欧盟旅游业可持续发展研究
摘要
可持续旅游是可持续发展理论在旅游产业中的具体实践。欧盟国家是当今全球最早实施可持续发展战略的区域，是全球公认的可持续发展理论和实践的先驱，在可持续发展战略、行动等各方面取得了很多先进的经验，是现代旅游业健康、可持续发展的成功典范。
中国作为世界旅游发展的新亮点，备受关注。休闲是全体公民的权利。中国经济正处在关键的转型发展阶段，未来十年也将是中国旅游业的战略转型期。高速的经济增长为旅游业大发展带来巨大推动力的同时，旅游业发展中积累的深层次矛盾和问题，旅游业转型升级中带来的新情况、新机遇和新挑战，都迫切需要在理论上予以指导、在实践上进行积极探索。欧盟国家作为当代旅游产业健康发展最具代表性、发展业态最为成熟的国际区域，学习、研究和借鉴其旅游业可持续发展的做法将对中国旅游业的未来发展提供参考，将更有助于进一步加快中国旅游业健康可持续发展，加快转变经济增长方式，全面实现可持续发展战略，对构建社会主义和谐社会具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。
本研究在对国内外相关成果进行综述的基础上，以欧盟旅游一体化持续发展为背景，从论述可持续发展理论的提出、形成及研究状况入手，在欧盟可持续发展战略框架下，阐述欧盟旅游业可持续发展行动纲领及其在各国的实施情况。分析欧盟旅游一体化演进过程及现实的经济表现，以案例分析的方法选取欧盟主要旅游目的地法国和意大利为研究对象，具体分析了两个主要旅游目的地可持续发展状况，总结欧盟旅游目的地发展经验；对欧盟生态旅游、宗教文化旅游、乡村旅游等现代旅游业的开发模式进行深入研究；以旅行社、航空公司等旅游市场运营主体为对象，分析欧盟旅游市场可持续运营的模式。通过对欧盟旅游业整体进行研究，总结欧盟始终保持世界第一旅游目的地的发展经验，以便我国在发展旅游业的过程予以借鉴。全文共由7章构成，各章主要内容如下：
第1章首先阐述了研究的背景及意义，其次对欧盟旅游业现有的国内外研究成果进行了回顾，包括国际组织和区域性机构研究、国外学者研究以及我国的学者研究，对他们研究成果进行了文献综述，最后提出了本文要解决的问题及论文的结构。
第2章从可持续发展理论的提出和发展，可持续发展理论的研究范式，到可持续旅游理论以及可持续旅游的研究类型，回顾了欧盟21世纪议程以及欧盟国家可持续发展战略的确立，总结了欧盟可持续发展战略对其旅游业发展产生的影响。
第3章分析欧盟旅游业的发展脉络及其现状，以欧盟发展历史上的主要事件为划分节点，分析了各个阶段其旅游业的发展状况，并对2008年全球经济危机以及欧洲债务危机影响下的欧盟旅游业做了细致分析。
第4章选取欧盟典型的旅游目的地国家进行详细分析，具体剖析了法国、意大利两个欧盟旅游强国的旅游产品开发、自然旅游资源以及文化旅游资源的开发与保护，总结了其值得借鉴的旅游管理方式。
第5章对照传统旅游业对欧盟现代旅游的开发模式进行分析，对北、中、西、南欧的生态旅游状况进行了分析，并着重分析了德国的生态旅游、欧盟特色文化旅游线路（宗教旅游、葡萄酒旅游）、乡村旅游（体验型、健康型），梳理了欧盟支持现代旅游业发展的相关措施。
第6章以旅游企业为载体，分析旅行社、航空公司主导下旅游市场运营模式的可持续性，电子商务时代欧盟旅游运营商之间协作关系的细微调整及欧盟基础设施对旅游市场健康发展的支持作用。
第7章在对以上各章进行分析和研究的基础上，总结了欧盟旅游业可持续发展的基本经验，肯定了我国自改革开放以来旅游业取得的可喜成绩，指出了我国旅游业在可持续发展中存在的主要问题，最后结合我国国情，借鉴欧盟经验，从宏观、中观和微观三个层面上提出了我国为实现旅游业可持续发展的对策建议。
Sustainable tourism is the concrete practice for the theory of sustainabledevelopment in the tourism industry. EU is the region for the first implementation ofthe sustainable development strategy in today's world, and accepted worldwide as apioneer of sustainable development theory and practice. They have gained a lot ofadvanced experience in the sustainable development strategy and action and otheraspects, becoming a successful example of healthy and sustainable development ofmodern tourism.
China as the new bright spot of the world tourism development is of greatconcern. Tourism is a way of life, leisure is the right of all citizens. China's economyis at a crucial stage of development in transition and the next decade will be theperiod of strategic transformation of China's tourism industry. At the same time ofrapid economic growth giving a huge boost to tourism development, there is an urgent need of actively explore of theory and practice for the deep-seatedcontradictions and problems accumulated in the development of the tourism industry,and for the new situation, new opportunities and new challenges that are arisingduring tourism industry transformation and upgrading. EU is the region for the firstimplementation of the sustainable development strategy in today's world, andaccepted worldwide as a pioneer of sustainable development theory and practice.They have gained a lot of advanced experience in the sustainable developmentstrategy and action and other aspects, becoming a successful example of healthy andsustainable development of modern tourism.With rich ecological resources and a longoutstanding history and culture, EU countries focus on the relationship betweendevelopment and protection in the process of regional development, especially afterthe formation of scale industry in tourism development, paying attention to historicaland cultural heritage and the continuation of the historical context. They activelydevelop the low-carbon economy and circular economy, showing the word a moderntourism industry established through scientific, positive, orderly and sustainabledevelopment strategy, and has been widely recognized in the world for human. It will provide many suggestions and help for the future development of China's tourismindustry by learning from the EU countries as the most representative region ofhealthy development and the region with the most mature state of industrydevelopment. It will be more help to further accelerating the healthy and sustainabledevelopment of China's tourism industry and the transformation of economic growthmode, and the full realization of the strategy of sustainable development withimportant practical significance and positive role in building a harmonious socialistsociety.
Based on review of relevant literature, with the background of sustainabledevelopment of EU tourism integration, this study elaborates the EU sustainabletourism development Programme of Action and its implementation in countries underthe framework of EU sustainable development strategy, starting with the discuss ofthe raising of sustainable development theory, and the formation of the theory andresearching status.This study analyzes the evolution process of EU tourismintegration and the real performance of the economy. As the EU's main touristdestinations, France and Italy are selected for the case study. There is a detailed analysis of their tourism product development and design and tourism resourcesutilization and protection, summarizing development experience of the Europeantourist destination. In-depth research on the mode of sustainable tourism developmentis carried out, such as the EU natural eco-tourism, religious and cultural tourism, ruraltourism. The sustainable operations mode of EU tourism market is analyzed with thetravel agencies and airlines as the main players in the tourism market. The EU’sdevelopment experience of always being the world's first tourist destination issummarized through the study of the EU tourism industry as a whole, so that it couldbe the reference for China’s development of tourism industry.
Specific arrangements are as following: Chapter1, first describing thebackground and significance of the topics, followed by reviews of the existingresearch results at home and abroad in the EU tourism, including study by foreigninstitutions, foreign scholars and scholars in China, and then a literature review of theresearch results, with raising the problem to be solved of this study at last.
Chapter2，sorting the proposing, development, main content, and researchparadigm of the theory of sustainable development, as well as the proposing and development of the theory of sustainable tourism; reviewing the EU Agenda21, aswell as the establishment of the sustainable development strategy of the EU countries;summing up the impact of the EU sustainable development strategy on its tourismdevelopment.
Chapter3, analyzing the EU tourism development process on time dimension;since the establishment of EU in1993, taking EU-15(1995-2004) for the first phase,analyzing the tourism development in three major tourist countries of Spain, France,Italy; taking EU enlargement(2004-2007) for the second phase, analyzing the impactof the join of10Eastern European countries on the EU tourism development; thethird phase(2007-2011), making a detailed analysis of the number of tourismenterprises in the EU, the profitability and the situation of employment of staff and soon. An exhaustive analysis of the EU tourism under the influence of the2008globaleconomic crisis and the debt crisis in Europe will also be included in this chapter.
Chapter4, studying the development and protection of EU tourism resourcesbased on the typical tourist destination countries in the EU; making specific analysisof the tourism product development, the development and protection of natural and cultural tourism resources of the two EU tourism power of France and Italy;analyzing the problems and corresponding solutions arising in the tourismdevelopment process of the typical tourist attractions such as Alps of France, theMediterranean coast and Venice of Italy; summing up the tourism management whichis worth learning.
Chapter5, analyzing the EU eco-tourism and sustainable development. Sinceeco-tourism is defined as the main mode of development in the process of promotingsustainable tourism development, the study will discuss the situation of eco-tourismin Northern Europe, Central Europe, Western Europe and Southern Europe,introducing five pan-European eco-travel routes developed by EU currently, to reflectthe sustainability of the EU ecology. The study will also analyze EU specialty culturetravel(religious tours, wine tours) and rural tourism (practice type, health type) toreflect the sustainability of the EU cultural, summarizing the related measuressupporting the tourism development by EU.
Chapter6, studying the firm market operations and sustainable tourismdevelopment of EU. On the premise of redefinition of the concept of the EU tourism enterprises, analyzing the impact on its sustainable tourism development of theinternational development mode of horizontal integration, vertical integration;analyzing the impact of the online travel mode arising along with the popularity of theinternet on the traditional mode of tourism enterprises operation in the EU, as wellas the role played by the merging of online travel and traditional travel in thesustainable development of the tourism industry, summarizing three aspects ofpromoting the sustainable tourism development of the EU tourism enterprises marketoperating mode.
Chapter7, taking a comprehensive summary of the experience of the EUsustainable development of tourism as a reference, raising the problems in achievingsustainable tourism development for China. The concluding section of this article willbe formed through the study above.
中国作为世界旅游发展的新亮点，备受关注。休闲是全体公民的权利。中国经济正处在关键的转型发展阶段，未来十年也将是中国旅游业的战略转型期。高速的经济增长为旅游业大发展带来巨大推动力的同时，旅游业发展中积累的深层次矛盾和问题，旅游业转型升级中带来的新情况、新机遇和新挑战，都迫切需要在理论上予以指导、在实践上进行积极探索。欧盟国家作为当代旅游产业健康发展最具代表性、发展业态最为成熟的国际区域，学习、研究和借鉴其旅游业可持续发展的做法将对中国旅游业的未来发展提供参考，将更有助于进一步加快中国旅游业健康可持续发展，加快转变经济增长方式，全面实现可持续发展战略，对构建社会主义和谐社会具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。
本研究在对国内外相关成果进行综述的基础上，以欧盟旅游一体化持续发展为背景，从论述可持续发展理论的提出、形成及研究状况入手，在欧盟可持续发展战略框架下，阐述欧盟旅游业可持续发展行动纲领及其在各国的实施情况。分析欧盟旅游一体化演进过程及现实的经济表现，以案例分析的方法选取欧盟主要旅游目的地法国和意大利为研究对象，具体分析了两个主要旅游目的地可持续发展状况，总结欧盟旅游目的地发展经验；对欧盟生态旅游、宗教文化旅游、乡村旅游等现代旅游业的开发模式进行深入研究；以旅行社、航空公司等旅游市场运营主体为对象，分析欧盟旅游市场可持续运营的模式。通过对欧盟旅游业整体进行研究，总结欧盟始终保持世界第一旅游目的地的发展经验，以便我国在发展旅游业的过程予以借鉴。全文共由7章构成，各章主要内容如下：
第1章首先阐述了研究的背景及意义，其次对欧盟旅游业现有的国内外研究成果进行了回顾，包括国际组织和区域性机构研究、国外学者研究以及我国的学者研究，对他们研究成果进行了文献综述，最后提出了本文要解决的问题及论文的结构。
第2章从可持续发展理论的提出和发展，可持续发展理论的研究范式，到可持续旅游理论以及可持续旅游的研究类型，回顾了欧盟21世纪议程以及欧盟国家可持续发展战略的确立，总结了欧盟可持续发展战略对其旅游业发展产生的影响。
第3章分析欧盟旅游业的发展脉络及其现状，以欧盟发展历史上的主要事件为划分节点，分析了各个阶段其旅游业的发展状况，并对2008年全球经济危机以及欧洲债务危机影响下的欧盟旅游业做了细致分析。
第4章选取欧盟典型的旅游目的地国家进行详细分析，具体剖析了法国、意大利两个欧盟旅游强国的旅游产品开发、自然旅游资源以及文化旅游资源的开发与保护，总结了其值得借鉴的旅游管理方式。
第5章对照传统旅游业对欧盟现代旅游的开发模式进行分析，对北、中、西、南欧的生态旅游状况进行了分析，并着重分析了德国的生态旅游、欧盟特色文化旅游线路（宗教旅游、葡萄酒旅游）、乡村旅游（体验型、健康型），梳理了欧盟支持现代旅游业发展的相关措施。
第6章以旅游企业为载体，分析旅行社、航空公司主导下旅游市场运营模式的可持续性，电子商务时代欧盟旅游运营商之间协作关系的细微调整及欧盟基础设施对旅游市场健康发展的支持作用。
第7章在对以上各章进行分析和研究的基础上，总结了欧盟旅游业可持续发展的基本经验，肯定了我国自改革开放以来旅游业取得的可喜成绩，指出了我国旅游业在可持续发展中存在的主要问题，最后结合我国国情，借鉴欧盟经验，从宏观、中观和微观三个层面上提出了我国为实现旅游业可持续发展的对策建议。
Sustainable tourism is the concrete practice for the theory of sustainabledevelopment in the tourism industry. EU is the region for the first implementation ofthe sustainable development strategy in today's world, and accepted worldwide as apioneer of sustainable development theory and practice. They have gained a lot ofadvanced experience in the sustainable development strategy and action and otheraspects, becoming a successful example of healthy and sustainable development ofmodern tourism.
China as the new bright spot of the world tourism development is of greatconcern. Tourism is a way of life, leisure is the right of all citizens. China's economyis at a crucial stage of development in transition and the next decade will be theperiod of strategic transformation of China's tourism industry. At the same time ofrapid economic growth giving a huge boost to tourism development, there is an urgent need of actively explore of theory and practice for the deep-seatedcontradictions and problems accumulated in the development of the tourism industry,and for the new situation, new opportunities and new challenges that are arisingduring tourism industry transformation and upgrading. EU is the region for the firstimplementation of the sustainable development strategy in today's world, andaccepted worldwide as a pioneer of sustainable development theory and practice.They have gained a lot of advanced experience in the sustainable developmentstrategy and action and other aspects, becoming a successful example of healthy andsustainable development of modern tourism.With rich ecological resources and a longoutstanding history and culture, EU countries focus on the relationship betweendevelopment and protection in the process of regional development, especially afterthe formation of scale industry in tourism development, paying attention to historicaland cultural heritage and the continuation of the historical context. They activelydevelop the low-carbon economy and circular economy, showing the word a moderntourism industry established through scientific, positive, orderly and sustainabledevelopment strategy, and has been widely recognized in the world for human. It will provide many suggestions and help for the future development of China's tourismindustry by learning from the EU countries as the most representative region ofhealthy development and the region with the most mature state of industrydevelopment. It will be more help to further accelerating the healthy and sustainabledevelopment of China's tourism industry and the transformation of economic growthmode, and the full realization of the strategy of sustainable development withimportant practical significance and positive role in building a harmonious socialistsociety.
Based on review of relevant literature, with the background of sustainabledevelopment of EU tourism integration, this study elaborates the EU sustainabletourism development Programme of Action and its implementation in countries underthe framework of EU sustainable development strategy, starting with the discuss ofthe raising of sustainable development theory, and the formation of the theory andresearching status.This study analyzes the evolution process of EU tourismintegration and the real performance of the economy. As the EU's main touristdestinations, France and Italy are selected for the case study. There is a detailed analysis of their tourism product development and design and tourism resourcesutilization and protection, summarizing development experience of the Europeantourist destination. In-depth research on the mode of sustainable tourism developmentis carried out, such as the EU natural eco-tourism, religious and cultural tourism, ruraltourism. The sustainable operations mode of EU tourism market is analyzed with thetravel agencies and airlines as the main players in the tourism market. The EU’sdevelopment experience of always being the world's first tourist destination issummarized through the study of the EU tourism industry as a whole, so that it couldbe the reference for China’s development of tourism industry.
Specific arrangements are as following: Chapter1, first describing thebackground and significance of the topics, followed by reviews of the existingresearch results at home and abroad in the EU tourism, including study by foreigninstitutions, foreign scholars and scholars in China, and then a literature review of theresearch results, with raising the problem to be solved of this study at last.
Chapter2，sorting the proposing, development, main content, and researchparadigm of the theory of sustainable development, as well as the proposing and development of the theory of sustainable tourism; reviewing the EU Agenda21, aswell as the establishment of the sustainable development strategy of the EU countries;summing up the impact of the EU sustainable development strategy on its tourismdevelopment.
Chapter3, analyzing the EU tourism development process on time dimension;since the establishment of EU in1993, taking EU-15(1995-2004) for the first phase,analyzing the tourism development in three major tourist countries of Spain, France,Italy; taking EU enlargement(2004-2007) for the second phase, analyzing the impactof the join of10Eastern European countries on the EU tourism development; thethird phase(2007-2011), making a detailed analysis of the number of tourismenterprises in the EU, the profitability and the situation of employment of staff and soon. An exhaustive analysis of the EU tourism under the influence of the2008globaleconomic crisis and the debt crisis in Europe will also be included in this chapter.
Chapter4, studying the development and protection of EU tourism resourcesbased on the typical tourist destination countries in the EU; making specific analysisof the tourism product development, the development and protection of natural and cultural tourism resources of the two EU tourism power of France and Italy;analyzing the problems and corresponding solutions arising in the tourismdevelopment process of the typical tourist attractions such as Alps of France, theMediterranean coast and Venice of Italy; summing up the tourism management whichis worth learning.
Chapter5, analyzing the EU eco-tourism and sustainable development. Sinceeco-tourism is defined as the main mode of development in the process of promotingsustainable tourism development, the study will discuss the situation of eco-tourismin Northern Europe, Central Europe, Western Europe and Southern Europe,introducing five pan-European eco-travel routes developed by EU currently, to reflectthe sustainability of the EU ecology. The study will also analyze EU specialty culturetravel(religious tours, wine tours) and rural tourism (practice type, health type) toreflect the sustainability of the EU cultural, summarizing the related measuressupporting the tourism development by EU.
Chapter6, studying the firm market operations and sustainable tourismdevelopment of EU. On the premise of redefinition of the concept of the EU tourism enterprises, analyzing the impact on its sustainable tourism development of theinternational development mode of horizontal integration, vertical integration;analyzing the impact of the online travel mode arising along with the popularity of theinternet on the traditional mode of tourism enterprises operation in the EU, as wellas the role played by the merging of online travel and traditional travel in thesustainable development of the tourism industry, summarizing three aspects ofpromoting the sustainable tourism development of the EU tourism enterprises marketoperating mode.
Chapter7, taking a comprehensive summary of the experience of the EUsustainable development of tourism as a reference, raising the problems in achievingsustainable tourism development for China. The concluding section of this article willbe formed through the study above.
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欧盟委员会：http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm
欧洲统计局：http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/tourism/introductionhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/product_details/publication?p_product_code=KS-RA-10-031
欧洲之旅：http://www.visiteurope.com.cn/home.aspxhttp://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/eden/index_en.htm
世界旅游组织欧洲区域：http://europe.unwto.org/
中国国家旅游局:http://www./nta.com
欧洲贸易协会饭店、咖啡馆http://www.hotrec.eu/