovoltaic principle of solar cell and the mathematical model of PV arrays, this paper firstly deduced the engineering PV arrays mathematical model which can be applied to simulate the output characteristics of PV arrays. The engineering PV arrays mathematical model can simulate the shadowing and uneven light condition under which the power generation efficiency of tandem PV arrays would sharply decline and presented multi-peak power output. Simultaneously, the model can calculate the loss of power generation efficiency result from different resistance characteristics PV cells in parallel.
Parallel structure is a normal structure of PV simulator, On the basis of analysis about modeling and controlling features of parallel simulator, this paper established the mathematical model of double BUCK parallel feedback control system. Simulation results showed that changes in feedback coefficient of system would bring about chaos such as bifurcation, and lead to instability which indicated that the correlation between the system stability and system parameter of feedback state was very closed.
On the basis of research on the classic control model and state-space average model of single simulator, this paper proposed a parallel equilibrium game arithmetic for the problem about chaos in parallel simulator system. This paper established the game equations by the equilibrium of resistance of simulator. Then this paper solve out the equilibrium control strategy and optimal state point under the condition of each simulator having different control objective.
Based on the theoretical analysis, a prototype of the PV arrays simulator was designed. The result of experiment test on parts of circuit indicated that:signal sampling and conditioning circuits were accurate and reliable, the short circuit protection of the prototype of PV arrays simulator was rapid and functional, and the steady-state control accuracy and the performance of transition of dynamic response were good. The prototype of the PV arrays simulator achieved the expected design requirements.
引文
[1]高峰,孙成权,刘全根.太阳能开发利用的现状及发展趋势[J].科技前沿与学术评论,2001,23(4)：35-39
[2]Peter E.Glaser, Power from the Sun:Its Future[J]. Science,1968,162(3856):857-861
[3]金焕,陆钩,黄晓橹.太阳能发电地面应用的前景及发展动向[J].新能源,1995,17(2)：9-10
[4]中华人民共和国可再生能源法(政府建议稿)论证研究报告[R].北京：家发展与改革委员会能源局、能源研究所《中华人民共和国可再生能源法》政府建议稿起草工作组,2005
[5]赵玉文.我国太阳能光伏产业发展形势和思考[J].世界科技研究与发展,2003,25(4)：31-38
[6]Bobvan der Zwaan, Ari Rablc. The learning potential of photovoltaics: implications for energy policy [J]. Energy Policy,2004,32:1545-1554
[7]Kjaer S.B., Pedersen J.K., Blaabjerg F. A Review of Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverters for Photovoltaic Modules, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2005,41(5):1292-1306
[8]张粒子,才华,罗鑫.促进我国可再生能源电力发展的政策框架研究[J].中国电力.2006.39(4)：86-90
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[10]C. Clini, M. Moody Stuart, G8 Renewable Energy Task Force[R].2002
[11]王常贵,崔容强,周篁,新能源发电技术[M],中国电力出版社.2003
[12]陈兴峰,曹志峰,许洪华等.光伏发电的最人功率跟踪算法研究[J].可再生能源2005,1：8-11
[13]Hui Li, Mischa Steurer, K.L.Shi,et al. Development of a unified design, test, and research platform for wind energy systems based on hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulation[J].IEEE transactions on industrial electronics,2006,53(4):1144-1151
[14]苏建徽,余世杰等.数字式太阳电池阵列模拟器[J].太阳能学报2002,23(1)：10-114
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[17]M.F. Lamorte and D.H. Abbott, Computer Modeling of a Two-Junction[J], Monolithics Cascade Solar Cell[J], IEEE Trans. Electron Devices,1980.ED27:231-249
[18]F. Duen Ho and T.D. Morgan, Spice Modeling of Cascade solar Cells [J], IEEE 1991
[19]V. Quaschning, and R. Hanitsch,,Influence of shading on electrical parameters of solar cells[A], Photovoltaic Specialists Conference[C],1996., Conference Record of the Twenty Fifth IEEE
[20]饶建业,李永东等.太阳能电池阵模拟器的设计和研究[J].电力电子技术.2007,41(9)：12-16
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[22]Jong-Pil Lee, Byung-Duk Min, Tae-Jin Kim,et al. A Novel Topology for Photovoltaic DC/DC Full-Bridge Converter With Flat Efficiency Under Wide PV Module Voltage and Load Range[J].IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS,2008, 55(7):2655-2663
[23]Yuan, Li; Lee, Taewon, Peng, Fang. Z., Dichen, Liu, A hybrid control strategy for photovoltaic simulator [A].24th Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition[C], APEC 2009:899-903
[24]Nanakos, Anastasios Ch. ; Tatakis, Emmanuel C. Static and dynamic response of a photovoltaic characteristics simulator[C], EPE-PEMC 2008:1827-1833
[25]Koran, Ahmedl, Sano, Kenichiro, Kim, Rae-Young, Lai, Jih-Sheng, Design of a photovoltaic simulator with a novel reference signal generator and two-stage LC output filter[A], ECCE[C] 2009:319-326;
[26]Lee, Youn; Chun, Yeong-Han, application of robust controller design to photovoltaic system simulator[J], Trans. Korean Inst. Electr. Eng. February 2010,pages:267-271
[27]Amin M., Foisal A.R.M., Das, N.K., Design of a thin film double junction photovoltaic cell and performance analysis by software simulation[A], Electrical Power & Energy Conference[C],2009:1-5
[28]赵福鑫,魏彦章.太阳电池及其应用[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1985：83-84.
[29]Chan P C H and C- T Sah. Exact Equivalent Circuit Model for Steady-State Characterization of Semiconductor Devices with Multiple-Energy- Level Recombination Centers[J].IEEE ED- 26,1979:924-936.
[30]AbdulHadi M., Al-Ibrahim, A.M., Virk, GS., Neuro-fuzzy-based solar cell model[J] Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on,19 (3).2004:619-624
[31]唐敏,任奇一种太阳能电池最大功率点跟踪的算法研究[J],通信电源技术2007.24(4)：12-17
[32]崔岩,蔡炳煌,李人勇等.太阳能光伏模板仿真模型的研究[J].系统仿真学报.2006,18(4)：829-834
[33]顾亦磊,吕征宇,钱照明,DC/DC拓扑的分类和选择标准[J].浙江大学学报(工学版).2004,38(10)：1375-1379
[34]Byungcho Choi, Comparative Study on Paralleling Schemes of Converter Modules for Distributed Power Applications[J], IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS,1998 45(2):194-199
[35]Yuehui Huang, Chi K. Tse, Classification of parallel DC/DC Converters Part Ⅰ:Circuit Theory[A], Circuit Theory and Design. ECCTD 2007.18th European Conference on[C], 2007:1010-1013
[36]施二保.开关电源的分布式并联均流技术概述[J].船电技术,2006,2：19-23
[37]Fariborz Musavi, Kamal Al-Haddad, hadi Y. Kanaan, A Novel Large Signal Modelling and Dynamic Analysis of Paralleled DC/DC Converters with Automatic Load Sharing Control[A], 200 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology[C],2004:536-541
[38]胡雪莲,工雷,陈新.基于CAN总线的并联DC/DC变换器数字均流技术[J],2007,41(3)：67-84
[39]H. H. C. Iu, C. K.Tse, Bifurcation Behavior in Parallel-Connected Buck Converters[A], Circuits and Systems Ⅰ:Fundamental Theory and Applications, IEEE Transactions on[C], 2001:223-240
[40]徐德鸿.电力电子系统建模及控制[M].北京：机械工业出版社.2006：107
[41]董霞,陈康宁,李天石.机械控制理论基础[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社.2005： 283-284
[42]张卫平.开关变换器的建模与控制[M].北京：中国电力出版社.2006：22
[43]Dorf R. C.赵千川(译).现代控制系统[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2008：608
[44]Rasmusen, Eric,韩松(译).博弈与信息：博弈论概论[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社.2009：31-32
[45]Weaver, W.W.; Krein, P.T.; Game-Theoretic Control of Small-Scale Power Systems[J], Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on 2009,24(3):1560-1567
[46]Infineon Technologies, BSM75GB120DLC DATASHEET[M], Infineon Technologies,2009
[47]李定宣.开关稳定电源设计与应用[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2006：107,127
[48]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2004：165-180
[49]杨旭.开关电源技术[M].北京：机械工业出版社：2004：64
[50]王兆安,张明勋.电力电子设备设计和应用手册[M].北京：机械工业出版社.2002
[2]Peter E.Glaser, Power from the Sun:Its Future[J]. Science,1968,162(3856):857-861
[3]金焕,陆钩,黄晓橹.太阳能发电地面应用的前景及发展动向[J].新能源,1995,17(2)：9-10
[4]中华人民共和国可再生能源法(政府建议稿)论证研究报告[R].北京：家发展与改革委员会能源局、能源研究所《中华人民共和国可再生能源法》政府建议稿起草工作组,2005
[5]赵玉文.我国太阳能光伏产业发展形势和思考[J].世界科技研究与发展,2003,25(4)：31-38
[6]Bobvan der Zwaan, Ari Rablc. The learning potential of photovoltaics: implications for energy policy [J]. Energy Policy,2004,32:1545-1554
[7]Kjaer S.B., Pedersen J.K., Blaabjerg F. A Review of Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverters for Photovoltaic Modules, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2005,41(5):1292-1306
[8]张粒子,才华,罗鑫.促进我国可再生能源电力发展的政策框架研究[J].中国电力.2006.39(4)：86-90
[9]U.S. Department of Energy. Renewable Energy Data Book[R].2008
[10]C. Clini, M. Moody Stuart, G8 Renewable Energy Task Force[R].2002
[11]王常贵,崔容强,周篁,新能源发电技术[M],中国电力出版社.2003
[12]陈兴峰,曹志峰,许洪华等.光伏发电的最人功率跟踪算法研究[J].可再生能源2005,1：8-11
[13]Hui Li, Mischa Steurer, K.L.Shi,et al. Development of a unified design, test, and research platform for wind energy systems based on hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulation[J].IEEE transactions on industrial electronics,2006,53(4):1144-1151
[14]苏建徽,余世杰等.数字式太阳电池阵列模拟器[J].太阳能学报2002,23(1)：10-114
[15]S.M. Bedair, M.F. Lamorte and J.R.Hansen, A Two-Junction Cascade solar-Cell Structure[J], Applied Physics Letters,1979.34(1):38-39
[16]M.F.Lamorte and D.H. Abbott, AlGaAs/GaAs Cascade Solar Cell Computer Modeling Under Hihg Solar Concentration[J],Solar Cells,1983.9:311-326
[17]M.F. Lamorte and D.H. Abbott, Computer Modeling of a Two-Junction[J], Monolithics Cascade Solar Cell[J], IEEE Trans. Electron Devices,1980.ED27:231-249
[18]F. Duen Ho and T.D. Morgan, Spice Modeling of Cascade solar Cells [J], IEEE 1991
[19]V. Quaschning, and R. Hanitsch,,Influence of shading on electrical parameters of solar cells[A], Photovoltaic Specialists Conference[C],1996., Conference Record of the Twenty Fifth IEEE
[20]饶建业,李永东等.太阳能电池阵模拟器的设计和研究[J].电力电子技术.2007,41(9)：12-16
[21]刘邦银,段善旭,康勇.局部阴影条件下光伏模组特性的建模与分析[J].太阳能学报.2008：29(2)：188-192
[22]Jong-Pil Lee, Byung-Duk Min, Tae-Jin Kim,et al. A Novel Topology for Photovoltaic DC/DC Full-Bridge Converter With Flat Efficiency Under Wide PV Module Voltage and Load Range[J].IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS,2008, 55(7):2655-2663
[23]Yuan, Li; Lee, Taewon, Peng, Fang. Z., Dichen, Liu, A hybrid control strategy for photovoltaic simulator [A].24th Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition[C], APEC 2009:899-903
[24]Nanakos, Anastasios Ch. ; Tatakis, Emmanuel C. Static and dynamic response of a photovoltaic characteristics simulator[C], EPE-PEMC 2008:1827-1833
[25]Koran, Ahmedl, Sano, Kenichiro, Kim, Rae-Young, Lai, Jih-Sheng, Design of a photovoltaic simulator with a novel reference signal generator and two-stage LC output filter[A], ECCE[C] 2009:319-326;
[26]Lee, Youn; Chun, Yeong-Han, application of robust controller design to photovoltaic system simulator[J], Trans. Korean Inst. Electr. Eng. February 2010,pages:267-271
[27]Amin M., Foisal A.R.M., Das, N.K., Design of a thin film double junction photovoltaic cell and performance analysis by software simulation[A], Electrical Power & Energy Conference[C],2009:1-5
[28]赵福鑫,魏彦章.太阳电池及其应用[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1985：83-84.
[29]Chan P C H and C- T Sah. Exact Equivalent Circuit Model for Steady-State Characterization of Semiconductor Devices with Multiple-Energy- Level Recombination Centers[J].IEEE ED- 26,1979:924-936.
[30]AbdulHadi M., Al-Ibrahim, A.M., Virk, GS., Neuro-fuzzy-based solar cell model[J] Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on,19 (3).2004:619-624
[31]唐敏,任奇一种太阳能电池最大功率点跟踪的算法研究[J],通信电源技术2007.24(4)：12-17
[32]崔岩,蔡炳煌,李人勇等.太阳能光伏模板仿真模型的研究[J].系统仿真学报.2006,18(4)：829-834
[33]顾亦磊,吕征宇,钱照明,DC/DC拓扑的分类和选择标准[J].浙江大学学报(工学版).2004,38(10)：1375-1379
[34]Byungcho Choi, Comparative Study on Paralleling Schemes of Converter Modules for Distributed Power Applications[J], IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS,1998 45(2):194-199
[35]Yuehui Huang, Chi K. Tse, Classification of parallel DC/DC Converters Part Ⅰ:Circuit Theory[A], Circuit Theory and Design. ECCTD 2007.18th European Conference on[C], 2007:1010-1013
[36]施二保.开关电源的分布式并联均流技术概述[J].船电技术,2006,2：19-23
[37]Fariborz Musavi, Kamal Al-Haddad, hadi Y. Kanaan, A Novel Large Signal Modelling and Dynamic Analysis of Paralleled DC/DC Converters with Automatic Load Sharing Control[A], 200 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology[C],2004:536-541
[38]胡雪莲,工雷,陈新.基于CAN总线的并联DC/DC变换器数字均流技术[J],2007,41(3)：67-84
[39]H. H. C. Iu, C. K.Tse, Bifurcation Behavior in Parallel-Connected Buck Converters[A], Circuits and Systems Ⅰ:Fundamental Theory and Applications, IEEE Transactions on[C], 2001:223-240
[40]徐德鸿.电力电子系统建模及控制[M].北京：机械工业出版社.2006：107
[41]董霞,陈康宁,李天石.机械控制理论基础[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社.2005： 283-284
[42]张卫平.开关变换器的建模与控制[M].北京：中国电力出版社.2006：22
[43]Dorf R. C.赵千川(译).现代控制系统[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2008：608
[44]Rasmusen, Eric,韩松(译).博弈与信息：博弈论概论[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社.2009：31-32
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