母语心译对外语学习的作用
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摘要
本文以母语对外语学习的作用为出发点，介绍外语学习中的重要现象：母语迁移。该迁移可以分为两类：正迁移和负迁移。语言学家发现母语不仅使外语学习者在学习和使用外语时犯错，而且也促使外语学习者避免使用在外语中与母语差异较大的词、句式、语法等。同时，语言学家也发现在某种程度上外语学习者也可借助母语增进外语学习。
母语迁移研究很大程度上影响了各种外语教学流派的发展。本文介绍了三种最为主要的教学流派，语法翻译法、自然法和全身反应法。语法翻译法认为母语是外语学习的参照物。而自然法和全身反应法则认为母语是外语学习的最大障碍。
作为历史最悠久、运用最为广泛的方法，翻译法的效用是否能满足外语学习的要求成为研究的热点之一。语言学家就翻译或母语心译是否对外语写作和外语阅读有帮助进行了实证研究。实验证明翻译或母语心译对外语写作和外语阅读都起到了一定的帮助作用。在此基础上，本文设计了一系列实验，针对以汉语为母语的英语学习者在英语阅读中使用母语心译进行了初步研究。实验结果表明母语心译对英语阅读具有一定帮助。
全文共分四章。第1章简述母语迁移和以此为基础的主要外语教学法；第2章介绍与翻译和母语心译影响外语写作和外语阅读有关研究；第3章详细说明针对英语阅读中母语心译实验的实验设计、选择被试、分析实验结果等系列实验步骤；第4章将对全文进行回顾，并指出不足之处。
The question on how efficient to learn second languages (L2) draws interests from L2 learners and L2 specialists. Studies on language transfer,the role of first languages (LI) on L2 learning,deep the understanding in this field (Ellis 1999). Language transfer is classified into two categories:negative transfer and positive transfer. To L2 learning,the role of the LI is thought to be helpful as well as hurtful.
Many approaches and methods in L2 teaching are built on the basis of the different roles of the LI. The advocates of the Grammar Translation Method (GT),the longest and widest used,believe that the LI can help L2 learning efficiently (Richards and Rodgers 2000). However,new approaches and methods in L2 teaching such as the Direct Method,the Natural Approach,and Total Physical Response challenge the traditional GT on the ground that the LI affords nothing but hurt to L2 learning (Richards and Rodgers 2000). None of them are free of the premise that the L2 plays an overwhelming role to the neglect of the LI. L2 learners should do exercises through the L2 as much as possible.
The criticism on whether the GT is an efficient method to L2 learning leads to academic interests on the role of mental translation especially on L2 reading and writing tasks. Mental translation
specialists have designed and implemented experiments to examine its role. The experiments on English,French,and Spanish as L2s on writing and reading tasks show that mental translation is not as defective as expected usually to enhance writing and reading in the L2.
The thesis attempts to observe the role of mental translation on native Chinese speakers who are currently learning English as a L2. Since it cannot cover all aspects in this thesis this research is specialized on metal translation into Chinese on reading in English. Different from the previous experiments (introduced later in Chapter 2),the research seeks new experiment design,experiment plan,and experiment procedure in a scientific way. The experiments emphasize on two sections as selection of English reading materials and English reading comprehension tests.
This thesis includes an introduction to publication evaluation,experiment planning,experiment implementation,experiment analysis,and experiment conclusion. This thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter One introduces studies on the role of the LI on L2 learning. Chapter Two displays the previous experiments on the basis of this view. Chapter Three presents the new experiments. Finally,Chapter Four concludes the whole research.
母语迁移研究很大程度上影响了各种外语教学流派的发展。本文介绍了三种最为主要的教学流派，语法翻译法、自然法和全身反应法。语法翻译法认为母语是外语学习的参照物。而自然法和全身反应法则认为母语是外语学习的最大障碍。
作为历史最悠久、运用最为广泛的方法，翻译法的效用是否能满足外语学习的要求成为研究的热点之一。语言学家就翻译或母语心译是否对外语写作和外语阅读有帮助进行了实证研究。实验证明翻译或母语心译对外语写作和外语阅读都起到了一定的帮助作用。在此基础上，本文设计了一系列实验，针对以汉语为母语的英语学习者在英语阅读中使用母语心译进行了初步研究。实验结果表明母语心译对英语阅读具有一定帮助。
全文共分四章。第1章简述母语迁移和以此为基础的主要外语教学法；第2章介绍与翻译和母语心译影响外语写作和外语阅读有关研究；第3章详细说明针对英语阅读中母语心译实验的实验设计、选择被试、分析实验结果等系列实验步骤；第4章将对全文进行回顾，并指出不足之处。
The question on how efficient to learn second languages (L2) draws interests from L2 learners and L2 specialists. Studies on language transfer,the role of first languages (LI) on L2 learning,deep the understanding in this field (Ellis 1999). Language transfer is classified into two categories:negative transfer and positive transfer. To L2 learning,the role of the LI is thought to be helpful as well as hurtful.
Many approaches and methods in L2 teaching are built on the basis of the different roles of the LI. The advocates of the Grammar Translation Method (GT),the longest and widest used,believe that the LI can help L2 learning efficiently (Richards and Rodgers 2000). However,new approaches and methods in L2 teaching such as the Direct Method,the Natural Approach,and Total Physical Response challenge the traditional GT on the ground that the LI affords nothing but hurt to L2 learning (Richards and Rodgers 2000). None of them are free of the premise that the L2 plays an overwhelming role to the neglect of the LI. L2 learners should do exercises through the L2 as much as possible.
The criticism on whether the GT is an efficient method to L2 learning leads to academic interests on the role of mental translation especially on L2 reading and writing tasks. Mental translation
specialists have designed and implemented experiments to examine its role. The experiments on English,French,and Spanish as L2s on writing and reading tasks show that mental translation is not as defective as expected usually to enhance writing and reading in the L2.
The thesis attempts to observe the role of mental translation on native Chinese speakers who are currently learning English as a L2. Since it cannot cover all aspects in this thesis this research is specialized on metal translation into Chinese on reading in English. Different from the previous experiments (introduced later in Chapter 2),the research seeks new experiment design,experiment plan,and experiment procedure in a scientific way. The experiments emphasize on two sections as selection of English reading materials and English reading comprehension tests.
This thesis includes an introduction to publication evaluation,experiment planning,experiment implementation,experiment analysis,and experiment conclusion. This thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter One introduces studies on the role of the LI on L2 learning. Chapter Two displays the previous experiments on the basis of this view. Chapter Three presents the new experiments. Finally,Chapter Four concludes the whole research.
引文
Brooks, A. 1993, Translation as a writing strategy for intermediate-level French composition. Department of French and Italian, Vanderbilt University, Nashville
Cohen, A. D. 2000, Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Cook, v. 2000, Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Ellis, R. 1985, Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Ellis, R. 1999, The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Publishing House
Friedlander, A. 1990, "Composing in English: effects of a first language on writing in English as a second language" in Kroll (ed.)
Hawras, S. 1996, Towards Describing Bilingual and Multilingual Behavior: Implications for ESL Instruction. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Howatt, A. P. R. 1984, A History of English Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Kellerman, E. 1985, "Now you see it, now you don't" in Gass and Selinker (eds.) 1983
Kellerman, E. 1992, "Another look at an old classic; Schacher's avoidance". Lecture notes, Tokyo: Temple University Japan
Kern, R. G. 1994, "The role of mental translation in second language reading". Studies in Second Language Acquisition 16:441-61
Kobayashi, H. and Rinnert, C. 1992, "Effects of first language on second language writing: translation versus direct composition". Language Learning 42:183-215
Lay, N. D. S. 1988, "The comforts of the first language in learning to write". Kaleidoscope 4:15-18
Matthews, P. H. 2000, Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics. Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Publishing House
Richards, J. C. et al. 2000, Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Richards, J. C. and Rodgers, T. S. 2000, Approaches and Methods in
Language Teaching. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Odlin, T. 1989, Language Transfer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Sternberg, D. 1984, Language, Mind, and World. New York: Longman Inc.
陈定安，1998，《英汉比较与翻译》，中国对外翻译出版公司
韩民忠主编，1997，《高中英语题库》，北京师范大学出版社
王初明，1990，《应用心理语言学》，湖南教育出版社
新东方GRE编委会主编，《新东方GRE全真试题》，内部教材
殷颖华主编，1998，《托福阅读训练》，朝华出版社
应云天，1986，《外语教学法》，高等教育出版社
张正东，1987，《外语教育学》，重庆出版社
Cohen, A. D. 2000, Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Cook, v. 2000, Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Ellis, R. 1985, Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Ellis, R. 1999, The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Publishing House
Friedlander, A. 1990, "Composing in English: effects of a first language on writing in English as a second language" in Kroll (ed.)
Hawras, S. 1996, Towards Describing Bilingual and Multilingual Behavior: Implications for ESL Instruction. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Howatt, A. P. R. 1984, A History of English Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Kellerman, E. 1985, "Now you see it, now you don't" in Gass and Selinker (eds.) 1983
Kellerman, E. 1992, "Another look at an old classic; Schacher's avoidance". Lecture notes, Tokyo: Temple University Japan
Kern, R. G. 1994, "The role of mental translation in second language reading". Studies in Second Language Acquisition 16:441-61
Kobayashi, H. and Rinnert, C. 1992, "Effects of first language on second language writing: translation versus direct composition". Language Learning 42:183-215
Lay, N. D. S. 1988, "The comforts of the first language in learning to write". Kaleidoscope 4:15-18
Matthews, P. H. 2000, Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics. Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Publishing House
Richards, J. C. et al. 2000, Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Richards, J. C. and Rodgers, T. S. 2000, Approaches and Methods in
Language Teaching. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Odlin, T. 1989, Language Transfer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Sternberg, D. 1984, Language, Mind, and World. New York: Longman Inc.
陈定安，1998，《英汉比较与翻译》，中国对外翻译出版公司
韩民忠主编，1997，《高中英语题库》，北京师范大学出版社
王初明，1990，《应用心理语言学》，湖南教育出版社
新东方GRE编委会主编，《新东方GRE全真试题》，内部教材
殷颖华主编，1998，《托福阅读训练》，朝华出版社
应云天，1986，《外语教学法》，高等教育出版社
张正东，1987，《外语教育学》，重庆出版社