面向虚拟样机的工业设计研究与实践
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摘要
工业设计是企业生产的重要环节，是企业发展的战略要素之一。我国的工业设计刚刚起步，在一定程度上缺乏理论指导和先进技术手段的支持。
本文在分析研究国内外有关工业设计方法及其研究状况的基础上，运用虚拟样机技术，对工业设计的流程、实现方法和评价体系进行了分析和研究。通过对传统工业设计流程的优化，提出了两种面向虚拟样机的工业设计流程；并在此基础上，结合对计算机辅助工业设计技术平台的研究，提出了一种面向虚拟样机的工业设计体系；在现有技术研究的基础上，对工业设计实现方法和技术进行了研究和总结；最后将层次分析法运用于工业设计评价中，提出了一种基于层次分析法的工业设计评价指标体系。其主要工作和结论如下：
① 首先对虚拟样机的内涵、特征及作用进行了研究与总结，并通过对传统工业设计流程的分析和研究，针对其中的薄弱环节，对其设计流程进行了再造和优化。在继承了原有工业设计流程合理部分的基础上，运用虚拟样机技术及其它现有的先进设计手段，提出了正向和逆向两种面向虚拟样机的工业设计流程。然后，在研究了计算机辅助工业设计软件功能的基础上，对目前常用工业设计软件进行了分类和评价。最后提出了一种工业设计知识库体系和一种面向虚拟样机的工业设计体系。
② 本文按照表现手段的不同，将二维效果图表现技法进行了分类和研究，并总结了其中需要注意的重要因素。其次，研究了从二维效果图到三维模型的转化方法以及三维渲染技术。然后，对自由曲线和曲面的三维造型及其评价方法进行了研究和总结。最后对CAID数据向CAD数据的转换方法以及目前常用的标准数据格式进行了研究。
③ 工业设计评价是工业设计领域中较为重要的研究方向，但我国的工业设计评价还缺乏理论指导，没有建立起较为系统的工业设计评价指标体系。本文首先对工业设计评价的背景、现状和发展趋势进行了研究，然后通过对层次分析法原理的研究，建立了一个基于层次分析法的工业设计评价指标体系。
④ 通过面向虚拟样机的工业设计实践，验证了以上结论的正确性。
Industrial design ( ID) is an important section of enterprise production, also a strategic factor of enterprise development. At present , industrial design in our country is still in its childhood and lack of theory guidance and support of advanced technology means .
After surveying the present status of methods of industrial design domestically and internationally, the author investigated and analyzed the flow、implementation methods and evaluation architecture of industrial design by virtual prototyping. Two flows of industrial design for virtual prototyping were presented by optimizing traditional flow of industrial design; on the basis of them, an virtual prototype oriented architecture is introduced combined with the research on the platform of computer aided industrial design; the implementation methods and techniques of industrial design were discussed and generalized on the research of present techniques; at last analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was applied in the evaluation of industrial design and an evaluating indicator system based on analytic hierarchy process was presented . The main contents and conclusions are presented as follows:
（1） Firstly, the meanings 、features and functions of virtual prototype were investigated and generalized , and the design flow was optimized and reconstructed after analyzing the traditional industrial design flow . on the basis of feasible sections of original industrial design flow ,two virtual prototype oriented industrial design flow , forwardly and reversely, were introduced by implementing virtual prototyping technology and other present advanced designing methods .Then , some common softwares of industrial design were categorized and evaluated on the research of functions of computer aided industrial design softwares . at last , an architecture of knowledge base of industrial design and a virtual prototype oriented system of industrial design were presented .
（2） According to the differences of expression means, the thesis surveyed and categorized the expression skills of 2-D sketch, and generalized the important factors to which should be paid attention . The methods transforming 2-D sketch to 3-D model and 3-D rendering techniques were discussed too. Then , technologies of 3-D modeling of free-form curves and surfaces and evaluating methods were investigated and generalized . At last , techniques transforming CAID data to CAD data and common standard data formats were discussed.
（3） Evaluation of industrial design is important in the field of industrial design , while it is still lack of theory guidance in our country and the system of evaluating indicators of industrial design has not been constructed. The thesis discussed the backgrounds, present status and trends. Then a system of evaluating indicators of industrial design based on the analytic hierarchy process was presented on the research of principles of the analytic hierarchy process.
（4） On the practice of virtual prototype oriented industrial design , the conclusions and methods discussed above were verified.
本文在分析研究国内外有关工业设计方法及其研究状况的基础上，运用虚拟样机技术，对工业设计的流程、实现方法和评价体系进行了分析和研究。通过对传统工业设计流程的优化，提出了两种面向虚拟样机的工业设计流程；并在此基础上，结合对计算机辅助工业设计技术平台的研究，提出了一种面向虚拟样机的工业设计体系；在现有技术研究的基础上，对工业设计实现方法和技术进行了研究和总结；最后将层次分析法运用于工业设计评价中，提出了一种基于层次分析法的工业设计评价指标体系。其主要工作和结论如下：
① 首先对虚拟样机的内涵、特征及作用进行了研究与总结，并通过对传统工业设计流程的分析和研究，针对其中的薄弱环节，对其设计流程进行了再造和优化。在继承了原有工业设计流程合理部分的基础上，运用虚拟样机技术及其它现有的先进设计手段，提出了正向和逆向两种面向虚拟样机的工业设计流程。然后，在研究了计算机辅助工业设计软件功能的基础上，对目前常用工业设计软件进行了分类和评价。最后提出了一种工业设计知识库体系和一种面向虚拟样机的工业设计体系。
② 本文按照表现手段的不同，将二维效果图表现技法进行了分类和研究，并总结了其中需要注意的重要因素。其次，研究了从二维效果图到三维模型的转化方法以及三维渲染技术。然后，对自由曲线和曲面的三维造型及其评价方法进行了研究和总结。最后对CAID数据向CAD数据的转换方法以及目前常用的标准数据格式进行了研究。
③ 工业设计评价是工业设计领域中较为重要的研究方向，但我国的工业设计评价还缺乏理论指导，没有建立起较为系统的工业设计评价指标体系。本文首先对工业设计评价的背景、现状和发展趋势进行了研究，然后通过对层次分析法原理的研究，建立了一个基于层次分析法的工业设计评价指标体系。
④ 通过面向虚拟样机的工业设计实践，验证了以上结论的正确性。
Industrial design ( ID) is an important section of enterprise production, also a strategic factor of enterprise development. At present , industrial design in our country is still in its childhood and lack of theory guidance and support of advanced technology means .
After surveying the present status of methods of industrial design domestically and internationally, the author investigated and analyzed the flow、implementation methods and evaluation architecture of industrial design by virtual prototyping. Two flows of industrial design for virtual prototyping were presented by optimizing traditional flow of industrial design; on the basis of them, an virtual prototype oriented architecture is introduced combined with the research on the platform of computer aided industrial design; the implementation methods and techniques of industrial design were discussed and generalized on the research of present techniques; at last analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was applied in the evaluation of industrial design and an evaluating indicator system based on analytic hierarchy process was presented . The main contents and conclusions are presented as follows:
（1） Firstly, the meanings 、features and functions of virtual prototype were investigated and generalized , and the design flow was optimized and reconstructed after analyzing the traditional industrial design flow . on the basis of feasible sections of original industrial design flow ,two virtual prototype oriented industrial design flow , forwardly and reversely, were introduced by implementing virtual prototyping technology and other present advanced designing methods .Then , some common softwares of industrial design were categorized and evaluated on the research of functions of computer aided industrial design softwares . at last , an architecture of knowledge base of industrial design and a virtual prototype oriented system of industrial design were presented .
（2） According to the differences of expression means, the thesis surveyed and categorized the expression skills of 2-D sketch, and generalized the important factors to which should be paid attention . The methods transforming 2-D sketch to 3-D model and 3-D rendering techniques were discussed too. Then , technologies of 3-D modeling of free-form curves and surfaces and evaluating methods were investigated and generalized . At last , techniques transforming CAID data to CAD data and common standard data formats were discussed.
（3） Evaluation of industrial design is important in the field of industrial design , while it is still lack of theory guidance in our country and the system of evaluating indicators of industrial design has not been constructed. The thesis discussed the backgrounds, present status and trends. Then a system of evaluating indicators of industrial design based on the analytic hierarchy process was presented on the research of principles of the analytic hierarchy process.
（4） On the practice of virtual prototype oriented industrial design , the conclusions and methods discussed above were verified.
引文
[1] 潘云鹤. 计算机辅助工业设计技术发展状况与趋势. 计算机辅助设计与图形学学报. 1999.11 (3):248-252
[2] 陈为. 当今工业设计纵横. 江苏广播电视大学学报. 1997. 2: 91-96
[3] 桑书林等. 中国工业设计学科的现状及发展道路. 中国机械工程. 1996. 7(4): 10-11
[4] 卢伟成. 论市场竞争中的工业设计战略. 天津理工学院学报. 1998.14(1):74-77
[5] 李建设.“功能”与工业设计. 郑州轻工业学院学报. 1996.11(3):75-78
[6] 张剑. 新时期的工业设计. 沈阳工业大学学报. 1998.20:22-25
[7] 李思昆等. 面向并行设计的虚拟原型技术研究. 计算机辅助设计与图形学学报. 1999.11(3):241-244
[8] 陈宗基. 虚拟原型技术及其应用. 测控技术. 1998.17 (1):5-6
[9] Werkhoven P. Virtual environment essential for designing ships.Computer Graphics. 1 996.30(11):51-52
[10] 熊光楞等. 虚拟样机技术. 系统仿真学报. 2001.13(1):114-117
[11] 张曙. 创新产品的快速开发和实现. 制造技术与机床. 2001.8:10-12
[12] 张福昌.《工业设计》.第一版. 杭州. 浙江摄影出版社. 1999.11
[13] 曹岩等. 产品设计综合评价原理、体系结构和方法. 计算机辅助设计与图形学学报. 2001.13 (1):34-39
[14] 曾任仁. 用层次分析法确定工业设计评价指标、要素的权值模型研究. 工程图学学报. 2000.2:96-100
[15] 庄锁法. 基于层次分析法的综合评价模型. 合肥工业大学学报. 2000.23 (4):582-585
[16] 蒋祖华等. 虚拟产品开发技术研究. 机械工业自动化. 1998. 20(3):8-12
[17] 李刚炎等. 虚拟产品开发的研究与实践. 交通与计算机. 1996. 14(6):5-8
[18] 黄浩东等. 虚拟原型技术及控制工程中的虚拟原型机. 北京航空航天大学学报. 1999.25(3):284-287
[19] 陆长德. 余隋怀. 计算机辅助工业设计 (下 ). 制造技术与机床. 1995 (11) :26-27
[20] Price, Andrew M. Virtual Product Development case study of the T-45 horizontal stabilator. Structural Dynamics & Materials Conference.1998. 4 (4): 20-23
[21] 王永才. 陆长德. 计算机辅助工业设计综述. 机床与液压. 1997. 167
[22] 张阿维等. 计算机辅助工业设计的现状与发展. 西北纺织工学院学报. 99. 13 (3)
[23] Dani T,Gadh R. OVIRDS:A paradigm for conceptual shapedesign using virtual reality. Compute- Aided Design. 1997. 29 (8) :555- 563
[24] 邵春. 计算机支持的工程设计和工业设计的协同工作. 工程图学学报. 1997.2 :31- 37
[25] 刘春荣等. 基于虚拟环境的汽车CAID技术及其应用. 机械设计与制造工程. 2000.29 (1). 42－44
Westin, Stephen H. Computer-aided industrial design. Computer Graphics (ACM).
[26] 1998. 32(2)
[27] 蒋祖华等. 虚拟产品开发体系研究. 华东船舶工业学院学报. 1999.13(2):47-52
[28] 揭湘沅. 现代工业设计表现图技法. 第1版. 湖南. 湖南美术出版社.1995.1.
[29] Silicon Graphics Canada Ltd. Alias│wavefront/DESIGNER-powerathand.1995
[30] 刘鸿志等. 现代设计表现技法. 1. 沈阳. 辽宁美术出版社. 1994.
[31] 薛文凯. 快速设计：工业造型快速设计. 1. 沈阳. 辽宁美术出版社. 1999.12
[32] 武仲科. 以NURBS为基础的造型方法. 北京航空航天大学学报. 1994.20 (2):198-206
[33] 陈涛. 几何造型设计的NURBS技术. 电脑与信息技术. 1997.1:43-45
[34] 范劲松等. 产品造型设计中的NURBS方法研究. 机械设计. 96.10:4-6
[35] Ma, D.; Lin, F.; Chua, C.K. Rapid prototyping applications in medicine. Part 1: NURBS-based volume modelling. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2001. 18 (2): 103-117
[36] 黄亚宇. NURBS曲面在CAD曲面造型中的应用和实践. 昆明理工大学学报. 1997.22 (3):42-47
[37] 乌航. 基于STEP的曲线曲面造型技术. 计算机工程与应用. 1997.3:26-29
[38] http://www.cims.edu.cn/MonographicTech/cimstotal/cax_news/step/stepsum.htm#B
[39] 朱大培等. 基于STEP标准的数据交换的研究与实现. 计算机工程与设计. 2001. 8.22 (4):5-8
[40] Bhandarkar, Mangesh P. IGES to STEP translation and visualization. Industrial Engineering Research - Conference Proceedings. 1997.5:17-18
[41] 赵良才等. 虚拟产品开发技术与开发系统模型研究. 机械科学与技术. 1999. 18(4):644-645
[42] 查先进. 信息分析与预测. 1. 武汉. 武汉大学出版社. 2000.8
[43] Ossadnik, Wolfgang. AHP-based evaluation of AHP-Software. European Journal of Operational Research. 1999. 118(3)
[44] Barziai J. Deriving weights from pairwise comparison mattices[J]. J.Oper. Res. Soc.1997.48(12).
[45] 姜慧. 机械产品设计方案的评价与决策. 机械科学与技术. 1999.18 (6):903-908
[46] Barbara Schmitz. The Value of Virtual Product Development. Machine Design.1996.68 (13) :3-9
[47] 史桂蓉等. 反向工程应用现状及研究方向. 机械科学与技术. 2000. 19 (4):653-655
[48] Herring, Richard D. Evaluative methods for rapid prototypes. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society .1990. 8 (12):287-290
[49] http://www.cims.edu.cn/MonographicTech/cimsrp/fastmolding/intro_majortech.htm
[2] 陈为. 当今工业设计纵横. 江苏广播电视大学学报. 1997. 2: 91-96
[3] 桑书林等. 中国工业设计学科的现状及发展道路. 中国机械工程. 1996. 7(4): 10-11
[4] 卢伟成. 论市场竞争中的工业设计战略. 天津理工学院学报. 1998.14(1):74-77
[5] 李建设.“功能”与工业设计. 郑州轻工业学院学报. 1996.11(3):75-78
[6] 张剑. 新时期的工业设计. 沈阳工业大学学报. 1998.20:22-25
[7] 李思昆等. 面向并行设计的虚拟原型技术研究. 计算机辅助设计与图形学学报. 1999.11(3):241-244
[8] 陈宗基. 虚拟原型技术及其应用. 测控技术. 1998.17 (1):5-6
[9] Werkhoven P. Virtual environment essential for designing ships.Computer Graphics. 1 996.30(11):51-52
[10] 熊光楞等. 虚拟样机技术. 系统仿真学报. 2001.13(1):114-117
[11] 张曙. 创新产品的快速开发和实现. 制造技术与机床. 2001.8:10-12
[12] 张福昌.《工业设计》.第一版. 杭州. 浙江摄影出版社. 1999.11
[13] 曹岩等. 产品设计综合评价原理、体系结构和方法. 计算机辅助设计与图形学学报. 2001.13 (1):34-39
[14] 曾任仁. 用层次分析法确定工业设计评价指标、要素的权值模型研究. 工程图学学报. 2000.2:96-100
[15] 庄锁法. 基于层次分析法的综合评价模型. 合肥工业大学学报. 2000.23 (4):582-585
[16] 蒋祖华等. 虚拟产品开发技术研究. 机械工业自动化. 1998. 20(3):8-12
[17] 李刚炎等. 虚拟产品开发的研究与实践. 交通与计算机. 1996. 14(6):5-8
[18] 黄浩东等. 虚拟原型技术及控制工程中的虚拟原型机. 北京航空航天大学学报. 1999.25(3):284-287
[19] 陆长德. 余隋怀. 计算机辅助工业设计 (下 ). 制造技术与机床. 1995 (11) :26-27
[20] Price, Andrew M. Virtual Product Development case study of the T-45 horizontal stabilator. Structural Dynamics & Materials Conference.1998. 4 (4): 20-23
[21] 王永才. 陆长德. 计算机辅助工业设计综述. 机床与液压. 1997. 167
[22] 张阿维等. 计算机辅助工业设计的现状与发展. 西北纺织工学院学报. 99. 13 (3)
[23] Dani T,Gadh R. OVIRDS:A paradigm for conceptual shapedesign using virtual reality. Compute- Aided Design. 1997. 29 (8) :555- 563
[24] 邵春. 计算机支持的工程设计和工业设计的协同工作. 工程图学学报. 1997.2 :31- 37
[25] 刘春荣等. 基于虚拟环境的汽车CAID技术及其应用. 机械设计与制造工程. 2000.29 (1). 42－44
Westin, Stephen H. Computer-aided industrial design. Computer Graphics (ACM).
[26] 1998. 32(2)
[27] 蒋祖华等. 虚拟产品开发体系研究. 华东船舶工业学院学报. 1999.13(2):47-52
[28] 揭湘沅. 现代工业设计表现图技法. 第1版. 湖南. 湖南美术出版社.1995.1.
[29] Silicon Graphics Canada Ltd. Alias│wavefront/DESIGNER-powerathand.1995
[30] 刘鸿志等. 现代设计表现技法. 1. 沈阳. 辽宁美术出版社. 1994.
[31] 薛文凯. 快速设计：工业造型快速设计. 1. 沈阳. 辽宁美术出版社. 1999.12
[32] 武仲科. 以NURBS为基础的造型方法. 北京航空航天大学学报. 1994.20 (2):198-206
[33] 陈涛. 几何造型设计的NURBS技术. 电脑与信息技术. 1997.1:43-45
[34] 范劲松等. 产品造型设计中的NURBS方法研究. 机械设计. 96.10:4-6
[35] Ma, D.; Lin, F.; Chua, C.K. Rapid prototyping applications in medicine. Part 1: NURBS-based volume modelling. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2001. 18 (2): 103-117
[36] 黄亚宇. NURBS曲面在CAD曲面造型中的应用和实践. 昆明理工大学学报. 1997.22 (3):42-47
[37] 乌航. 基于STEP的曲线曲面造型技术. 计算机工程与应用. 1997.3:26-29
[38] http://www.cims.edu.cn/MonographicTech/cimstotal/cax_news/step/stepsum.htm#B
[39] 朱大培等. 基于STEP标准的数据交换的研究与实现. 计算机工程与设计. 2001. 8.22 (4):5-8
[40] Bhandarkar, Mangesh P. IGES to STEP translation and visualization. Industrial Engineering Research - Conference Proceedings. 1997.5:17-18
[41] 赵良才等. 虚拟产品开发技术与开发系统模型研究. 机械科学与技术. 1999. 18(4):644-645
[42] 查先进. 信息分析与预测. 1. 武汉. 武汉大学出版社. 2000.8
[43] Ossadnik, Wolfgang. AHP-based evaluation of AHP-Software. European Journal of Operational Research. 1999. 118(3)
[44] Barziai J. Deriving weights from pairwise comparison mattices[J]. J.Oper. Res. Soc.1997.48(12).
[45] 姜慧. 机械产品设计方案的评价与决策. 机械科学与技术. 1999.18 (6):903-908
[46] Barbara Schmitz. The Value of Virtual Product Development. Machine Design.1996.68 (13) :3-9
[47] 史桂蓉等. 反向工程应用现状及研究方向. 机械科学与技术. 2000. 19 (4):653-655
[48] Herring, Richard D. Evaluative methods for rapid prototypes. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society .1990. 8 (12):287-290
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