伊犁马速步赛血气指标、分段速度和步态特征变化规律研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
本文以昭苏马场伊犁马为研究对象,主要研究了伊犁马1000m速步赛中马匹运动前后血气指标、运动中分段速度、步态特征、肢体角度等指标的变化规律,并比较分析了其差异性及各指标和速度之间的相关性。同时对分段速度和全程速度进行线性回归拟合,对马匹单步周期的各肢体角度变化和运动进程进行了非线性拟合,并将拟合出的数学模型参数和速度之间进行偏相关分析。结果如下:
     通过对伊犁马在1000m速步训练赛运动前后静脉血血气指标的分析比较,运动前后静脉血中PvCO_2、PvO_2、HCO_3~-、TCO_2、SvO_2和Glu变化不明显(P>0.05)。血液pH值、BE和Ca~(2+)在赛后即刻均显著降低(P<0.05),但经15min休息后都基本回升到静止水平。K~+、Hct和Hb在赛后即刻均显著增加(P<0.05),但经15min休息后都基本回降到静止水平。血液pH值与BE和HCO_3~-呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01),与TCO_2浓度呈显著的正相关(P<0.05),Hct、Hb与pH、PvCO_2和HCO_3~-呈极显著的负相关(P<0.01),与K~+呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01)。以上结果表明:伊犁马在1000m速步训练赛过程中,马匹机体内有缩水、血液浓缩现象。静脉血中BE、TCO_2、HCO_3~-、Hct、Hb对酸碱平衡均有一定的调节作用,Na~+、K~+和Ca~(2+)对机体的运动具有一定的调节作用。
     通过对1000m速步赛各分段速度特征的分析,各分段速度存在着一定的差异,适当调节最快分段速度出现在后半程可以有效地提高整个赛程的速度;简单相关分析表明1000m速步赛时,中途直道保持较高的速度,是赢得比赛的根本保证。在马匹专项成绩十分接近的情况下,提高最后的冲刺能力,往往能在比赛中取胜,说明次极限加速能力对于1000m速步赛来讲相当重要。训练过程中,根据分段速度特征和回归模型,训练师和骑手合理地安排各50m分段跑的速度可以有效地提升马匹的成绩。步频和步幅两个动态参数相互依存,其中一个参数的改变就会导致另一个参数的改变,速度也就会相应发生改变,因此,只有两者达到最佳组合时赛马才能发挥出最大的速度。在1000m速步训练赛过程中,直道和弯道中步频和步幅均与各速度参数之间呈显著相关或极显著相关(P<0.05,P<0.01),在直道上要求在保持步频的同时步幅适当加大;而在弯道中步幅对速度的影响较步频小,在此阶段中增大步频对提高速度更为有利。在弯道中,后蹄高为影响速度的主要因素之一,需要在训练过程中提高后蹄高度,而在直道过程中前蹄高对速度的影响更大(P<0.05)。体高及体长与全程速度之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。胸围率和体躯指数与全程速度之间呈负相关关系,且体躯指数与速度参数之间负相关性显著(P<0.05)。伊犁马训练赛中第一次测试速度显著性低于第二次结果(P<0.05),极显著低于第三次测试结果(P<0.01)。随着训练时间的推移,大多分段速度相关性系数都明显增加且呈显著或极显著的分段增多,说明通过体能及技术训练能够使与速度相关系数最大的分段前移,马匹能够在较长时间中保持高速运动,从而有效地提高全程的速度。
     通过对伊犁马速步赛肢体角度变化研究中发现肘角、前飞节角、前球节角、髋关节角、膝角、后飞节角、后球节角这7个角的伸展度大,绝对值离散性大,其余角度的稳定性较好。前球节角伸展度、膝角最大伸展和膝角伸展度与速度之间存在着相关关系,其中前球节角伸展度与速度呈显著性正相关(P<0.05),膝角最大伸展和膝角伸展度与速度存在极显著正相关(P<0.01)。训练中有效地提高前球节角和膝角的伸展度可以有效的提升马匹的速度。膝角和后飞节角变化反映了马匹速步赛中发力及缓冲的能力,适度调节可以有效的保证马匹的有效力量和马匹的健康。建立肘角、前飞节角、前球节角、髋关节角、膝角、后飞节角、后球节角7个角度数学模型并对函数的参数与速度进行偏相关分析,得到结果:(1)肘角拟合方程f(x)=a1*exp(-((x-b1)/c1)^2)+a2*exp(-((x-b2)/c2)^2),参数范围:a1(85.58~166.4)、b1(-0.111~0.894)、c1(0.1226~0.637)、a2(85.26~191.5)、b2(-0.01256~1.228)、c2(0.1259~0.9603),其中参数b2与速度之间存在极显著负相关(P<0.01);(2)前飞节角拟合方程f(x)=a1*exp(-((x-b1)/c1)^2)+a2*exp(-((x-b2)/c2)^2),参数范围: a1(163.6~225.7)、b1(-0.07799~0.5377)、 c1(0.1108~0.3692)、 a2(134~195.7)、 b2(-0.02651~0.554)、c2(0.08363~0.3347),其中参数a1与速度之间存在显著正相关(P<0.05);(3)前球节角拟合方程f(x)=a0+a1*cos(x*w)+b1*sin(x*w),参数的范围:a0(171.5~215)、a1(-9.664~50.35)、b1(-65.43~-16.74)、w(7.585~12.1),其中参数a0与速度之间存在显著正相关(P<0.05),b1与速度之间存在显著负相关(P<0.05);(4)髋关节角拟合方程f (x)=a0+a1*cos(x*w)+b1*sin(x*w),参数范围:a0(56.27~82.97)、a1(-8.13~16.3)、b1(-17.66~4.778)、w(10.51~21.56),其中参数a1、b1与速度之间存在显著正相关(P<0.05),a0与速度之间存在显著负相关(P<0.05);(5)膝角拟合方程f(x)=a0+a1*cos(x*w)+b1*sin(x*w)+a2*cos(2*x*w)+b2*sin(2*x*w),参数范围: a0(-112.2~-86.04)、a1(-16.11~25.32)、b1(-24.24~10.84)、a2(-6.337~12.27)、b2(-11.83~9.804)、w(9.599~15.29),其中参数a0与速度之间存在极显著正相关(P<0.01),b1、w与速度之间存在显著正相关(P<0.05),a1与速度之间存在显著负相关(P<0.05);(6)后飞节角拟合方程f(x)=a1*exp(-((x-b1)/c1)^2)+a2*exp(-((x-b2)/c2)^2)+a3*exp(-((x-b3)/c3)^2),参数范围:a1(50.32~160)、b1(0.3034~0.9274)、c1(0.07915~0.573)、a2(69.52~145.8)、b2(-0.1911~0.2057)、c2(0.1024~0.5043)、a3(38.24~360.4)、b3(-0.201~1.035)、c3(0.07889~0.3748),其中参数b1、c2与速度之间存在显著负相关(P<0.05);(7)后球节角拟合方程f(x)=a1*exp(-((x-b1)/c1)^2)+a2*exp(-((x-b2)/c2)^2),参数范围: a1(153.7~298.3)、b1(-0.2573~0.5958)、 c1(0.09009~0.5694)、 a2(143.1~271.9)、 b2(-0.2939~0.5441)、c2(0.09069~0.7245),所有参数与速度之间均无相关性。从数学模型的拟合度和参数与速度的偏相关分析的结果发现高斯方程拟合度较高,傅立叶函数更接近运动的实际情况。
This article mainly studied the variation law of blood gas indexes, segmentation speed,gaitcharacteristics, body angles of Ili horse which is from Zhaosu Stud in1000m trot training race.Then differences of these indexes, correlation between these indexes and speed were analyzed.Linear fitting between segmentation speed and full speed and nonlinear regression between bodyangle and movement processes were carried out. Correlation between Mathematical modelparameters and speed was analyzed by partial correlation analysis. The result is as follow:
     1. By comparing with blood gas indexes of lli horses in the1000m trot training game beforeand after exercise, the content of PvCO_2, PvO_2, HCO_3~-, TCO_2, SvO2and Glu in the venous blooddid not change significantly (P>0.05). Blood pH, BE and Ca~(2+)were significantly lowerimmediately after the game (P<0.05), but after15min rest basic rebounded to motionless level. K~+,Hct and Hb immediately after the game were significantly increased (P<0.05), but after15minrest basic back down to motionless levels. Blood pH value was highly significant positivecorrelation with BE and HCO-3(P<0.01), and significantly positive correlation with the TCO_2concentration (P<0.05), Hct, Hb were highly significant negative correlation with pH,PvCO_2,HCO3(-P<0.01),Hct, Hb were highly significant positive correlation with K~+(P<0.01).The results suggest that: There are shrink and blood concentration phenomenon of the Ili horsesbody in1000m trotting. BE, HCO-3, TCO_2, Hct and Hb on acid-base balance all have certainadjustment. Na~+, K~+and Ca~(2+)on the body movement have certain adjustment.
     2. The race characteristic of each section speed was analyzed in1000m trot training game,there was a certain difference between each section speed, and it can effectively improve the speedof the entire race that properly adjusting the fastest section speed in the second half. The simplecorrelation analysis showed that it is the fundamental guarantee to win1000m trot training gamethat maintains a higher speed at midway straight. If the specific performances of horses are veryclose, it often can win the competition by improving the final sprint ability. This explains that thesecond limit accelerate ability is very important for1000m trotting race. In the training process,according to the segmentation speed characteristics and the regression model, the trainer and ridercan effectively improve the achievements of horse by arranging every50m section speedreasonably. Two dynamic parameters between stride frequency and length are interdependent, andone parameter changes will cause the changes of another parameter. Horse will get the bestachievement while the two parameters achieve to the optimum combination. In the1000m trottraining game, the stride frequency and length are related or significant related to the speedparameters (P <0.05or P <0.01) in the straights and corners. It needs to appropriately increase thestride length while maintaining stride frequency in the straight line. However, the stride frequencyis more important than stride length in the corners, and it can improve the speed by increase stridefrequency at this stage. In the corner, the height of the back foot should be increased in the trainingprocess which is the main factors affecting the speed, but, the height of the front foot is veryimportant to increase speed (P <0.05) in the straight line. Body height and height at withers ishighly significantly positive correlation with the average speed (P<0.01). The rate of heart girthand soma index (heart girth/height at withers) are negative correlation with the average speed, andthe soma index (heart girth/height at withers) is significant negative correlation with the speed(P<0.05). The first test speed is significantly lower than the second test (P<0.05), and verysignificantly lower than the third test results (P<0.01) in the Ili horse training game. Over trainingtime, most of correlation coefficients between segmentation speed and full speed increase, and thesegmentations which is related or significant related become more. This result indicates that thesegmentation which has maximum correlation coefficient appearance more early, then horses canbe in longer period of time to maintain the high-speed movement, thereby effectively improving the speed of the whole schedule.
     3. Though studying the body angle of Ili horse in the trot training, found that there is a bigstretch among the shoulder angle, the front fellock angle, the front fetlock angle, hip joint angle,stifle angle, the back fellock angle and the back fetlock angle. Discrete degree of the absolutevalue is also big. However, the stability of the rest of the angle is better. The stretch of the frontfetlock angle and stifle angle, the maximum extension of stifle angle are correlation with the speed.Meanwhile, there is a significant positive correlation between the stretch of the front fetlock angleand the speed, and there is a very significant positive correlation between the stretch of the frontstifle angle, the maximum extension of stifle angle and the speed, By improving the degree ofstretching of the front fetlock angle and stifle angle can effectively improve the speed of lli horses.The changes of stifle angle and the back fellock angle reflect the horses force and buffer capacityin the trotting. It can effectively ensure the effective power of horses and horse health by moderateadjustment.7angle mathematical models can be built though change of the shoulder angle, thefront fellock angle, the front fetlock angle, hip joint angle, stifle angle, the back fellock angle andthe back fetlock angle with the passage of time, then partial correlation analysis is carried out onthe function parameters and speed. The result:(1)The fitting equation of the shoulder angle:f(x)=a1*exp(-((x-b1)/c1)^2)+a2*exp(-((x-b2)/c2)^2),the range of parameters: a1(85.58~166.4),b1(-0.111~0.894),c1(0.1226~0.637),a2(85.26~191.5),b2(-0.01256~1.228),c2(0.1259~0.9603),where the parameter b2highly significant negative correlation with speed (P<0.01);(2)The fittingequation of the front fellock angle: f(x)=a1*exp(-((x-b1)/c1)^2)+a2*exp(-((x-b2)/c2)^2),therange of parameters:a1(163.6~225.7),b1(-0.07799~0.5377),c1(0.1108~0.3692),a2(134~195.7),b2(-0.02651~0.554), c2(0.08363~0.3347),where there was a significant positive correlationbetween the parameter a1and speed (P<0.05);(3)The fitting equation of the front fetlock angle:f(x)=a0+a1*cos(x*w)+b1*sin(x*w),the range of parameters: a0(171.5~215),a1(-9.664~50.35),b1(-65.43~-16.74), w(7.585~12.1),in which parameter a0and speed, there were significantpositive correlation (P<0.05), there was a significant negative correlation between the b1andspeed (P<0.05);(4) The fitting equation of hip joint angle: f(x)=a0+a1*cos(x*w)+b1*sin(x*w),the range of parameters: a0(56.27~82.97), a1(-8.13~16.3), b1(-17.66~4.778),w(10.51~21.56),inwhich parameters a1,b1and speed, there were significant positive correlation, between a0andspeed(P<0.05), there was a significant negative correlation(P<0.05);(5) The fitting equation ofstifle angle: f(x)=a0+a1*cos(x*w)+b1*sin(x*w)+a2*cos (2*x*w)+b2*sin (2*x*w),the range ofparameters: a0(-112.2~-86.04),a1(-16.11~25.32),b1(-24.24~10.84),a2(-6.337~12.27),b2(-11.83~9.804),w(9.599~15.29), where the parameter a0highly significant positive correlation with speed(P<0.01), between b1, w and speed there were significant positive correlation (P<0.05), there wasa significant negative correlation between the a1and speed (P<0.05);(6) The fitting equation ofthe back fellock angle:f(x)=a1*exp(-((x-b1)/c1)^2)+a2*exp(-((x-b2)/c2)^2)+a3*exp(-((x-b3)/c3)^2), the range of parameters: a1(50.32~160),b1(0.3034~0.9274),c1(0.07915~0.573),a2(69.52~145.8), b2(-0.1911~0.2057), c2(0.1024~0.5043),a3(38.24~360.4),b3(-0.201~1.035),c3(0.07889~0.3748), which exists between the parameters b1, c2, and speed significantly negativelycorrelated (P<0.05);(7) The fitting equation of the back fetlock angle f(x)=a1*exp(-((x-b1)/c1)^2)+a2*exp(-((x-b2)/c2)^2)+a3*exp(-((x-b3)/c3)^2),the range of parameters: a1(50.32~160),b1(0.3034~0.9274),c1(0.07915~0.573),a2(69.52~145.8),b2(-0.1911~0.2057),c2(0.1024~0.5043),a3(38.24~360.4), b3(-0.201~1.035),c3(0.07889~0.3748), there is no correlation between allparameters and speed. From the fit of the mathematical model and the correlation betweenparameters and speed found that Gaussian fitting reached a high degree, and Fourier fitting iscloser to the actual situation of the trotting race.
引文
[1]姚新奎,韩国才.马生产管理学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2008.
    [2]国家畜禽遗传资源委员会.中国畜禽遗传资源志马驴驼志[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2011.
    [3]张赫凡.野马的进化小史[J].新疆林业,2007(4):42.
    [4]蔡大伟.家马的起源[N].中国文物报,2006-2-24(7).
    [5] Alan K. Outram,Sandra Olsen,Alexei Kasparov,et al. The Earliest horse harnessing andmilking [J]. Science,2009,323:1332.
    [6] SàNdor Bokonyi. History of Horse Dimestication[J]. Animal Genetic ResourcesInformation.1987,6:29-34.
    [7]韩国才.传统马业与现代马业[J].中国畜牧杂志,2004,40(12):33-35.
    [8]吴克亮,吴常信.马科学研究动态和马业发展[J].畜牧兽医学报,2005,36(4):412-416.
    [9]秦尊文.美国赛马业发展经验及对中国的启示[J].江汉论坛,2008(12):51-53.
    [10]姚新奎,历卫宏.法国的育马业[J].农牧产品开发,1999(9):19-21.
    [11]饶纪乐,周进强.现代赛马产业性质与特征探讨[J].体育科学,1998,18(4):26-28.
    [12]张以群译.法国马术巡礼[J].中国马术,2007,2.
    [13]李文彬.关于纯血马育种的几点思考[J].养马及马术运动,1995(1).
    [14] Herr Volker Nikolai.马之国一德国马业概况[J].现代马业选集,2005,5.
    [15]韩国才,赵春江,吴克亮.中国现代马业发展因素的培育[J].现代马业选集,2007,5.
    [16] Wikipedia. Orlov Trotter [EB/OL].2013-3-10[2013-3-11].http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlov Trotter.
    [17] Wikipedia. Standardbred [EB/OL].2013-3-9[2013-3-11].http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardbred.
    [18] Bongianni,Maurizio. The macdonald encyclopedia of horse[M].UK:Macdonald andco(publisher) ltd,1995.
    [19] Wikipedia. French Trotter [EB/OL].2013-3-7[2013-3-11].http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French Trotter.
    [20]赵天佐.焉耆马[J].新疆农业科学,1992(1):35-36.
    [21]赵天佐.伊犁马[J].新疆农业科学,1991(5):274-275.
    [22]姚新奎.新疆特色马产业探析[J].新疆农业科学,2007,44(2):199-205.
    [23]罗炎杰,冯玉麟.血气分析的临床应用[J].华西医学,1997(2):155-164.
    [24]房少新,王玲.新疆焉耆马的血气与电解质分析[J].西北民族大学学报,2009,30(74):55-58.
    [25]马宏宇,马学恩.内蒙古呼和浩特地区黑白花奶牛血气分析初探[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2008(2):89-91.
    [26]李尧峰.血气分析及技术进展[J].医疗装备,2005,18(7):15-18.
    [27]李延斌.血气分析仪的发展、临床应用和选购[J].中国医疗器械信息,2007(6):24-37.
    [28]张生福,史福胜.驴、骡血气分析初探[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志,1995,25(1):14-15.
    [29]张生福,索南多杰,贾海龙等.南江黄(山)羊血气分析[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志,2002,32(6):5-7.
    [30]王生花,杜春芳,逯玉.黑白花奶牛静脉血血气分析[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志,2000,30(1):14-15.
    [31]李兰芳,陈世彪,李清香.高原山羊血气分析[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志,2001,31(4):17-18.
    [32]任晓明,郭铁.几种麻醉药对驴动脉血气影响的比较研究[J].中国兽医杂志,1989,15(5):11-12.
    [33]徐少甫,黄道谟,朱祖德,等.黄牛实验性十二指肠阻塞后糖代谢紊乱的研究[J].华东养牛业,1996,(8):12-14.
    [34]顾丰,范立中,张伏霞.山羊实验性瘤胃酸中毒血气动态变化的研究[J].中国兽医科技,1989,(8):8-10.
    [35]杜乃吉,王世永,马荣维,等.马骡重危症肠便秘预后指标的探讨[J].前卫医药,1986,(1):44-47.
    [36] Collie,D. The comparation between blood gases and acid alk anility of calf from arm aortaand tail aorta [J]. British Veterinary Journal,1991,147(3):232-237.
    [37] Busse,G. The analysis to the blood gases about the especially prevented Breath of newneonated lamb [J]. Veterinary Bulletin of German,1986,93(7):313-317.
    [38]钟华.血气分析和酸碱平衡的临床意义[J].临床合理用药,2011(12):98.
    [39]郑闽生,吴奇六.游泳200m比赛分段速度初析[J].体育科研,1998,19(1):13-17.
    [40]殷立泉,林琳.男子400m跑速度分配的特征研究[J].中国体育科技,1999,35(5):48-49.
    [41]林琳.女子400m跑成绩与50m分段速度的相关研究[J].聊城师院学报,2002,15(2):63-64.
    [42]杨秉龙,张继东,丘基金.中外优秀自行车运动员男子4km个人追逐赛分段成绩的对比研究[J].北京体育大学学报,1999,22(4):118-120.
    [43]谢慧松,袁荣凯,周铁民.对我国优秀女子长跑运动员10000m跑分段速度的研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2004,27(6):846-847.
    [44]周振华,李志宏,王林.世界优秀男子短跑运动员100m跑分段速度的灰色相关分析[J].吉林体育学院学报,2005,21(4):56-58.
    [45]杨秉龙.十运会场地自行车女子500m计时赛分段速度的研究[J].山西体育科技,2007,27(1):16-18.
    [46]姜丽.世锦赛男子800m跑分段速度分配特征研究[J].肇庆学院学报,2011,32(5):67-71.
    [47]姜丽.女子400m比赛分段速度及乳酸值变化特征研究[J].肇庆学院学报,2010,31(2):73-76.
    [48]张和莉.男子400m个人混合泳分段速度变化特征及主成分分析[J].成都体育学院学报,2011,37(3):50-52.
    [49]康林善,张广林.世界优秀女子20km竞走运动员分段速度特征研究[J].运动,2011(19):23-25.
    [50]张宝荣,李玉宝.短跑中影响步长步频的因素[J].廊坊师范学院学报,2004,20(4)62-64.
    [51] Centaur Biomechanics Gait Analysis Report2009[R]. Investing in a Sounder Future.Warwickshire:2009.
    [52]安宇.论步频和步长的关系[J].牡丹江大学学报,2008,17(1):125-127.
    [53]李子煊,余其刚.跑速与步长步频的内在联系[J].四川体育科学,2004(3):87-88.
    [54]阴泽杰,杨衍明.多部位人体运动轨迹的测量[J].核电子学与探测技术,1992,(2):102-105.
    [55] A.K. Thiruvenkadan,N. Kandasamy,S. Panneerselvam. Inheritance of racing performanceof trotter horses [J]. Livestock Science,2009(124):163-181.
    [56]赵杰.动态捕捉五大技术种类及光学式运动捕捉数据的实用技巧(上)[J].电视字幕特技与动画,2009(2):30-32.
    [57]乔建军.基于运动捕获的运动编辑技术研究[D].济南:山东大学,2007.
    [58] T. W. Calvert,J. Chapman, A. Patla. Aspects of the kinematic simulation of humanmovement [J]. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1982,2(9):41-50.
    [59] C.M.Ginsberg, D.Maxwell. Graphical marionette[C]. In Proceedings: ACMSIGGRAPH/SIGART. Workshop on Motion,ACM Press,New York,1983.
    [60] Barbara Robertson. Mike the talking head[J]. Computer Graphics World.1988:15-17.
    [61] Graham Walters. The story of Waldo C. Graphic[C].3D character animation by computer,ACM SIGGRAPH’89,Boston,1989.
    [62] Graham Walters. Performance animation at PDI[C]. Character Motion Systems,ACMSIGGRAPH93,Anaheim,1993.
    [63] H. Tardif,Character animation in real time[C]. Panel:Applications of Virtual Reality I:Reports from the Field,ACM SIGGRAPH Panel Proceedings,1991.
    [64] D. J. Sturman. A brief history of motion capture for computer character animation[C].Course9:Character Motion Systems,ACM SIGGRAPH'94,1994.
    [65] Qualisys.Qualisyscapturesystem [EB/OL].2013-3-16[2013-3-18].http://www.qualisys.com/.
    [66] Vicon. Viconmotioncapturesystem.[EB/OL].2013-3-19[2013-3-21].http://www.vicon.com/.
    [67] Motionanalysis.Motionanalysissystem.[EB/OL].2013-4-1[2013-4-5].http://www.motionanalysis.com/.
    [68] S. Dyer,J. Martin,J. Zulauf. Motion capture white paper:Technical Report. SiliconGraphics [R]. California:Silicon Graphics,1995.
    [69] Character Motion Systems. In Computer Graphics(S IGGRAPH'94),Course no.9.
    [70] Mulder S. Human Movement Tracking Technology. Hand Centered Studies of HumanMovement Project[R]. Simon Fraser University,Technical Report94-1,1994.
    [71] Virtual Sets. Silicon Studio Features.[EB/OL].2011-3-25[2013-4-5]http://130.203.133.150/showciting;jsessionid=61653C3B7C1986267DB4B8BE39EEBAC3?cid=2330248
    [72]冯利正,陈健.运动捕捉技术在体育运动中的应用[J].杭州师范学院学报(医学版),2005,5:419-422.
    [73] Engineering Technology Press, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, NationalUniversity of Singapore. Advances in Artificial Intelligence (Volume6)——Proceedings of2011International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (MSE2011)[C].成都[出版者不详],2011:320-324.
    [74]吴琼.运动捕捉数据辅助训练的应用研究[D].北京:首都师范大学,2007.
    [75]张俊峰.运动捕捉技术在运动训练中的应用[J].吉林体育学院学报,2005(4):69-72.
    [76]陈健,姚颂平.运动捕捉技术及其在运动技战术诊断中的应用[J].上海体育学院学报,2006(4):66~69.
    [77]曲毅,李存华.运动捕捉技术在影视动画制作中的应用研究[J].信息技术,2006(11):124~126.
    [78]尹钊.动作捕捉在影视作品中的应用[J].影视制作,2010(11):44~48
    [79] J. Lagarde,T. Licka, J. A. S. Kelso. Coordination Dynamics of the Horse Rider System[J].Journal of Motor Behavior.2005,37(6):418~424.
    [80] H.CHATEAU,L. HOLDEN,D.ROBIN,et al. Biomechanical analysis of hoof landing andstride parameters in harness trotter horses running on different tracks of a sand beach (fromwet to dry) and on an asphalt road [J]. Equine veterinary journal.2010,277:1~8.
    [81]中国国家马业网.马的运动系统解剖—骨[EB/OL].2009-8-6[2013-3-13].http://www.chinahorse.org/html/98.html.
    [82]马仲华,何飞鸿,陈耀星,等.家畜解剖及组织胚胎学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001.
    [83]董常生.家畜解剖学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001.
    [84]杨维泰,张玉龙,董常生,等.家畜解剖学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1993
    [85]中国国家马业网.马的运动系统解剖—关节[EB/OL].2009-8-6[2013-3-13].http://www.chinahorse.org/html/99.html.
    [86]中国国家马业网.马的运动系统解剖—肌肉及马运动站立时的机械作用[EB/OL].2009-8-6[2013-3-13]. http://www.chinahorse.org/html/102.html.
    [87] Christine Woodford. Equine Biomechanics and Gait Analysis [EB/OL].2012-6-11[2013-3-18]http://www.pdfio.com/k-1868814.html
    [88]王生花.青海海东黑白花奶牛静脉血血气分析[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯,2008(3):46.
    [89]张生福.高原绵羊血气分析[J].中国养羊,1997,17(3):27-28.
    [90]王福利,孙新朝,王照信.动脉化静脉血与动脉血血气分析比较[J].河北医学,1995,(1):403-404.
    [91] Bickham DC. Extracellular K accumulation:a physiological tramework for fatigue cluringintense exercise[J]. Physiol,2004,554(3):593.
    [92]李洁,谷长江.骨骼肌钙离子转运系统与肌肉功能的关系[J].沈阳体育学报,2004,(3)24:301-303.
    [93]全国体院学院教材委员会.运动生理学[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1978,94-97.
    [94]何伟,梁民.大强度运动前后血PH值、血气指标、Hb、电解质变化特点及其相互关系的研究[J].成都体育学院学报,2000,26(5):84-88.
    [95]上海吉米宠物用品有限公司. VetScan i-STAT1用户指南[EB/OL].2012-06-30[2013-3-20].http://wenku.baidu.com/view/4195490390c69ec3d5bb752a.html.
    [96]陈绍辉.动脉血气分析[EB/OL].2006-2-20[2013-3-20].http//www.medicine-on-line.com/en/download_pdf.php?fileName=../cs/documents/skills/s0002_cs.pdf.
    [97]韩国才.马术手册[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2009.
    [98] M.D. Gómez,M. Valera,A. Molina. Genetic analysis of racing performance of trotterhorses in Spain [J]. Livestock Science,2010.127(2):197-204.
    [99]王麒麟,程晖,黄铎,等.世界优秀男子短跑运动员200m跑分段速度分配特征的分析研究[J].湖北体育科技,2004,23(3):342-343.
    [100] Zofia Afelt,Janusz Blaszczyk,Czeslawa Dobrzecka. Stepping frequency and stride lengthin animal locomotion:a new method of investigation[J]. Acta neurobiol. EXP.1983,43:227-234.
    [101] Zofia Afelt,Janusz Blaszczyk,Czeslawa Dobrzecka. Speed control in animal locomotion:transitions between symmetrical and nonsymmetrical gaits in the dog[J]. Acta neurobiol.EXP.1983,43:235-250.
    [102] T. H. Witte,C. V. Hirst,A. M. Wilson. Effect of speed on stride parameters in racehorsesat gallop in field conditions[J]. The Journal of Experimental Biology,2006,209:4389-4397.
    [103] E. BARREY. Methods,Applications and Limitations of Gait Analysis in Horses[J]. TheVeterinary Journal,1999,157(1):7–22.
    [104]赵凯丰,夏崇德.100m分段跑与400m竞赛成绩的相关分析[J].北京体育大学学报,2005,28(11):1582-1583.
    [105]殷立泉,林琳.男子400m跑速度分配的特征研究[J].中国体育科技,1999,35(5):48-49.
    [106]刘建通,张鹏增.对男子400m跑速度和速度分配能力的分析[J].北京体育师范学院学报,2000,12(4):59-61.
    [107] Camillo Pieramati,Andrea Giontella,Francesca M. Sarti,et al. Assessment of limits forracing speed in the Italian trotter population [J]. Italian Journal of Animal Science,2011,10:233-236.
    [108]王翠华.对马拉松合理分段成绩的探讨[J].哈尔滨体育学院学报,1998,(3):53-55.
    [109]裴红罗.个体年度性能指数和体尺细分法在竞赛用伊犁马选择上的应用研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2003.
    [110]王思侬,于三友,欧阳文.伊犁马体尺与速力关系的研究[J].新疆畜牧业,2004,4:33-34.
    [111] K. J. Parsons,T. Pfau, A. M. Wilson. High-speed gallop locomotion in the Thoroughbredracehorse. I. The effect of incline on stride parameters[J]. The Journal of ExperimentalBiology,2008,211:935-944.
    [112] Ludovic D. Maes,Marc Herbin,Rémi Hackert,et al. Steady locomotion in dogs:temporal and associated spatial coordination patterns and the effect of speed[J]. TheJournal of Experimental Biology,2007,211:138-149.
    [113] Justine J. Robilliard, Thilo Pfau,Alan M. Wilson. Gait characterisation and classificationin horses[J]. The Journal of Experimental Biology,2006,210:187~197.
    [114]张宝荣,李玉宝.短跑中影响步长步频的因素[J].廊坊师范学院院报,2004,20(4)62-64.
    [115]邹克宁.从刘易斯与郑晨步频步幅对比看中外运动员100m跑的技术差距[J].湖北体育科技,1995(02):19~20.
    [116]中国图象图形学学会.第十三届全国图象图形学学术会议集[C].南京:[出版者不详]2006:411-414.
    [117]单大卯.髌骨运动轨迹的实验性研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2004,27(8):1057-1101.
    [118]郭璐.上肢伸展姿势及运动轨迹预测[D].杭州:浙江大学,2006.
    [109]张少白,阮晓刚,成谢锋.一种通过正交多项式系统解析描述手臂运动轨迹的方法[J].2010,1454-1661.
    [120]王劲松,王令军,王婷,等.不同步速下人体步态规律的测量与研究[J].传感器与微系统,2008,27(9):43-49.
    [121]王企远.步行康复训练机器人助行腿的步态规划与运动控制[D].上海:上海大学,2011.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700