借鉴日本经验，提高我国汽车产业竞争力
摘要
汽车产业是国民经济的支柱产业，也是世界范围内可持续发展的重点行业，其竞争力的高低直接关系到国家的经济安全。加入WTO意味着中国经济将真正融入世界经济，成为全球化经济的一部分。作为WTO的一员，中国在享受其权利的同时，也必须履行其承诺和义务。随着我国汽车市场的全面开放，中国汽车工业将直面国际挑战。当前，我国汽车产业的国际竞争力与发达国家相比，还存在一定的差距。中国汽车产业存在产业政策与WTO不适应、经济规模和生产集中度低、劳动生产率水平和专业化程度不高、营销方式和营销体系不健全、研究开发能力弱、需求结构不够合理、制约消费的因素较多等不利因素。因此，中国的汽车产业只能划入幼稚产业的行列。而WTO后中国对汽车产业的保护期只有五、六年时间，在如此短的时间内，如何使中国汽车产业强大起来，足以抵御世界汽车跨国大公司的冲击，这是中国汽车产业面临的最大课题。
汽车产业有一种强者愈强的趋势，只有具备必要客观条件，善于利用有利机遇，选择正确的发展战略的国家才能取得最后的成功。对于中国而言，在保护期内进行汽车产业政策调整、实施产业组织合理化、汽车工业技术创新模式构建及优化服务环节等，均显得重要而迫切。而日本作为一个发达国家，其汽车产业的发展有很多地方值得我们学习和借鉴。
文章共分五章：第一章引言主要说明了文章的目的意义和主要内容；第二章产业竞争力的理论综述。第三章对日本汽车产业发展中政府作用、企业战略的研究，第四章着重分析了中国的汽车产业现状与成因；第五章在前几章的基础上，根据世界汽车产业发展的新特点，对中国对汽车产业的发展战略提出了几个方面的政策建议。
Automobile industry is the key industry to support our national economy, and it is also one of the important and sustainable development industries. Its competitive power is related to the stability of one country's economy. China's WTO accession will make Chinese economy integrated into the global economy. As one of the WTO members, China is supposed to abide by the WTO rules and honor its commitments while enjoying its rights. With Chinese automobile market opening to the outside world on a broader scale, Chinese automobile industry is bound to face stern international challenges. Now, there is a long way to go to keep up with other countries' automobile industry. It is Chinese automobile industries that have low economic scale and it is low concentration degree, low productivity ratios and specialized levels, marketing way and marketing system imperfect, R&D ability weak, demand structure very rational, restrict consuming etc, which is more factors unfavorable factor . So Chinese automobile industry can o
nly be put under the ranks of the immature industry. There are only five, six years to automobile industry protection period in China after WTO, in being so short time, how make of our country getting strong industry automobiles, enough to resist the impact of the big automobile trans-corporation of the world, which is the greatest subject that an automobile industry of our country faces.
There are a kind of powerhouse's, the stronger trends in the auto industry, only possess the essential objective condition, good at utilizing the favorable opportunity, could make last success, to choose the correct country developing strategically. As to our country carry on the industry to organize rationalization adjusting, auto industry technological innovation mode to structure, optimize the link of serving and make to the scientific talent strategically etc in protection period which is important and urgent apparently. Japan as a developed country, its automobile industry is the best reference for Chinese to learn from.
The paper includes five chapters, the introduction of chapter one has stated the purpose and meaning of the selected title and main content mainly; In Chapter 2, the economical base theory of industry competitive power. Chapter3, the relatively study on Japanese government and enterprises function at developing strategy of automobile industries. In Chapter 4, the current situation and origin cause of automobile industry of our country emphatically ; In Chapter 5, according to the new characteristic which the automobile industry of the world develops, the author has proposed some policy suggestion to the development strategy to the Chinese automobile industry:
汽车产业有一种强者愈强的趋势，只有具备必要客观条件，善于利用有利机遇，选择正确的发展战略的国家才能取得最后的成功。对于中国而言，在保护期内进行汽车产业政策调整、实施产业组织合理化、汽车工业技术创新模式构建及优化服务环节等，均显得重要而迫切。而日本作为一个发达国家，其汽车产业的发展有很多地方值得我们学习和借鉴。
文章共分五章：第一章引言主要说明了文章的目的意义和主要内容；第二章产业竞争力的理论综述。第三章对日本汽车产业发展中政府作用、企业战略的研究，第四章着重分析了中国的汽车产业现状与成因；第五章在前几章的基础上，根据世界汽车产业发展的新特点，对中国对汽车产业的发展战略提出了几个方面的政策建议。
Automobile industry is the key industry to support our national economy, and it is also one of the important and sustainable development industries. Its competitive power is related to the stability of one country's economy. China's WTO accession will make Chinese economy integrated into the global economy. As one of the WTO members, China is supposed to abide by the WTO rules and honor its commitments while enjoying its rights. With Chinese automobile market opening to the outside world on a broader scale, Chinese automobile industry is bound to face stern international challenges. Now, there is a long way to go to keep up with other countries' automobile industry. It is Chinese automobile industries that have low economic scale and it is low concentration degree, low productivity ratios and specialized levels, marketing way and marketing system imperfect, R&D ability weak, demand structure very rational, restrict consuming etc, which is more factors unfavorable factor . So Chinese automobile industry can o
nly be put under the ranks of the immature industry. There are only five, six years to automobile industry protection period in China after WTO, in being so short time, how make of our country getting strong industry automobiles, enough to resist the impact of the big automobile trans-corporation of the world, which is the greatest subject that an automobile industry of our country faces.
There are a kind of powerhouse's, the stronger trends in the auto industry, only possess the essential objective condition, good at utilizing the favorable opportunity, could make last success, to choose the correct country developing strategically. As to our country carry on the industry to organize rationalization adjusting, auto industry technological innovation mode to structure, optimize the link of serving and make to the scientific talent strategically etc in protection period which is important and urgent apparently. Japan as a developed country, its automobile industry is the best reference for Chinese to learn from.
The paper includes five chapters, the introduction of chapter one has stated the purpose and meaning of the selected title and main content mainly; In Chapter 2, the economical base theory of industry competitive power. Chapter3, the relatively study on Japanese government and enterprises function at developing strategy of automobile industries. In Chapter 4, the current situation and origin cause of automobile industry of our country emphatically ; In Chapter 5, according to the new characteristic which the automobile industry of the world develops, the author has proposed some policy suggestion to the development strategy to the Chinese automobile industry:
引文
[1]迈克尔·波特：《竞争战略》[M]，华夏出版社，2001．
[2]迈克尔·波特：《竞争优势》[M]，华夏出版社，1998．
[3]迈克尔·波特等：《未来的战略》[M]，四川人民出版社，2000。
[4]金碚：《中国工业国际竞争力—理论、方法与实证研究》[M]，四川人民出版社，2000。
[5]国家体改委等：《中国国际竞争力发展报告》，[M]，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1999。
[6]于永定等：《中国“入世”研究报告》[M]，北京：社会科学文献出版社，1999．
[7]裴长洪：《利用外资与产业竞争力》[M]，北京：社会科学文献出版社，1998。
[8]曹南燕，刘立群：《汽车文化：中国面临的挑战》[M]，济南：山东教育出版社，1996。
[9]苏东水；《产业经济学》[M]，高等教育出版社，2000。
[10](美)玛丽安·凯勒(Maryann Keller)：《汽车大战：占领21世纪的竞赛》[M]，上海译文出版社，1996。
[11]陈美华：《汽车帝国风云录》[M]，广州出版社，1996。
[12]森岛通夫：《日本为什么会成功》[M]，四川人民出版社，1986。
[13](美)沃麦克：《改变世界的机器》[M]，万国学术出版社，1991。
[14]《中国汽车市场年鉴》[M]，中国商业出版社 2001。
[15]《中国汽车市场年鉴》[M]，中国商业出版社 2002。
[16]《中国汽车市场年鉴》[M]，中国商业出版社 2003。
[17]于成英：《中日韩汽车产业比较研究》[D]，吉林：延边大学，2002，04。
[18]欧光军：《中国汽车产业竞争力分析及对策》[D]，武汉：武汉大学，2003，06。
[19]覃巍：《我国产业参与国际竞争的政策探讨》[J]，理论与改革，2001，03，52～53．
[20]成新轩：《日本汽车工业的发展及启示》[J]，日本研究，1998，02．
[21]魏后凯：《中国制造业集中状况及其国际比较》[J]，中国工业经济，2002，01。
[22]程玉春：《对我国工业组织的区域比较实证分析》[J]，中国工业经济，2002，01。
[23]王镭：《试论国际竞争力的理论概念与分析方法》[J]，中国工业经济，2002，04。
[24]陈晓声：《产业竞争力的测度与评估，上海经济》[J]，2001，12。
[25]维海：《提升我国产业核心竞争力的若干思考》[J]，管理现代化，2002，02。
[26]成新轩：《日本汽车工业的发展及启示》[J]，日本研究，1998，02。
[27]贾新光：《世界汽车工业发展新趋势》[J]，北京汽车，2000，02，18～20．
[28]吴江：《日本汽车工业发展的有关理论基础》[J]，日本研究，1997，01，17。
[29]施中华：《WTO对中国汽车行业的影响》[J]，世界汽车，1999，06。
[30]钱振为：《面向21世纪的中国汽车工业》[J]，清华大学学报，1999，04。
[31]康灿华／马俊：《中国汽车工业的国际竞争力现状和影响因素分析技术经济，2001，03，13。
[32]朱盛镭：《开拓中国汽车工业未来生存和发展空间的战略抉择》[J]，汽车工业研究，2000，01。
[33]柳长立：《日本汽车企业国际化战略在美国市场的成功经验》[J]，海外视角，2000，01，21～23。
[34]张治河，胡树华：《管顺丰．中国汽车产业的企业模式与国家经济研究》[J]，经济评论．2001，05．
[35]膝伯乐：《中国汽车工业50年回顾与跨世纪展望》[J]，．武汉汽车工业大学学报，1999，05。
[36]Michael Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations, New York, NY: Free Press, 1990.
[37]Zhiwang. The Impact of China's WTO Entry on the world Labor-intensive Export Market: A Recursive Dynamic CGE.
[38]Paul. Rkrugman, Maurice Obstfeld, International Economics: Theory and Policy, third Edition, New York, NY:Harper, collions, 1994.
[39]Michael E. Porter: Cluster and New Economics of Competition Harvard
Business Review, November-December 1998, P77-90.
[40]Bardon J et al. The Automobile Revolution: The Impact of an Industry, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1982.
[41]Harteley J. Manement of Vehicle Production, Butterworths 1981.
[42]The Report of MIT's International Automobile program, The Future of the Automobile, The MIT Press, 1984.
[43]Powell D et al. The Automobile: Technology and Society, Prentice Hall,1988.
[44](CTIETI).The Competitive Status of the U.S. Auto Industry, National Academy press, Washington, D.C., 1982.
[45]Lewchuk W. American technology and the British vehicle Industry Cambridge University Press, 1987.
[46]White L J. The Automobile Industry Since 1945, Harvard University Press, 1971.
[47]J.David(ed), The Transfer of International Technology: Europe, Japan and USA in the 20th century, Aldershot, Edward Elgar, 1992.
[48]Chen. Edward K. Y, Technology Transfer to Developing Countries, London Rout ledge, 1994.
[49]APCTT Annual Report, Asian and Pacific Center for Transfer of Technology, The Econmic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 1994/1995.
[50]Lippi. Marco, Diffusion of Technical Change and the Decomposition of Output into Trend and Cycle, Review of Economic Studies, 61;19—30, 1994.
[51]Kapup, Sundeep(1995),Technological Diffusion With Social Learning Tournal of Industrial Economics Vol. ⅩLⅢ, No. 2 June.
[2]迈克尔·波特：《竞争优势》[M]，华夏出版社，1998．
[3]迈克尔·波特等：《未来的战略》[M]，四川人民出版社，2000。
[4]金碚：《中国工业国际竞争力—理论、方法与实证研究》[M]，四川人民出版社，2000。
[5]国家体改委等：《中国国际竞争力发展报告》，[M]，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1999。
[6]于永定等：《中国“入世”研究报告》[M]，北京：社会科学文献出版社，1999．
[7]裴长洪：《利用外资与产业竞争力》[M]，北京：社会科学文献出版社，1998。
[8]曹南燕，刘立群：《汽车文化：中国面临的挑战》[M]，济南：山东教育出版社，1996。
[9]苏东水；《产业经济学》[M]，高等教育出版社，2000。
[10](美)玛丽安·凯勒(Maryann Keller)：《汽车大战：占领21世纪的竞赛》[M]，上海译文出版社，1996。
[11]陈美华：《汽车帝国风云录》[M]，广州出版社，1996。
[12]森岛通夫：《日本为什么会成功》[M]，四川人民出版社，1986。
[13](美)沃麦克：《改变世界的机器》[M]，万国学术出版社，1991。
[14]《中国汽车市场年鉴》[M]，中国商业出版社 2001。
[15]《中国汽车市场年鉴》[M]，中国商业出版社 2002。
[16]《中国汽车市场年鉴》[M]，中国商业出版社 2003。
[17]于成英：《中日韩汽车产业比较研究》[D]，吉林：延边大学，2002，04。
[18]欧光军：《中国汽车产业竞争力分析及对策》[D]，武汉：武汉大学，2003，06。
[19]覃巍：《我国产业参与国际竞争的政策探讨》[J]，理论与改革，2001，03，52～53．
[20]成新轩：《日本汽车工业的发展及启示》[J]，日本研究，1998，02．
[21]魏后凯：《中国制造业集中状况及其国际比较》[J]，中国工业经济，2002，01。
[22]程玉春：《对我国工业组织的区域比较实证分析》[J]，中国工业经济，2002，01。
[23]王镭：《试论国际竞争力的理论概念与分析方法》[J]，中国工业经济，2002，04。
[24]陈晓声：《产业竞争力的测度与评估，上海经济》[J]，2001，12。
[25]维海：《提升我国产业核心竞争力的若干思考》[J]，管理现代化，2002，02。
[26]成新轩：《日本汽车工业的发展及启示》[J]，日本研究，1998，02。
[27]贾新光：《世界汽车工业发展新趋势》[J]，北京汽车，2000，02，18～20．
[28]吴江：《日本汽车工业发展的有关理论基础》[J]，日本研究，1997，01，17。
[29]施中华：《WTO对中国汽车行业的影响》[J]，世界汽车，1999，06。
[30]钱振为：《面向21世纪的中国汽车工业》[J]，清华大学学报，1999，04。
[31]康灿华／马俊：《中国汽车工业的国际竞争力现状和影响因素分析技术经济，2001，03，13。
[32]朱盛镭：《开拓中国汽车工业未来生存和发展空间的战略抉择》[J]，汽车工业研究，2000，01。
[33]柳长立：《日本汽车企业国际化战略在美国市场的成功经验》[J]，海外视角，2000，01，21～23。
[34]张治河，胡树华：《管顺丰．中国汽车产业的企业模式与国家经济研究》[J]，经济评论．2001，05．
[35]膝伯乐：《中国汽车工业50年回顾与跨世纪展望》[J]，．武汉汽车工业大学学报，1999，05。
[36]Michael Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations, New York, NY: Free Press, 1990.
[37]Zhiwang. The Impact of China's WTO Entry on the world Labor-intensive Export Market: A Recursive Dynamic CGE.
[38]Paul. Rkrugman, Maurice Obstfeld, International Economics: Theory and Policy, third Edition, New York, NY:Harper, collions, 1994.
[39]Michael E. Porter: Cluster and New Economics of Competition Harvard
Business Review, November-December 1998, P77-90.
[40]Bardon J et al. The Automobile Revolution: The Impact of an Industry, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1982.
[41]Harteley J. Manement of Vehicle Production, Butterworths 1981.
[42]The Report of MIT's International Automobile program, The Future of the Automobile, The MIT Press, 1984.
[43]Powell D et al. The Automobile: Technology and Society, Prentice Hall,1988.
[44](CTIETI).The Competitive Status of the U.S. Auto Industry, National Academy press, Washington, D.C., 1982.
[45]Lewchuk W. American technology and the British vehicle Industry Cambridge University Press, 1987.
[46]White L J. The Automobile Industry Since 1945, Harvard University Press, 1971.
[47]J.David(ed), The Transfer of International Technology: Europe, Japan and USA in the 20th century, Aldershot, Edward Elgar, 1992.
[48]Chen. Edward K. Y, Technology Transfer to Developing Countries, London Rout ledge, 1994.
[49]APCTT Annual Report, Asian and Pacific Center for Transfer of Technology, The Econmic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 1994/1995.
[50]Lippi. Marco, Diffusion of Technical Change and the Decomposition of Output into Trend and Cycle, Review of Economic Studies, 61;19—30, 1994.
[51]Kapup, Sundeep(1995),Technological Diffusion With Social Learning Tournal of Industrial Economics Vol. ⅩLⅢ, No. 2 June.