高分子材料流体力学分析仪
摘要
本文描述了一种高分子材料流体力学分析仪----流变仪的原理与设计。流变仪是用于测量高分子材料流体流动性能的仪器,通过等速升温和恒温的方式,控制仪器内炉体内材料的温度,从而在不同的时刻采集炉体内材料的状态变化量,得到表观剪切应力,剪切速率,以及表观粘度等数据。在等速升温的过程中,炉体内材料的形态转变以及在恒温过程中,利用挤压的效果,观察炉体内材料的下降速度,并得到流体粘度。在这样不同条件下,将试验数值转化为试验谱图。通过分析试验谱图就可以得出该高分子材料的流体性能的各项指标。
该高分子材料流体力学分析仪的硬件设计包括微控制器系统、PID控制电路、位移采集电路等部分;软件设计主要由单片机程序、PC机程序以及串口通讯程序组成。设计完成的仪器数据精度高、计算速度快,人机界面更友好
Polymeric Materials Analyzer -- rheometer is the device that is used to measure fluid properties of polymer. Capillary rheometer can measure the shear stress and shear rate and draw the rmoplastic material stress-strain curve, plastics curve, and the material softening point, melting point, pour point temperature of the polymer melt viscosity and activation of viscous flow. Capillary rheometer can measure the shear stress and shear rate and draw the rmoplastic material stress-strain curve, plastics curves , and the material softening point, melting point, pour point temperature of the polymer melt viscosity and activation of viscous flow.The rheometer changes the temperature on two ways that are constant temperature and rising the temperature with the average speed .When the temperature rises with the average speed, the modality of the material in the sample stove changes, then we could get the point of the temperature in the different modalities .When the temperature librates in the range of setting, we push the material to observe the speed of the material down .So we could get the mechanical characteristic in the condition .In the different condition, we could get the different data ,and get the different curves In the process of quickly heating ,the polymer gradually be heated in the furnace, the state gradually changes, the polymer can be observed at different temperatures in the state, and the material can be measured at the softening point, melting point, pour point. In the process of constantly heating, using extrusion effects observed furnace materials in the decline rate of polymer in the molten state under the shear stress and viscosity, polymeric materials are in a constant temperature of the fluid pressure. In order to be more accurate polymer fluid performance indicators, so the original rheometer and improve the system, the new capillary rheometer is a new control structure, a more accurate and faster data processing and data storage, and use industrial control PID temperature control algorithm, makes temperature control more stable , more efficient.
The system of the rheometer is made up of three parts: the sample stove ,the controller ,the PC. The software in PC controls the controller and deals the data from the controller, draws the curves with the data .The controller receives the orders from the PC and controls the temperature in sample stove to do the experiment . The sampling data could be provisional saved before being sent to the PC.The sample stove is the place where do experiments whose characteristics are insulation, well keeping the temperature in the stove and good closedown .The platinum resistance has the function of testing the change of temperature in the stove .And in the stove the warming filament has the function of warming the temperature.
In the rheometer system a very important industrial technology ---- the PID arithmetic which is used in the system of controlling the temperature .The controller measures the temperature in time, and controls the temperature with the warming filament .We program to the PID arithmetic to form the system of controlling temperature .Because the temperature reflect the heat ,we could not program the unbroken PID formula .We improve on the formula to save the CPU resource . In this paper, the PID algorithm has been optimized, that is, only the proportion of PID algorithm (P) and integral (I), and in accordance with the formula algorithm controller to adjust the temperature control system and optimization. Based on this formula, we can sample the temperature of the furnace for better control, regardless of the temperature or during heating process,it will have a more ideal temperature curve.
Rheometer System Design and Implementation of the hardware part has focused on the controller.The CPU is one part of CS-51.The main control system do many things that getting the temperature,controlling the temperature ,dealing the data in the experiments ,sending the data to PC ,etc .The electrocircuits all round are the getting temperature circuit ,the getting displacement circuit ,the controlling temperature circuit ,the transmitting data in series circuit ,etc .The getting temperature circuit and the getting displacement circuit have the main target on converting from analog to digital .Temperature in the acquisition circuit through the platinum resistance to the acquisition by the voltage value, the voltage value of the input given by ICL7135.
The software is designed in the two parts of the controller and the PC .In the controller ,the program contains many parts ,such as the main control part ,the getting temperature part ,the getting displacement part ,the controlling temperature part ,the data transmission part ,etc .Each program part in the controller is corresponding with the each circuit in the controller .And the main part is the leader for the other parts .In PC ,the program contains two parts :the data transmission part and the image show part .The data transmission part links both the controller and the PC . Data processing is to get the data from the controller to deal with the formula by shear rate, the apparent shear stress, the apparent viscosity of the chemical professional useful data.And the image show part shows the smooth curve to the user.
This paper presents the designed and realization of a type of Macromolecule Analyse ---- the rheometer in the software and the hardware parts .Now the system has nearly completed ,and the system is debugging .And the performance reaches the anticipated the designed objectives nearly . Maybe many problems may appear, and those are our future issues.
该高分子材料流体力学分析仪的硬件设计包括微控制器系统、PID控制电路、位移采集电路等部分;软件设计主要由单片机程序、PC机程序以及串口通讯程序组成。设计完成的仪器数据精度高、计算速度快,人机界面更友好
Polymeric Materials Analyzer -- rheometer is the device that is used to measure fluid properties of polymer. Capillary rheometer can measure the shear stress and shear rate and draw the rmoplastic material stress-strain curve, plastics curve, and the material softening point, melting point, pour point temperature of the polymer melt viscosity and activation of viscous flow. Capillary rheometer can measure the shear stress and shear rate and draw the rmoplastic material stress-strain curve, plastics curves , and the material softening point, melting point, pour point temperature of the polymer melt viscosity and activation of viscous flow.The rheometer changes the temperature on two ways that are constant temperature and rising the temperature with the average speed .When the temperature rises with the average speed, the modality of the material in the sample stove changes, then we could get the point of the temperature in the different modalities .When the temperature librates in the range of setting, we push the material to observe the speed of the material down .So we could get the mechanical characteristic in the condition .In the different condition, we could get the different data ,and get the different curves In the process of quickly heating ,the polymer gradually be heated in the furnace, the state gradually changes, the polymer can be observed at different temperatures in the state, and the material can be measured at the softening point, melting point, pour point. In the process of constantly heating, using extrusion effects observed furnace materials in the decline rate of polymer in the molten state under the shear stress and viscosity, polymeric materials are in a constant temperature of the fluid pressure. In order to be more accurate polymer fluid performance indicators, so the original rheometer and improve the system, the new capillary rheometer is a new control structure, a more accurate and faster data processing and data storage, and use industrial control PID temperature control algorithm, makes temperature control more stable , more efficient.
The system of the rheometer is made up of three parts: the sample stove ,the controller ,the PC. The software in PC controls the controller and deals the data from the controller, draws the curves with the data .The controller receives the orders from the PC and controls the temperature in sample stove to do the experiment . The sampling data could be provisional saved before being sent to the PC.The sample stove is the place where do experiments whose characteristics are insulation, well keeping the temperature in the stove and good closedown .The platinum resistance has the function of testing the change of temperature in the stove .And in the stove the warming filament has the function of warming the temperature.
In the rheometer system a very important industrial technology ---- the PID arithmetic which is used in the system of controlling the temperature .The controller measures the temperature in time, and controls the temperature with the warming filament .We program to the PID arithmetic to form the system of controlling temperature .Because the temperature reflect the heat ,we could not program the unbroken PID formula .We improve on the formula to save the CPU resource . In this paper, the PID algorithm has been optimized, that is, only the proportion of PID algorithm (P) and integral (I), and in accordance with the formula algorithm controller to adjust the temperature control system and optimization. Based on this formula, we can sample the temperature of the furnace for better control, regardless of the temperature or during heating process,it will have a more ideal temperature curve.
Rheometer System Design and Implementation of the hardware part has focused on the controller.The CPU is one part of CS-51.The main control system do many things that getting the temperature,controlling the temperature ,dealing the data in the experiments ,sending the data to PC ,etc .The electrocircuits all round are the getting temperature circuit ,the getting displacement circuit ,the controlling temperature circuit ,the transmitting data in series circuit ,etc .The getting temperature circuit and the getting displacement circuit have the main target on converting from analog to digital .Temperature in the acquisition circuit through the platinum resistance to the acquisition by the voltage value, the voltage value of the input given by ICL7135.
The software is designed in the two parts of the controller and the PC .In the controller ,the program contains many parts ,such as the main control part ,the getting temperature part ,the getting displacement part ,the controlling temperature part ,the data transmission part ,etc .Each program part in the controller is corresponding with the each circuit in the controller .And the main part is the leader for the other parts .In PC ,the program contains two parts :the data transmission part and the image show part .The data transmission part links both the controller and the PC . Data processing is to get the data from the controller to deal with the formula by shear rate, the apparent shear stress, the apparent viscosity of the chemical professional useful data.And the image show part shows the smooth curve to the user.
This paper presents the designed and realization of a type of Macromolecule Analyse ---- the rheometer in the software and the hardware parts .Now the system has nearly completed ,and the system is debugging .And the performance reaches the anticipated the designed objectives nearly . Maybe many problems may appear, and those are our future issues.
引文
[1] R. Byron Bird、Ole Hassager,Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids, Fluid Mechanics,John Wiley & Sons,1987,p.30-35
[2] Wu Shangsheng、Li Qunhua,Study of the data acquisition system on the polymer Dynamic Rheometer, Engineering Plastics Application,2005 年 05期,p.60-62
[3] 袭怿明、吴其晔、王鹏,XLY-Ⅱ型毛细管流变仪改做聚合物蠕变实验的一种方法,实验室研究与探索,1993 年 03 期,p.85-86
[4] 王建新、温学明、巫静安、吴其晔,XLY 型恒压毛细管流变仪的数据处理程序及应用,青岛科技大学学报,2005 年 05 期,p.52-55
[5] www.goettfert.com
[6] www.znyq.com
[7] 王昌永、万守华、陈晓娟、李敬怀,用单片机控制的新型毛细管流变仪,试验技术与试验机,1991 年 01 期,p.21-24
[8] 梁碧珊、王喜顺、周文管、周剑明,数码辅助方法在毛细管流变仪测量粘度的应用,广东塑料,2005 年 06 期,p.23-25
[9] 涂海燕、宋之敏、赵曜、冉立、倪海鹰,基于神经网络内模控制的毛细管流变仪温控系统设计,四川大学学报,2005 年 04 期,p.155-158
[10] 朱玉玺、崔如花、邝小磊,计算机控制技术,电子工业出版社, 2005年 6 月,p.45-55
[11] 李卓等,基于Fuzzy 推理的自调整PID控制器,控制理论与应用, 1997年 04 期,p.155-158
[12] 刘秀红,模糊自整定 PID 控制在电阻炉温度控制中的应用,计量技术,2007 年 02 期,p.26-29
[13] A. M. Formal'sky,On a Modification of the PID Controller,Dynamics and Control,1997 年 03 期,p.269-277
[14] 张文庆,PID 算法在 PLC 模拟量闭环控制中的实现,信息技术, 2003年 27 期,p.45-47
[15] 杨树兴、李擎、苏中、候会文等,计算机控制系统----理论、技术与应用,机械工业出版社,2006 年 5 月,p.80-90
[16] 吴宏鑫、沈少萍,PID 控制的应用与理论依据,控制工程,2003 年10 期,p.39-44
[17] CARL KNOSPE,PID Control,IEEE Control Systems Magazine,2006年 01 期,p.30-31
[18] 陶永华、尹怡欣、葛芦生,新型 PID 控制及其应用,机械工业出版社,2000 年,p.60-64
[19] 王春玲、董滨,采用数字滤波改进 PID 控制,仪表技术,2002 年 03期,p.28-29
[20] 曹光伟,基于变速积分 PID 的主蒸汽温度控制系统,热电技术,2006年 03 期,p.48-49
[21] 李磊、白瑞祥,模糊 PID 在热水锅炉温度控制系统中的应用,工业控制计算机,2007 年 02 期,p.44-45
[22] 王渭利,对单向可控硅实验电路的改进,电子报,2003/01/05
[23] 徐龙广,可控硅零触发电路,科技资讯,2007 年 07 期,p.261
[2] Wu Shangsheng、Li Qunhua,Study of the data acquisition system on the polymer Dynamic Rheometer, Engineering Plastics Application,2005 年 05期,p.60-62
[3] 袭怿明、吴其晔、王鹏,XLY-Ⅱ型毛细管流变仪改做聚合物蠕变实验的一种方法,实验室研究与探索,1993 年 03 期,p.85-86
[4] 王建新、温学明、巫静安、吴其晔,XLY 型恒压毛细管流变仪的数据处理程序及应用,青岛科技大学学报,2005 年 05 期,p.52-55
[5] www.goettfert.com
[6] www.znyq.com
[7] 王昌永、万守华、陈晓娟、李敬怀,用单片机控制的新型毛细管流变仪,试验技术与试验机,1991 年 01 期,p.21-24
[8] 梁碧珊、王喜顺、周文管、周剑明,数码辅助方法在毛细管流变仪测量粘度的应用,广东塑料,2005 年 06 期,p.23-25
[9] 涂海燕、宋之敏、赵曜、冉立、倪海鹰,基于神经网络内模控制的毛细管流变仪温控系统设计,四川大学学报,2005 年 04 期,p.155-158
[10] 朱玉玺、崔如花、邝小磊,计算机控制技术,电子工业出版社, 2005年 6 月,p.45-55
[11] 李卓等,基于Fuzzy 推理的自调整PID控制器,控制理论与应用, 1997年 04 期,p.155-158
[12] 刘秀红,模糊自整定 PID 控制在电阻炉温度控制中的应用,计量技术,2007 年 02 期,p.26-29
[13] A. M. Formal'sky,On a Modification of the PID Controller,Dynamics and Control,1997 年 03 期,p.269-277
[14] 张文庆,PID 算法在 PLC 模拟量闭环控制中的实现,信息技术, 2003年 27 期,p.45-47
[15] 杨树兴、李擎、苏中、候会文等,计算机控制系统----理论、技术与应用,机械工业出版社,2006 年 5 月,p.80-90
[16] 吴宏鑫、沈少萍,PID 控制的应用与理论依据,控制工程,2003 年10 期,p.39-44
[17] CARL KNOSPE,PID Control,IEEE Control Systems Magazine,2006年 01 期,p.30-31
[18] 陶永华、尹怡欣、葛芦生,新型 PID 控制及其应用,机械工业出版社,2000 年,p.60-64
[19] 王春玲、董滨,采用数字滤波改进 PID 控制,仪表技术,2002 年 03期,p.28-29
[20] 曹光伟,基于变速积分 PID 的主蒸汽温度控制系统,热电技术,2006年 03 期,p.48-49
[21] 李磊、白瑞祥,模糊 PID 在热水锅炉温度控制系统中的应用,工业控制计算机,2007 年 02 期,p.44-45
[22] 王渭利,对单向可控硅实验电路的改进,电子报,2003/01/05
[23] 徐龙广,可控硅零触发电路,科技资讯,2007 年 07 期,p.261