基于GAMIT/GLOBK与QOCA旳汶川震区地壳形变分析与研究
|
摘要
2008年5.12汶川大地震给震区带来了巨大的人员和物质财产损失。这次地震再次将人们的注意力引向地震监测预报、地震预警等方面的研究。5.12汶川大地震是一次长复发周期、低滑动速率和高破坏强度的巨大地震,其特点是复发周期长、能量积累慢、影响范围广、次生灾害重、释放能量大、破坏强度高。由于这种地震发生在大陆内部,对人类社会的破坏性极强,并且难以预测,是一种值得深入研究和高度重视的新的地震类型。借助CORS地震监测网络以及高精度GPS数据分析处理工具,研究汶川震区地壳运动特征以及地壳形变对减灾救助工作具有重要意义。
本文首先结合2008年5月份四川地震监测网络CORS观测数据资料,采用GAMIT软件的track模块,计算得到了地震发生时刻各个CORS台站的运动特征,根据四川地区的板块构成,得到地震发生时刻GPS监测结果：在水平方向,每个台站在地震发生前都没有明显异常变形出现,各个站点的动态同震形变特征不完全相同,地震刚开始都在原点附近蠕动,随后,成都、简阳和绵阳站一直向西北方向运动；乐山和仁寿则是先向北再折向西；泸州、内江、邛崃和容县站的运动总方向是朝向西北；郫县站则是先向西北运动再折回,总体方向向西北。在高程方向,由于GPS测得的高程精度比较低,表现在动态序列图上是做比较大振幅的不规则简谐振动。根据GPS动态时序地震波到时清晰,且符合地震波传播规律的成都、绵阳、郫县和中江站动态时序进行地震波波速研究,得到地震波纵波的速度大约是5.061km/s；地震波横波的速度大约是3.389km/s。使用GAMIT/GLOBK及相关软件,计算得到了地震前后汶川震区各地块的形变特征：扬子地块向西北方向运动；羌塘地块向东偏移,由GPS监测得到的板块地震前后位移显示了较好的一致性。使用QOCA的st_filter模块进行计算,得到了和GLOBK单天综合解一致的结果。
本文最后还对QOCA软件的其它模块的用途进行了简单的介绍。
Wenchuan earthquake which occurred in May122008, brought huge human and property lose to the quake zone. The earthquake draws attention again to the study of earthquake monitoring and prediction and earthquake warning.5.12Wenchaun earthquake is a low slip rate earthquake with long recurrence intervals and high breaking strength,which is characterized by slow energy accumulation,long recurrence intervals,large energy release,wide range impact,high breaking strength and heavy secondary disasters.Since this earthquake occurred in the mainland with highly destructive to human society, it is difficult to predict and it is a new type of earthquake worthy of great attention and in-depth study. With the help of CORS earthquake monitoring network,as well as high precision GPS data processing tools, the studying of crustal movement characteristics and crustal deformation make great significance to the disaster reduction and relief work.
This thesis calculated the movement characteristics of each CORS station during the earthquake occurring time using the Sichuan province's monitoring network CORS observation data in may2008,making use of the track module of GAMIT software,.According to the plate constitute of Sichuan region,this,the thesis got the GPS monitoring results during the earthquake occurring time:in the horizontal direction,there is not obvious extraordinary deformation of each station before the earthquake, the dynamic co-seismic deformation characteristics of each site are not identical.it was creeping near the origin when earthquake started,then Chengdu,Jianyang and Mianyang station moved to the northwest; Leshan and Renshou station moved first towards north and then folded to the west;Luzhou,Neijiang,Qionglai and Rongxian station moved towards the northwest; the Pixian station moved towards Northwest and then turned back,the overall direction to the northwest.In the elevation direction,because the height accuracy measured by GPS is relatively bad,it acted as irregular harmonic vibration with relatively large amplitude in the dynamic sequence diagram.Based on the obvious seismic waves arrival time of the GPS dynamic time series and corresponding to the seismic wave propagation law of Chengdu,Mianyang,Pixian and Zhongjiang station's dynamic time series,studying the seismic wave velocity,the author got the speed of longitudinal wave is about5.061km/s and the speed of transverse wave is about3.389km/s.Using GAMIT/GLOBK software and related softwares,the author got the deformation characteristics of the blocks in Wenchuan earthquake zone before and after the earthquake:Yangzi plate moved to the northwest, Qiangtang palte moved to the east,the displacement monitored by the GPS shows good consistency. According to the analysis with st_filter module of QOCA software, it got consistent result with GLOBK single integrated solution.
In the end, this thesis took a brief introduction about the use of the other modules of the QOCA software.
本文首先结合2008年5月份四川地震监测网络CORS观测数据资料,采用GAMIT软件的track模块,计算得到了地震发生时刻各个CORS台站的运动特征,根据四川地区的板块构成,得到地震发生时刻GPS监测结果：在水平方向,每个台站在地震发生前都没有明显异常变形出现,各个站点的动态同震形变特征不完全相同,地震刚开始都在原点附近蠕动,随后,成都、简阳和绵阳站一直向西北方向运动；乐山和仁寿则是先向北再折向西；泸州、内江、邛崃和容县站的运动总方向是朝向西北；郫县站则是先向西北运动再折回,总体方向向西北。在高程方向,由于GPS测得的高程精度比较低,表现在动态序列图上是做比较大振幅的不规则简谐振动。根据GPS动态时序地震波到时清晰,且符合地震波传播规律的成都、绵阳、郫县和中江站动态时序进行地震波波速研究,得到地震波纵波的速度大约是5.061km/s；地震波横波的速度大约是3.389km/s。使用GAMIT/GLOBK及相关软件,计算得到了地震前后汶川震区各地块的形变特征：扬子地块向西北方向运动；羌塘地块向东偏移,由GPS监测得到的板块地震前后位移显示了较好的一致性。使用QOCA的st_filter模块进行计算,得到了和GLOBK单天综合解一致的结果。
本文最后还对QOCA软件的其它模块的用途进行了简单的介绍。
Wenchuan earthquake which occurred in May122008, brought huge human and property lose to the quake zone. The earthquake draws attention again to the study of earthquake monitoring and prediction and earthquake warning.5.12Wenchaun earthquake is a low slip rate earthquake with long recurrence intervals and high breaking strength,which is characterized by slow energy accumulation,long recurrence intervals,large energy release,wide range impact,high breaking strength and heavy secondary disasters.Since this earthquake occurred in the mainland with highly destructive to human society, it is difficult to predict and it is a new type of earthquake worthy of great attention and in-depth study. With the help of CORS earthquake monitoring network,as well as high precision GPS data processing tools, the studying of crustal movement characteristics and crustal deformation make great significance to the disaster reduction and relief work.
This thesis calculated the movement characteristics of each CORS station during the earthquake occurring time using the Sichuan province's monitoring network CORS observation data in may2008,making use of the track module of GAMIT software,.According to the plate constitute of Sichuan region,this,the thesis got the GPS monitoring results during the earthquake occurring time:in the horizontal direction,there is not obvious extraordinary deformation of each station before the earthquake, the dynamic co-seismic deformation characteristics of each site are not identical.it was creeping near the origin when earthquake started,then Chengdu,Jianyang and Mianyang station moved to the northwest; Leshan and Renshou station moved first towards north and then folded to the west;Luzhou,Neijiang,Qionglai and Rongxian station moved towards the northwest; the Pixian station moved towards Northwest and then turned back,the overall direction to the northwest.In the elevation direction,because the height accuracy measured by GPS is relatively bad,it acted as irregular harmonic vibration with relatively large amplitude in the dynamic sequence diagram.Based on the obvious seismic waves arrival time of the GPS dynamic time series and corresponding to the seismic wave propagation law of Chengdu,Mianyang,Pixian and Zhongjiang station's dynamic time series,studying the seismic wave velocity,the author got the speed of longitudinal wave is about5.061km/s and the speed of transverse wave is about3.389km/s.Using GAMIT/GLOBK software and related softwares,the author got the deformation characteristics of the blocks in Wenchuan earthquake zone before and after the earthquake:Yangzi plate moved to the northwest, Qiangtang palte moved to the east,the displacement monitored by the GPS shows good consistency. According to the analysis with st_filter module of QOCA software, it got consistent result with GLOBK single integrated solution.
In the end, this thesis took a brief introduction about the use of the other modules of the QOCA software.
引文
[1]张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,冉勇康.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构成原因[J].地球物理学报,2008.7,51(4)：1.66-1.73
[2]杨国华,江在森,武艳强,韩月萍.中国大陆整体无净旋转基准及其应用[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005.11,25(4)：6-10
[3]唐文清.基于GPS监测的青藏高原东部及邻区地壳运动形变特征研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2006.
[4]乔学军,陈顒,王琪,杨少敏.首都圈地区现今地壳运动的GPS观测与构造活动模拟[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2008,33(7)：692-697
[5]黄丁发,熊永良,袁林果.全球定位系统(GPS)理论与实践[M].成都：西南交通大学出版社,2006.
[6]熊永良,黄丁发.一种可靠的含变形区间约束条件的GPS变形监测单历元求解算法[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2001,26(1)：51-56
[7]张荣斗.基于GPS的四川地区地壳形变分析与研究[D].西南交通大学,硕士论文,2008.
[8]刘经南,刘晖,邹蓉,魏娜.建立全国CORS更新国家地心动态参考框架的几点思考[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2009,34(11)：1261-1265
[9]D. Dong, P.Fang, F.Webb, L.Prawirodirdjo, S.Kedar, and P.Jamason. Spatiotemporal filtering using principal component analysis and Karhunen-Loeve expansion approaches for regional GPS network analysis[J]. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH,2006
[10]Toshinori Sato and Mitsuhiro Matsu'ura.Modelling stress accumulation and crustal deformation associated with earthquake cycles at plate boundaries[J].2003
[11]M.chlieh, J.B.de Chabalier, J.C.Ruegg, R.Armijo, R.Dmowska, J.Campos and K.L.Feigl.Crustal deformation and default slip during the seismic cycle in the North Chile subduction zone, from GPS and INSARobservations[J].Geophys,2004, 695-711
[12]Sonja Nyberg, Markku Poutanen, Ulla Kallio and Joel Ahola.Monitoring Crustal Deformation in Satakunta Region[J].Geophysica,2010,69-78
[13]G.Akay and H.Ozener.Investigation of long period crustal deformation on the inactive branch of the North Anatolian Fault Zone[J].Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2009.9,663-671
[14]熊永良,黄丁发,徐韶光,廖华.长距离动态GPS数据处理方法与汶川地震引起的动态地壳形变特征分析[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2010,35(3)：265-269
[15]冒爱泉,张金华,胡伍生,吴栋.GPS地壳形变和前兆信息与地震预测[J].现代测绘.2008.9,3-6
[16]王晓强,江在森,杨国华,李杰,杨少敏.基于GPS技术研究新疆巴楚—伽师6.8级地震的地壳形变特征[J].地震研究,2009.4,32(2)：175-181
[17]王敏.GPS观测结果的精化分析与中国大陆现今地壳形变场研究[D].中国地震局地质研究所：博士论文,2009
[18]李金平.基于GPS位移资料的地壳现今形变特征研究[J].测绘通报,2008,(1)：16-19
[19]周海涛,郭良迁,薄万举,胡新康.天津地区地壳垂向形变(GPS)与文安地震[J].大地测量学与地球动力学,2010,30(5)：32-37
[20]武艳强.高性能计算与GPS地壳形变信息提取[D].中国地震局地震预测研究所,硕士论文,2008
[21]温扬茂,许才军.联合GPS与重力资料反演分析川滇地区现今地壳形变[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2009,34(5)：568-572
[22]瞿伟,张勤,王庆良,凌晴,管建安.基于GPS速度场采用RELSM模型分析关中地区现今地壳形变特征[J].测绘科学,2010,35(5)：28-30
[23]兰孝奇,葛恒年.GPS监测地壳形变漂移速度的计算[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2008.9,36(5)：693-696
[24]张永奇.基于GPS的长江三角洲(江苏域)现今地壳形变特征分析[D].长安大学,硕士学位论文,2011
[25]杨志强,王利,付宗堂.GPS监测青藏板块运动数据的GAMIT/GLOBK处理方法及有关问题[J].西安工程学院学报,1999.9,21(3)：50-52
[26]武艳强,江在森,杨国华,刘晓霞,赵静.汶川地震前GPS反映的应变场率演化特征[J].大地测量学与地球动力学,2011.10,31(5)：20-26
[27]刘刚,谭凯,彭懋磊,聂兆生.用超长基线解算分析汶川地震形态形变特征[J].大地测量学与地球动力学,2011.10,31(5)：14-19
[28]吴建平,明跃红,王椿镛.川滇地区速度结构的区域地震波波形反演研究[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(5)：1369-1376.
[29]徐韶光,熊永良,廖华,吴耀强,吕戈培.汶川地震形变的静态和动态分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2010.6,30(3)：27-30
[30]吴吉贤,杜海燕,张耀文,刘瑞春.WGS84与ITRF2000参考框架坐标转换的研究及应用[J].测绘科学,2008.9,33(5)：73-74
[31]Documentation for the GAMIT GPS Analysis Software.DePartment of Earth, AtmosPherie, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California at San Diego.
[32]Global Kalman filter VLBI and GPS analysis Program.Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of Califomia at San Diego.2003.
[33]周忠漠,易志杰,周琪.GPS卫星测量原理与应用[M].北京,测绘出版社,1997.
[34]梁伟峰.基于GPS的青藏块体东北缘现今地壳运动研究[D].西北大学,硕士论文,2004.
[35]Wang Qi, Zhang Peizhen, Jeffrey T, et al.Present-day crustal deformation in china constrained by global Positioning system measurements[J].Science,2001, 294:574~577.
[36]朱文耀,符养,李彦.GPS高程导出的全球高程震荡运动及季节变化[J].科学通报.2002,47(18)：1370-1377.
[37]唐文清.基于GPS监测的青藏高原东部及其临区地壳运动形变特征研究[D].西南交通大学,博士论文,2006.
[38]Langbein J,Hadley J.Correlated errors in geodetic time series:Implications for Time-Dependent deformation[J].JGeophys Res.19971O2(B1):591-603.
[39]Zhang J, Boek Y, Johnson H, et al.Southern Califonia Permanent GPS Geodetic Array Error Analysis of Daily Position Estimates and Site Velocities[J].J Geophys Res.1997,102:18035-18055.
[40]Jia M., Tsakiri M., Stewart M.(1999)Mitigating multipath errors using semi-parametric model for high precision position[C].Geodesy Beyond 2000, IAG121(Schwarz, ed):393-398.
[41]Niell A.E.(1996) Global mapping functions for the atmosphere delay at radio wavelengths[J].Journal of Geophysical Researeh, 101(B2),3227-3246.
[42]Burchfiel B C, Chen Z, Liu Y et al.Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and adjacent regions[J].International Geologieal Review.1995,37:661-735.
[43]Chen S F, Wilson C J L, Deng Q D et al.Active faulting and block movement associated with large earthquakes in the Min Shan and Longmen Mountains, northeastern Tibetan Plateau [J].Joumal of GeoPhysical Researeh.1994, 99(12):24025-24038.
[44]Kumar R., Lau K.(1996) Deconvolution Approach to Carrier and Code Multipath Error Elimination in High Precision GPS[A].In Proceeding of the National Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Pages729-737.Santa Monica, California.
[45]李忠权,应丹琳,郭晓玉,李洪奎,王麒翔,尤东华,王雪峰,陈骁,陈敏.龙门山汶川地震特征及构造运动学初析[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008.8,35(4)：426-430
[46]http://ftp.eqscsei.cn/page/pct/scqyw.gif
[47]http://image.baidu.com/
[48]朱新慧,孙付平,王刃.利用空间技术建立绝对板块运动模型[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2012.3,37(3)：282-285
[49]朱守彪.汶川地震孕震机理的研究及其对地震预报的启示[J].防灾科技学院学报,2009.3,11(1)：10-18
[50]蒋锋云,王庆良,朱良玉,张晓亮,王双绪.汶川地震震前龙门山以西地壳垂直隆升机理分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2011.10,31(5)：26-28
[2]杨国华,江在森,武艳强,韩月萍.中国大陆整体无净旋转基准及其应用[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005.11,25(4)：6-10
[3]唐文清.基于GPS监测的青藏高原东部及邻区地壳运动形变特征研究[D].成都：西南交通大学,2006.
[4]乔学军,陈顒,王琪,杨少敏.首都圈地区现今地壳运动的GPS观测与构造活动模拟[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2008,33(7)：692-697
[5]黄丁发,熊永良,袁林果.全球定位系统(GPS)理论与实践[M].成都：西南交通大学出版社,2006.
[6]熊永良,黄丁发.一种可靠的含变形区间约束条件的GPS变形监测单历元求解算法[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2001,26(1)：51-56
[7]张荣斗.基于GPS的四川地区地壳形变分析与研究[D].西南交通大学,硕士论文,2008.
[8]刘经南,刘晖,邹蓉,魏娜.建立全国CORS更新国家地心动态参考框架的几点思考[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2009,34(11)：1261-1265
[9]D. Dong, P.Fang, F.Webb, L.Prawirodirdjo, S.Kedar, and P.Jamason. Spatiotemporal filtering using principal component analysis and Karhunen-Loeve expansion approaches for regional GPS network analysis[J]. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH,2006
[10]Toshinori Sato and Mitsuhiro Matsu'ura.Modelling stress accumulation and crustal deformation associated with earthquake cycles at plate boundaries[J].2003
[11]M.chlieh, J.B.de Chabalier, J.C.Ruegg, R.Armijo, R.Dmowska, J.Campos and K.L.Feigl.Crustal deformation and default slip during the seismic cycle in the North Chile subduction zone, from GPS and INSARobservations[J].Geophys,2004, 695-711
[12]Sonja Nyberg, Markku Poutanen, Ulla Kallio and Joel Ahola.Monitoring Crustal Deformation in Satakunta Region[J].Geophysica,2010,69-78
[13]G.Akay and H.Ozener.Investigation of long period crustal deformation on the inactive branch of the North Anatolian Fault Zone[J].Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2009.9,663-671
[14]熊永良,黄丁发,徐韶光,廖华.长距离动态GPS数据处理方法与汶川地震引起的动态地壳形变特征分析[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2010,35(3)：265-269
[15]冒爱泉,张金华,胡伍生,吴栋.GPS地壳形变和前兆信息与地震预测[J].现代测绘.2008.9,3-6
[16]王晓强,江在森,杨国华,李杰,杨少敏.基于GPS技术研究新疆巴楚—伽师6.8级地震的地壳形变特征[J].地震研究,2009.4,32(2)：175-181
[17]王敏.GPS观测结果的精化分析与中国大陆现今地壳形变场研究[D].中国地震局地质研究所：博士论文,2009
[18]李金平.基于GPS位移资料的地壳现今形变特征研究[J].测绘通报,2008,(1)：16-19
[19]周海涛,郭良迁,薄万举,胡新康.天津地区地壳垂向形变(GPS)与文安地震[J].大地测量学与地球动力学,2010,30(5)：32-37
[20]武艳强.高性能计算与GPS地壳形变信息提取[D].中国地震局地震预测研究所,硕士论文,2008
[21]温扬茂,许才军.联合GPS与重力资料反演分析川滇地区现今地壳形变[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2009,34(5)：568-572
[22]瞿伟,张勤,王庆良,凌晴,管建安.基于GPS速度场采用RELSM模型分析关中地区现今地壳形变特征[J].测绘科学,2010,35(5)：28-30
[23]兰孝奇,葛恒年.GPS监测地壳形变漂移速度的计算[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2008.9,36(5)：693-696
[24]张永奇.基于GPS的长江三角洲(江苏域)现今地壳形变特征分析[D].长安大学,硕士学位论文,2011
[25]杨志强,王利,付宗堂.GPS监测青藏板块运动数据的GAMIT/GLOBK处理方法及有关问题[J].西安工程学院学报,1999.9,21(3)：50-52
[26]武艳强,江在森,杨国华,刘晓霞,赵静.汶川地震前GPS反映的应变场率演化特征[J].大地测量学与地球动力学,2011.10,31(5)：20-26
[27]刘刚,谭凯,彭懋磊,聂兆生.用超长基线解算分析汶川地震形态形变特征[J].大地测量学与地球动力学,2011.10,31(5)：14-19
[28]吴建平,明跃红,王椿镛.川滇地区速度结构的区域地震波波形反演研究[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(5)：1369-1376.
[29]徐韶光,熊永良,廖华,吴耀强,吕戈培.汶川地震形变的静态和动态分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2010.6,30(3)：27-30
[30]吴吉贤,杜海燕,张耀文,刘瑞春.WGS84与ITRF2000参考框架坐标转换的研究及应用[J].测绘科学,2008.9,33(5)：73-74
[31]Documentation for the GAMIT GPS Analysis Software.DePartment of Earth, AtmosPherie, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California at San Diego.
[32]Global Kalman filter VLBI and GPS analysis Program.Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of Califomia at San Diego.2003.
[33]周忠漠,易志杰,周琪.GPS卫星测量原理与应用[M].北京,测绘出版社,1997.
[34]梁伟峰.基于GPS的青藏块体东北缘现今地壳运动研究[D].西北大学,硕士论文,2004.
[35]Wang Qi, Zhang Peizhen, Jeffrey T, et al.Present-day crustal deformation in china constrained by global Positioning system measurements[J].Science,2001, 294:574~577.
[36]朱文耀,符养,李彦.GPS高程导出的全球高程震荡运动及季节变化[J].科学通报.2002,47(18)：1370-1377.
[37]唐文清.基于GPS监测的青藏高原东部及其临区地壳运动形变特征研究[D].西南交通大学,博士论文,2006.
[38]Langbein J,Hadley J.Correlated errors in geodetic time series:Implications for Time-Dependent deformation[J].JGeophys Res.19971O2(B1):591-603.
[39]Zhang J, Boek Y, Johnson H, et al.Southern Califonia Permanent GPS Geodetic Array Error Analysis of Daily Position Estimates and Site Velocities[J].J Geophys Res.1997,102:18035-18055.
[40]Jia M., Tsakiri M., Stewart M.(1999)Mitigating multipath errors using semi-parametric model for high precision position[C].Geodesy Beyond 2000, IAG121(Schwarz, ed):393-398.
[41]Niell A.E.(1996) Global mapping functions for the atmosphere delay at radio wavelengths[J].Journal of Geophysical Researeh, 101(B2),3227-3246.
[42]Burchfiel B C, Chen Z, Liu Y et al.Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and adjacent regions[J].International Geologieal Review.1995,37:661-735.
[43]Chen S F, Wilson C J L, Deng Q D et al.Active faulting and block movement associated with large earthquakes in the Min Shan and Longmen Mountains, northeastern Tibetan Plateau [J].Joumal of GeoPhysical Researeh.1994, 99(12):24025-24038.
[44]Kumar R., Lau K.(1996) Deconvolution Approach to Carrier and Code Multipath Error Elimination in High Precision GPS[A].In Proceeding of the National Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Pages729-737.Santa Monica, California.
[45]李忠权,应丹琳,郭晓玉,李洪奎,王麒翔,尤东华,王雪峰,陈骁,陈敏.龙门山汶川地震特征及构造运动学初析[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008.8,35(4)：426-430
[46]http://ftp.eqscsei.cn/page/pct/scqyw.gif
[47]http://image.baidu.com/
[48]朱新慧,孙付平,王刃.利用空间技术建立绝对板块运动模型[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2012.3,37(3)：282-285
[49]朱守彪.汶川地震孕震机理的研究及其对地震预报的启示[J].防灾科技学院学报,2009.3,11(1)：10-18
[50]蒋锋云,王庆良,朱良玉,张晓亮,王双绪.汶川地震震前龙门山以西地壳垂直隆升机理分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2011.10,31(5)：26-28