通用电子产品的安全设计
|
摘要
通用电子产品安全设计的要点就是为了使设计出来的产品对于使用人员、维修人员以及周边环境不会造成危害。很多设计人员在设计过程中,往往只注重功能的设计,而忽视对产品安全进行设计,使得设计出来的产品存在安全隐患。
应用安全标准设计出来的产品的目的在于减少由于以下七大类危险造成伤害或危害的可能性:电击危险、能量危险、着火危险、与热有关危险、机械危险、辐射危险和化学危险等。设计人员不仅要考虑设备的正常工作条件,还要考虑可能的故障条件以及随之引起的故障,可预见的误用以及诸如温度、海拔、污染、湿度、电网电源的过电压和通信线路的过电压等外界影响。
安全设计的防护措施一般有三种形式:直接安全防护、间接安全防护和提示性安全防护。评估一个产品的安全设计是否能够满足要求,主要依据是相关产品检测所采用的标准中的试验来进行验证。安全设计本身是灵活的,没有固定的模式可套。在电气产品日益复杂化和智能化的今天,很难用一个单一的模式对产品进行安全防护,不同类型的产品,在不同的应用场合,会有不完全相同的安全要求和设计方法。本文通过电子产品可能产生的七大类危险,详细阐述了这些危险产生的原因和危害、进行安全防护设计时需遵循的基本原则以及针对这些危险提出了具体防护设计方法和实例,为从事电子产品设计人员提供比较系统的安全设计思想。
Safety design of general electric products means to make sure that the products can not bring hazards to operators, service persons and surrounding environment. But now, most designers only focus on the functional implementation and neglect the safety performance of products. As a result, the products they made out often have potential hazards.
Application of a safety standard in product design is intended to reduce the risk of injury or damage due to the following hazards: electric shock, energy related hazards, fire, heat related hazards, mechanical hazards, radiation, chemical hazards and so on. Designers shall take into account not only normal operating conditions of the equipment but also fault conditions, consequential faults, foreseeable misuse and external influences such as temperature, altitude, pollution, moisture, overvoltages on the mains supply and overvoltages on a telecommunication networks or a cable distribution system.
There are three types of protective measures in safety design: direct safety protection, indirect safety protection and suggestive safety protection. To evaluate whether the design of products meets the safety requirements, tests related to suitable standards are performed on the products. Safety design is flexible, and there are no changeless patterns to follow. Nowadays, as electric products become more complicated and more intelligent, it is very difficult to provide safety protection to products in a single pattern. Different types of products and different application need different safety requirements and designation. In this paper, according to these seven types of hazards mentioned above, the reasons by which these hazards were caused, the damage which these hazards would arose and the principles which should be followed in safety design are explained; practical measures and examples, which are about to prevent these hazards, are introduced; systemic thoughts about safety design are provided to persons working in the field of electric product design.
应用安全标准设计出来的产品的目的在于减少由于以下七大类危险造成伤害或危害的可能性:电击危险、能量危险、着火危险、与热有关危险、机械危险、辐射危险和化学危险等。设计人员不仅要考虑设备的正常工作条件,还要考虑可能的故障条件以及随之引起的故障,可预见的误用以及诸如温度、海拔、污染、湿度、电网电源的过电压和通信线路的过电压等外界影响。
安全设计的防护措施一般有三种形式:直接安全防护、间接安全防护和提示性安全防护。评估一个产品的安全设计是否能够满足要求,主要依据是相关产品检测所采用的标准中的试验来进行验证。安全设计本身是灵活的,没有固定的模式可套。在电气产品日益复杂化和智能化的今天,很难用一个单一的模式对产品进行安全防护,不同类型的产品,在不同的应用场合,会有不完全相同的安全要求和设计方法。本文通过电子产品可能产生的七大类危险,详细阐述了这些危险产生的原因和危害、进行安全防护设计时需遵循的基本原则以及针对这些危险提出了具体防护设计方法和实例,为从事电子产品设计人员提供比较系统的安全设计思想。
Safety design of general electric products means to make sure that the products can not bring hazards to operators, service persons and surrounding environment. But now, most designers only focus on the functional implementation and neglect the safety performance of products. As a result, the products they made out often have potential hazards.
Application of a safety standard in product design is intended to reduce the risk of injury or damage due to the following hazards: electric shock, energy related hazards, fire, heat related hazards, mechanical hazards, radiation, chemical hazards and so on. Designers shall take into account not only normal operating conditions of the equipment but also fault conditions, consequential faults, foreseeable misuse and external influences such as temperature, altitude, pollution, moisture, overvoltages on the mains supply and overvoltages on a telecommunication networks or a cable distribution system.
There are three types of protective measures in safety design: direct safety protection, indirect safety protection and suggestive safety protection. To evaluate whether the design of products meets the safety requirements, tests related to suitable standards are performed on the products. Safety design is flexible, and there are no changeless patterns to follow. Nowadays, as electric products become more complicated and more intelligent, it is very difficult to provide safety protection to products in a single pattern. Different types of products and different application need different safety requirements and designation. In this paper, according to these seven types of hazards mentioned above, the reasons by which these hazards were caused, the damage which these hazards would arose and the principles which should be followed in safety design are explained; practical measures and examples, which are about to prevent these hazards, are introduced; systemic thoughts about safety design are provided to persons working in the field of electric product design.
引文
[1] ISO/IEC guide 51:1999, Safety aspects-Guidelines for their inclusion in standards, Switzerland,1999
[2] GB4943-2001,信息技术设备的安全.中国标准出版社,2002
[3]陈凌峰.电气产品安全原理与认证,人民邮电出版社,2008,P9-P11
[4] GB4943-2001,信息技术设备的安全.中国标准出版社,2002
[5]蒋春旭.电气产品电击防护综述,电子质量,2006,第12期,P53-P57
[6] GB/T 17045-1997,电击防护装置和设备的通用部分,中国标准出版社,1998
[7] GB 4208-2008,外壳防护等级(IP代码),中国标准出版社,2009
[8]中国赛宝(总部)实验室编.电子产品安全要求、试验与设计,中国标准出版社,2004, P33-P35
[9] Mains cords for double insulated apparatus,Sheet no.287, Decision n.23/36 taken at 36th CTL meeting/1999
[10] GB8898-2001,音频、视频及类似电子设备安全要求,中国标准出版社,2002
[11]李翰荪.电路分析基础,高等教育出版社,2006
[12] IEC 60950-1:2005,Information technology equipment-Safety-Part 1: General requirements, International electrotechnical commission, Switzerland, 2005
[13]刘宏.电子产品的热设计,电子测试,2007,第8期,P62-P64
[14]徐德胜.半导体制冷与应用技术,上海交通大学出版社,1992
[15]蓝天云.家用电器的防火措施,科学24小时, 2005
[16]胡京平,电子产品安全设计中关键元器件的选用,安全与电磁兼容,2004,第4期,P42-P43
[17] IEC 60065:2001+A1:2005,Audio,video and similar electronic apparatus-Safety requirements, International electrotechnical commission, Switzerland,2005
[18] IEC 60825-1:2001, Safety of laser products Part 1:Equipment classification,requirements and user's guide, International electrotechnical commission, Switzerland, 2001
[19] IEC 60950-1:2005 Information technology equipment-Safety-Part 1: General requirements, International electrotechnical commission, Switzerland,2005
[20] IEC 60335-1:2001+A1:2004, Household and similar electrical appliances-Safety-Part 1: General requirements, International electrotechnical commission, Switzerland,2004
[2] GB4943-2001,信息技术设备的安全.中国标准出版社,2002
[3]陈凌峰.电气产品安全原理与认证,人民邮电出版社,2008,P9-P11
[4] GB4943-2001,信息技术设备的安全.中国标准出版社,2002
[5]蒋春旭.电气产品电击防护综述,电子质量,2006,第12期,P53-P57
[6] GB/T 17045-1997,电击防护装置和设备的通用部分,中国标准出版社,1998
[7] GB 4208-2008,外壳防护等级(IP代码),中国标准出版社,2009
[8]中国赛宝(总部)实验室编.电子产品安全要求、试验与设计,中国标准出版社,2004, P33-P35
[9] Mains cords for double insulated apparatus,Sheet no.287, Decision n.23/36 taken at 36th CTL meeting/1999
[10] GB8898-2001,音频、视频及类似电子设备安全要求,中国标准出版社,2002
[11]李翰荪.电路分析基础,高等教育出版社,2006
[12] IEC 60950-1:2005,Information technology equipment-Safety-Part 1: General requirements, International electrotechnical commission, Switzerland, 2005
[13]刘宏.电子产品的热设计,电子测试,2007,第8期,P62-P64
[14]徐德胜.半导体制冷与应用技术,上海交通大学出版社,1992
[15]蓝天云.家用电器的防火措施,科学24小时, 2005
[16]胡京平,电子产品安全设计中关键元器件的选用,安全与电磁兼容,2004,第4期,P42-P43
[17] IEC 60065:2001+A1:2005,Audio,video and similar electronic apparatus-Safety requirements, International electrotechnical commission, Switzerland,2005
[18] IEC 60825-1:2001, Safety of laser products Part 1:Equipment classification,requirements and user's guide, International electrotechnical commission, Switzerland, 2001
[19] IEC 60950-1:2005 Information technology equipment-Safety-Part 1: General requirements, International electrotechnical commission, Switzerland,2005
[20] IEC 60335-1:2001+A1:2004, Household and similar electrical appliances-Safety-Part 1: General requirements, International electrotechnical commission, Switzerland,2004