建构认知结构,增强主体意识——开放式文言文教学初探
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摘要
本文把开放式教学这一概念引入文言文教学领域,辨析了开放式文言文教
    学与封闭式文言文教学的区别,从强调学生的主体地位,强调针对教学现状进
    行改革来确立开放式的思路与模式,强调通过开放达到建构学生文言认知结构
    的目标这三个层面论述了开放式文言文教学的本质含义。
     本文从现代教育学和心理学的原理出发,重新审视了文言文教学的现实,
    系统论述了开放式文言文教学的理论基础。从研究学生的内部心理机制入手,
    从原有认知结构的可利用性、可辨别性与稳定清晰性这三个变量,结合古今汉
    语的传承性与差异性,剖析了学生现代文认知结构对文言文学习与保持的正负
    迁移,揭示了学生文言文认知结构存在的缺陷,并提出了解决办法。从主体性
    教育方面论述了教师实践品质在教学全过程中两方面的体现,即教师对教学目
    的和内容要有开放性的态度,对教学主体、过程和结果要有开放性的态度。以
    认知结构理论与主体性教育理论烛照文言文教改的根本方向。
     依据理论指导,探讨了文言文实施开放式教学的基本途径,即内容的开放、
    组织形式的开放、方法的开放:在内容上充实成语教学、句型教学,搭建沟通
    古今汉语的桥梁,充分强化学生原有现代文认知结构的可利用性,培养学生将
    现代文学习中习得的知识与规则由表及内作纵向正迁移;在组织形式上,根据
    学生不同的认知结构层次,根据文言文本的不同特点,分层分类指导,因文设
    计课型,在教学主体与课文类型问题上进行开放性取向,同时开放课堂格局,
    向课外延伸,打开联系生活的通道,开展文言活动,创设文言情境;在方法上,
    运用回译教学、类比教学、争辩教学,完善认知薄弱环节,加强知识纵横联系,
    激发学生主体意识,同时采用诵读教学,强化认知记忆模式,增强文言语感。
     理论结合实践,这一课题的可行性实验资料从某种程度上来说印证了开放
    性模式的实效性。这对促进文言文教学的整体改革与发展,应具有一定的理论
    价值和现实意义。
The conception of Open teaching was appealed to the teaching of writing in classical
     Chinese field by the article, and it also explain the difference between the Open teaching and
     the Close teaching of writing in classical Chinese, So there is an emphasis in the position of the
     student, and in the open though and pattern that is established by the teaching situation and
     Continue perform, the emphasis about the explanation meaning of the Open teaching of writing
     in classical Chinese by setting up the cognitive structure of the student抯 Chinese.
    
     First, the reality of the teaching of writing in classical Chinese is evaluated and the
     explanation about the theory basis for Open teaching or writing in classical Chinese in a system
     in other way by the article which denved from the modern education and phycilogy ,Second,
     this article also evaluated arid graded that the students,mordern articles cognitive structure have
     an effect on the classical Chinese study and maintenance, and still disclose the weakness of
     students ancient Chinese about the concioustive structure of course , give a method, however,
     internal phycology system, and the three motifve subjects, that is the benefit ,judgenent,and the
     clearness from the original concioustive structure . third, It explain the two hand appearancd of
     education, that is to say, it is necessary for teacher to get into an open attitude to the teaching
     subject course and the result. Furthermore, it depended on the cognation structure theory and
     motive education theory to predict the original goal of the teaching of writing in classical
     Chinese and performing.
    
     Due to the theory direction, we can explore the basic approach about how the ancient
     Chinese deceloped an open teaching. That is to say the open contene, the open organization ,the
     open method; the idoms teaching, structure teaching should be filled about the
     content ,something elso should be set up to associate the ancient and modem Chinese, it is also
     effective to emphasize the benefit in the cognation structure of orginal modem articles. In this
     way, the students can be trained the ability that transferred the knowledge and regulations that
     maybe learned from modern article from outside to inter; About the system of organization
     teachers should direct in different ways designed the subject, depended on the studentds.,
     different cognation structures, and specific character of the ancient articles, moreover, this can
    
    
     II
    
    
     77
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
     lAStER S THESIS
    
    
     create new open direction between the teaching subject and the types of the articles, meanwhile,
     I suggest that we should develop the various kinds of the class situations, spread it form the
     class, build a new road to relate the life, develop all kinds of ancient Chinese articles, create
     the ancient Chinese Situation; About the methods, we can use many ways, such as translatio
     teaching, similar teaching, debated teaching to complete the weakness of the congnition
     enforce all kinds of relationships knowdge, stimulate the students consciousness.
     Meanwhile ,there are also other good ways, for example, reading teaching, enforing the
     cognition memoiy pattern, and imploring the sence of the ancient Chinese.
    
     Depending on the combination between theory and practice ,the possible experiment
     information of the subject proce the effect of the open pattern. Moreover ,it will bring some
     theory value and reality meaning about
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