游泳运动员高原训练前后超声心动图、细胞因子TNF-α、TGF-β及H-FABP的研究
|
摘要
研究目的
对参加高原训练的游泳运动员进行超声心动图检测,探讨其三周训练前后心脏形态、结构及功能的变化情况,同时筛选出能够反映高原训练心功能变化的敏感超声心动图指标。通过对三周高原训练前后运动员免疫学指标进行检测,探讨高原训练对与心功能密切相关的细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和转移性生长因子(TGF-β)的影响,及其与心功能的关系。通过三周训练前后两次检测的心肌损伤生物学标志物-心型脂肪酸结合蛋白(H-FABP),观察游泳运动员高原训练后H-FABP的变化情况,探讨其能否作为心肌损伤的新指标,及其随心功能改变的变化规律。
研究方法
以参加高原训练的35名国家游泳队运动员为研究对象。第一周初(2009.12.28-29)晚上7:00-10:00,对游泳运动员进行超声心动图检测,以此作为高原训练前基础参照值,分别以M型超声心动图测量心脏形态、结构指标:左心室收缩末期前后径(LVSD)和左心室舒张末期前后径(LVDD)、左心室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度;二维超声心动图测量左心收缩功能及右心形态指标:左心房前后径、右心室内径、右心房横径,并计算左心室收缩末期容积(ESV)、左心室舒张末期容积(EDV)、心搏出量(CO)、心输出量(SV)、左心室射血分数(EF)、左心室短轴缩短率(FS);多普勒模式测量左心舒张功能指标:二尖瓣环舒张早期峰值速度(VE)、左心房收缩期峰值速度(VA),并计算VE/VA;多普勒超声心动图检测左室Tei指数、右室Tei指数。经过三周习服、大强度、大负荷运动量训练后,第三周末(2010.1.18-19)晚上7:00-10:00再次进行超声心动图检测。将两次检测的各项超声心动图指标进行t检验统计分析,观察游泳运动员经过高原训练后心功能的变化情况,并筛选出能够反映高原训练心功能变化的敏感超声心动图指标。
第一周初(2009.12.28)清晨7:30抽血,备用测试TNF-α、TGF-β和H-FABP。在三周训练后第三周末(2010.1.18)清晨7:30再次抽血,备用测试相关指标。以酶联免疫法(ELISA)法测试其浓度水平。两次检测的TNF-α、TGF-β和H-FABP分别进行前后对照t检验,观察TNF-α和TGF-β的变化规律趋势,探讨高原训练对与心功能密切相关的细胞因子TNF-α和TGF-β的影响,及其与心功能的关系。观察H-FABP的变化规律趋势,探讨其能否作为心肌损伤的新指标,并探讨其随心功能改变的变化规律。
结果反映心脏形态和结构,左心室收缩功能,左心室舒张功能的各项指标均没有发生明显改变(P>0.05)。反映左心整体功能的Tei指数(P < 0.01 )和反映右心整体功能的Tei指数(P < 0.05)三周训练前后均具有明显差异,且均呈现降低的变化趋势。三周训练前后TNF-α、TGF-β没有发生明显改变,无统计学意义(P>0.05)。H-FABP具有非常明显差异(P < 0.01 ),且呈现降低的的变化趋势。
结论
1.高原训练前后游泳运动员左心室、右心室Tei指数呈现降低的变化趋势,提示其心脏整体收缩和舒张功能增强。且与常规超声指标相比,Tei指数能够作为评估心功能的早期敏感指标。
2.高原训练前后游泳运动员心功能有明显变化。提示高原训练确实可以提高游泳运动员心功能水平。
3.三周训练前后检测的TNF-α、TGF-β没有发生明显改变。TNF-α可能未介导负性心力作用,未对心功能产生下调作用。考虑到H-FABP的下降,TGF-β可能发挥了积极的生物学效应,保护了缺血心肌细胞,拮抗心肌损伤,维持正常心脏的功能。
4.三周训练前后检测的心肌损伤标志物H-FABP随运动训练呈现降低的变化趋势,可以尝试作为心肌损伤的新指标,同时提示心肌损伤的程度减少,与游泳运动员经高原训练后心功能增强同步正向变化。
Objective
To test the echocardiography of swimming athletes who participated in the altitude training. Discuss their changes of heart form, structure and function after three weeks of training.Meanwhile,Select the sensitive indicators of echocardiography, which can reflect the change of cardiac function after altitude training.By testing the immunological indicators at the first and end of the altitude training, to discuss How altitude training effects TNF-αand TGF-βclosely related with the cardiac function,to discuss the relationship between TNF-α、TGF-βand cardiac function . By testing the biological markers of myocardial injury-the heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) at the first and end of the altitude training, to observe the H-FABP changes, to discuss whether H-FABP can accomplish an new diagnosis of myocardial injury indicators, and to explore the variation of changes with cardiac function.
Methods
Subjects were 35 national swimming athletes to participate in the altitude training.To test their echocardiography in the first weekly (2009.12.28-29) 7:00-10:00 pm , As a basis of reference values before the altitude training, Measure cardiac morphology and structure indicators by M-mode echocardiography. The indicators are concluded left ventricular end systolic diameter(LVSD),left ventricular end diastolic diameter(LVDD), left ventricular interval thickness, left entricular posterior thickness. Measure left ventricular systolic function and morphological indexes of right heart by two dimensional mode echocardiography.The indicators are concluded anteroposterior diameter of the left atrium, right ventricular diameter, right atrial diameter and calculate Left ventricular end systolic volume (ESV),Left ventricular end diastolic volume(EDV),Cardiac outpu (CO),Stroke volume(SV), left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF), left ventricular fractional shortening(FS).
To measure the Left ventricular diastolic function by means of Doppler mode echocardiography : Peak Velocity of Mitral Inflow during Early Diastole(VE), Peak Velocity of Mitral Inflow during Systole of Left Artriums(VA),and calculate VE/VA. To measure the Tei-index by Doppler echocardiography. After three weeks of acclimatization, high intensity, heavy load of exercise training, To measure all the indactors again at the third weekend (2010.1.18-19) 7:00-10:00 pm.The statistical analysis is T-test.Observe their changes of heart form, structure and function. Meanwhile, select the sensitive indicators of echocardiography, which can reflect the change of cardiac function after altitude training.
The first weekly (2009.12.28) 7:30AM, get the blood and reserve to test TNF-α、TGF-βand H-FABP. At the third weekend (2010.1.18) 7:30AM after three weeks training, did it again. To test their Concentration levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The statistical analysis also is T-test. To explore their trend of changes and to discuss How altitude training effects TNF-αand TGF-βclosely related with the cardiac function. to discuss the relationship between TNF-α、TGF-βand cardiac function .To observe the H-FABP changes, to discuss whether H-FABP can accomplish an new diagnosis of myocardial injury indicatorsand to explore the variation of changes with cardiac function.
Results
The indicators Reflecting the shape and structure of the heart, left ventricular systolic function, left ventricular diastolic function did not change significantly(P>0.05). The indicators Reflecting left overall ventricular function and right overall ventricular function have a statistically significant respectively (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), Showing the trend of decrease. TNF-αand TGF-βdid not change significantly before and after altitude training, There were not Statistically significant(P>0.05).H-FABP also show statistically significant (P < 0.01). Suggesting the trend is of decreasing.
Conclusion
1. Swimming athletes’left ventricle Tei index, right ventricular Tei index showed decreasing trend after altitude training. Suggesting cardiac systolic and diastolic function increase. Compared with conventional echocardiography indicators. Tei index to assess the cardiac function as the sensitive indicators.
2. There were significant changes in the functions after altitude training, Altitude training can indeed improve the swimmer cardiac function level.
3. There were no significant changes in cytokines TNF-α、TGF-β.Suggesting TNF-αmaybe did not play a negative role in cardiac function and did not weaken the cardiac function. Considering the results of H-FABP ,TGF-βperhaps exerts a positive biological effects, protects the ischemic myocardial cells, confront myocardial injury, maintains normal heart function.
4. Cardiac injury markers H-FABP showed the trend of decrease with exercise training after three weeks of training, it maybe can accomplish an new diagnosis of myocardial injury indicators, suggesting the extent of myocardial injury reduce, and swimming athletes positively enhanced cardiac function simultaneously.
对参加高原训练的游泳运动员进行超声心动图检测,探讨其三周训练前后心脏形态、结构及功能的变化情况,同时筛选出能够反映高原训练心功能变化的敏感超声心动图指标。通过对三周高原训练前后运动员免疫学指标进行检测,探讨高原训练对与心功能密切相关的细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和转移性生长因子(TGF-β)的影响,及其与心功能的关系。通过三周训练前后两次检测的心肌损伤生物学标志物-心型脂肪酸结合蛋白(H-FABP),观察游泳运动员高原训练后H-FABP的变化情况,探讨其能否作为心肌损伤的新指标,及其随心功能改变的变化规律。
研究方法
以参加高原训练的35名国家游泳队运动员为研究对象。第一周初(2009.12.28-29)晚上7:00-10:00,对游泳运动员进行超声心动图检测,以此作为高原训练前基础参照值,分别以M型超声心动图测量心脏形态、结构指标:左心室收缩末期前后径(LVSD)和左心室舒张末期前后径(LVDD)、左心室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度;二维超声心动图测量左心收缩功能及右心形态指标:左心房前后径、右心室内径、右心房横径,并计算左心室收缩末期容积(ESV)、左心室舒张末期容积(EDV)、心搏出量(CO)、心输出量(SV)、左心室射血分数(EF)、左心室短轴缩短率(FS);多普勒模式测量左心舒张功能指标:二尖瓣环舒张早期峰值速度(VE)、左心房收缩期峰值速度(VA),并计算VE/VA;多普勒超声心动图检测左室Tei指数、右室Tei指数。经过三周习服、大强度、大负荷运动量训练后,第三周末(2010.1.18-19)晚上7:00-10:00再次进行超声心动图检测。将两次检测的各项超声心动图指标进行t检验统计分析,观察游泳运动员经过高原训练后心功能的变化情况,并筛选出能够反映高原训练心功能变化的敏感超声心动图指标。
第一周初(2009.12.28)清晨7:30抽血,备用测试TNF-α、TGF-β和H-FABP。在三周训练后第三周末(2010.1.18)清晨7:30再次抽血,备用测试相关指标。以酶联免疫法(ELISA)法测试其浓度水平。两次检测的TNF-α、TGF-β和H-FABP分别进行前后对照t检验,观察TNF-α和TGF-β的变化规律趋势,探讨高原训练对与心功能密切相关的细胞因子TNF-α和TGF-β的影响,及其与心功能的关系。观察H-FABP的变化规律趋势,探讨其能否作为心肌损伤的新指标,并探讨其随心功能改变的变化规律。
结果反映心脏形态和结构,左心室收缩功能,左心室舒张功能的各项指标均没有发生明显改变(P>0.05)。反映左心整体功能的Tei指数(P < 0.01 )和反映右心整体功能的Tei指数(P < 0.05)三周训练前后均具有明显差异,且均呈现降低的变化趋势。三周训练前后TNF-α、TGF-β没有发生明显改变,无统计学意义(P>0.05)。H-FABP具有非常明显差异(P < 0.01 ),且呈现降低的的变化趋势。
结论
1.高原训练前后游泳运动员左心室、右心室Tei指数呈现降低的变化趋势,提示其心脏整体收缩和舒张功能增强。且与常规超声指标相比,Tei指数能够作为评估心功能的早期敏感指标。
2.高原训练前后游泳运动员心功能有明显变化。提示高原训练确实可以提高游泳运动员心功能水平。
3.三周训练前后检测的TNF-α、TGF-β没有发生明显改变。TNF-α可能未介导负性心力作用,未对心功能产生下调作用。考虑到H-FABP的下降,TGF-β可能发挥了积极的生物学效应,保护了缺血心肌细胞,拮抗心肌损伤,维持正常心脏的功能。
4.三周训练前后检测的心肌损伤标志物H-FABP随运动训练呈现降低的变化趋势,可以尝试作为心肌损伤的新指标,同时提示心肌损伤的程度减少,与游泳运动员经高原训练后心功能增强同步正向变化。
Objective
To test the echocardiography of swimming athletes who participated in the altitude training. Discuss their changes of heart form, structure and function after three weeks of training.Meanwhile,Select the sensitive indicators of echocardiography, which can reflect the change of cardiac function after altitude training.By testing the immunological indicators at the first and end of the altitude training, to discuss How altitude training effects TNF-αand TGF-βclosely related with the cardiac function,to discuss the relationship between TNF-α、TGF-βand cardiac function . By testing the biological markers of myocardial injury-the heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) at the first and end of the altitude training, to observe the H-FABP changes, to discuss whether H-FABP can accomplish an new diagnosis of myocardial injury indicators, and to explore the variation of changes with cardiac function.
Methods
Subjects were 35 national swimming athletes to participate in the altitude training.To test their echocardiography in the first weekly (2009.12.28-29) 7:00-10:00 pm , As a basis of reference values before the altitude training, Measure cardiac morphology and structure indicators by M-mode echocardiography. The indicators are concluded left ventricular end systolic diameter(LVSD),left ventricular end diastolic diameter(LVDD), left ventricular interval thickness, left entricular posterior thickness. Measure left ventricular systolic function and morphological indexes of right heart by two dimensional mode echocardiography.The indicators are concluded anteroposterior diameter of the left atrium, right ventricular diameter, right atrial diameter and calculate Left ventricular end systolic volume (ESV),Left ventricular end diastolic volume(EDV),Cardiac outpu (CO),Stroke volume(SV), left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF), left ventricular fractional shortening(FS).
To measure the Left ventricular diastolic function by means of Doppler mode echocardiography : Peak Velocity of Mitral Inflow during Early Diastole(VE), Peak Velocity of Mitral Inflow during Systole of Left Artriums(VA),and calculate VE/VA. To measure the Tei-index by Doppler echocardiography. After three weeks of acclimatization, high intensity, heavy load of exercise training, To measure all the indactors again at the third weekend (2010.1.18-19) 7:00-10:00 pm.The statistical analysis is T-test.Observe their changes of heart form, structure and function. Meanwhile, select the sensitive indicators of echocardiography, which can reflect the change of cardiac function after altitude training.
The first weekly (2009.12.28) 7:30AM, get the blood and reserve to test TNF-α、TGF-βand H-FABP. At the third weekend (2010.1.18) 7:30AM after three weeks training, did it again. To test their Concentration levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The statistical analysis also is T-test. To explore their trend of changes and to discuss How altitude training effects TNF-αand TGF-βclosely related with the cardiac function. to discuss the relationship between TNF-α、TGF-βand cardiac function .To observe the H-FABP changes, to discuss whether H-FABP can accomplish an new diagnosis of myocardial injury indicatorsand to explore the variation of changes with cardiac function.
Results
The indicators Reflecting the shape and structure of the heart, left ventricular systolic function, left ventricular diastolic function did not change significantly(P>0.05). The indicators Reflecting left overall ventricular function and right overall ventricular function have a statistically significant respectively (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), Showing the trend of decrease. TNF-αand TGF-βdid not change significantly before and after altitude training, There were not Statistically significant(P>0.05).H-FABP also show statistically significant (P < 0.01). Suggesting the trend is of decreasing.
Conclusion
1. Swimming athletes’left ventricle Tei index, right ventricular Tei index showed decreasing trend after altitude training. Suggesting cardiac systolic and diastolic function increase. Compared with conventional echocardiography indicators. Tei index to assess the cardiac function as the sensitive indicators.
2. There were significant changes in the functions after altitude training, Altitude training can indeed improve the swimmer cardiac function level.
3. There were no significant changes in cytokines TNF-α、TGF-β.Suggesting TNF-αmaybe did not play a negative role in cardiac function and did not weaken the cardiac function. Considering the results of H-FABP ,TGF-βperhaps exerts a positive biological effects, protects the ischemic myocardial cells, confront myocardial injury, maintains normal heart function.
4. Cardiac injury markers H-FABP showed the trend of decrease with exercise training after three weeks of training, it maybe can accomplish an new diagnosis of myocardial injury indicators, suggesting the extent of myocardial injury reduce, and swimming athletes positively enhanced cardiac function simultaneously.
引文
[1] Svedenhag J,Piehl-Aulin K,Skog C,et a1.Increased 1eft ventricular muscle mass after long-term altitude training in athletes.Acta Physiol Scand,1997,161(1): 63-70.
[2]吉洪书,孙飙.高住高练低训对男子大学生运动员安静状态下左心室室功能的影响.中国运动医学杂志,2007,26(6):669-673.
[3]翁庆章,陈一帆.高原训练对优秀游泳运动员的生理效应.中国运动医学杂志.1990,9(3):155-161.
[4] Haykowsky MJ,Smith DJ.Malley L,et a1.Effects of short term altitude training and tapering on left ventricular morphology in elite swimmers.Can J Cardiol,1998,14(5):678-681.
[5]李俊涛,曾凡星.高住高练低训对优秀女子中长跑运动员心功能的影响.中国运动医学杂志,2007,26(3):326-330.
[6]贾清秀.短期运动训练对运动员心脏功能的影响.河南师范大学学报(自然科学版)2007,35(3):146-148.
[7]贾清秀.对运动员集训前后安静状态下超声多普勒血流频谱的研究.河南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2008,36(1):125-127.
[8]周多奇,胡扬.高住高练低训对优秀男子橄榄球运动员心功能的影响.中国运动医学杂志,2009,28(2):127-130.
[9]Nearchou NS,Tsakiris Ak,Lolaka MD,et al.Influence of perindopril on left ventricular global performance during the early phase of inferior acute myocardial infaction: assessment by Tei index . Echocardiography,2003,20 (4):319-327 .
[10]张福华,何秀波.体育专业大学生与普通大学生心脏Tei指数比较.体育学刊[J].2009,16(11):105-108.
[11] Torre-Amione G, Kapadia S,Benedict C,et al.Proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction:a repot from the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD)[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,1996,27:1201-1206.
[12] Lubov T,Marmor A,Gorengerg M.Endothelin release:a marker for the severity of exercise-induced ischemia.Int J Cardiol 2001; 79(1): 19-24.
[13] Marcin Bujak, Nikolaos G.Frangogiannis.The Role of TGF-βSignaling in Myocardial Infraction and Cardiac Remodeling [J] .Cardiovascular Research, 2007,74:184-195.
[14]郭淼,心肌型脂肪酸结合蛋白在诊断早期心肌损伤的应用及法医学意义.医学教育探索,2008,7,(8): 892-894.
[15] Setsuta K, Seino Y, Ogawa T,et al.Use of cytosolic and myofibril markers in the detection of ongoing myocardial damage in patients with chronic heart failur[eJ].Am J Med, 2002,113:717-722.
[16]陶晓黎.游泳运动员高原训练某些生理生化指标的训练监控研究[J].体育科学研究,2005,9(1):80-84.
[17] Truijens MJ,Toussaint HM,Dow J,et a1.Effect of high—intensity hypoxic training on sea-level swimming performances.J Appl Physiol,2003,94(2):733-743.
[18] Kime R,Karlsen T,Nioka S,et a1.Discrepancy between cardiorespiratory system and skeletal muscle in elite cyclists after hypoxic training.Dyn Med,2003,2(1):4.
[19]王道等.2周低住高练对游泳运动员心肺功能和有氧运动能力的影响[J] .中国运动医学杂志,2006,5(3):309.
[20] Ganame J,Mertens L,Eidem BW,et a1.Regional myocardial deformation in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy : morphological and clinical correlations[J].Eur Hcart J,2007,28(23):2886-2894.
[21] Tumuklu MM,Etikan I,Cinar CS,et a1.Left ventriculer function in professional football phyers evaluated by tissue Doppler imaging and strain imaging[J].Int Cardiovasc Imaging,2008,24(1):25.
[22] Tanaka H,Kawai H,Tatsumi K,et a1.Improve regional myocardial diastolic function assessed by strain rate imaging in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention[J] . Am Soc Echocardiogr ,2006.19(6):756.
[23] Skulstad H,Urheim S,Edvardsen T,et a1.Grading of myocardial dysfuncfion by tissue Doppler erhocardiography:a comparison between velocity,displacement, and strain imaging in acute iachemia[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2006,47(8):1672-1682.
[24] Chan J,Hanekom L,Wong C,et a1.Differentiation of subendocardial and transmural infarction using two-dimensional strain rate imaging to assess short-axis and long-axis myocardial function[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2006,48(10):2026-2033.
[25]Hanekom L,Cho GY,Leano R,et a1.Comparison of two-dimensional speckle and tissue Doppler strain measurement during dobutamine stress echocardiography:an anglographic correlation[J].Eur Heart J,2007,28(14):1765—1772.
[26]张芸等.超声二维应变成像技术在评价扩张型心肌病患者左心收缩功能中的应用[J].中国超声医学杂志,2007,23(10):747-750.
[27]文利等.超声斑点跟踪成像对扩张型心肌病患者左室短轴二维应变的定量研究[J].临床超声医学杂志,2008,10(2):79-82.
[28] Gutierrez-Chieo JL,Zamorano JL,Perez de lsla L,et a1.Comparison of left ventrieular volumes and ejection fractions measured by three-dimensional echocardiography versus by two-dimensional echocardiography and cardiac magnetic rosonance in patients with various cardiomyopathies.Am J Cardiol,2005,95:809-813.
[29] Meluzin J,Spinarova L,Bakala J,et a1.Pulsed Doppler tissue imaging of the velocity of tricuspid a rmular systolic motion:a new,rapid,and noninvasive method of evaluating right ventricular systolic function[J].European Heart Journal.2001,22(4):340-348.
[30] Ueti OM,Carnargo EE,Ueti Ade A,et al.Assessment of right ventricular function with Doppler echoeardiographic indices derived from tricuspid annular motion: comparison with radionuclide angiography.[J]Heart.2002,88(3):244-248.
[31] Alam M,Wardell J,Andersson E,et a1.Characteristic of mitral and tricuspid annular velocities determined by pulsed wave Doppler tissue imaging in healthy subjects[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr.1999,12(8):618-628.
[32] Pirat B,McCulloeh ML,Zoghbi WA.Evaluation of global and regional right ventrieular systolic function in patients with pulmonary hypertension using a novel speckle tracking method.American Journal of Cardiology.2006,98(5):699-704.
[33]童春等.斑点追踪评价正常成人长轴心肌形变能力[J].中国医学影像技术.2007,23(11):1641—1643.
[34]Jennesseaux C,Metz D,Maes D,eta1.Acoustic quantification of right ventricular dimensions and systolic function.[Comparative Study.English Abstract.Journal Article]Archives des Maladies du Coeur et des Vaisseaux.1998,91(2):231—238.
[35] Geva T Andrew J,Elizabeth C,et a1.Evaluation of Regional Differences in Right Ventrieular Systolic Function by Acoustic Quantification Echocardiography and Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging.Circulation,1998,98(4):339-345.
[36]周智慧等.ICK和TDI技术定量评价心力衰竭患者右室舒张功能的可行性.中国医学影像技术,2005,21(12):1908-1911.
[37]苗雅等.超声声学定量技术对肺动脉高压患者右心室功能的评价.中国超声医学杂志,2004,20(3):182—185.
[38]秦石成,张瑞芳.多普勒超声心动图3种方法测量Tei指数的对比研究[J].中国超声医学杂志,2005,21(2):110-112.
[39]桂庆军,张赛丹等.多普勒心功能综合指数-Tei指数临床应用研究进展[J].中华超声影像学杂志,2004,13(10):793-795.
[40]于蕾,任卫东,李玉宏等.Tei指数评价原发性高血压患者左室收缩及舒张功能的临床研究[J].中国超声医学杂志,2005,21(7):506-508.
[41] Sun JP, Popovic ZB, Greenberg NL, et al . Noninvasive quantification of regional myocardial function using doppler derived velocity, displacement, strain rate, and strain in healthy volunteers: effects of aging [J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2004, 17: 132-138.
[42]林芙君等.Tei指数对老年原发性高血压患者左心功能评价的临床研究[J] .中国老年学杂志.2007,7(26):659-661.
[43] Otsuji Y, Kisanuki A, Toyonaga K, et al. Right ventricular stiffness measured by anew method without volume estimation in coronary artery disease [J]. Am J Cardiol, 1996, 78(3): 298-303.
[44]赵美丽,陈松旺.Tei指数对肺动脉高压患者右心室功能的研究[J].中困超声诊断杂志,2006.7(6):413-415.
[45]Morner S,Lindqvist P,Waldenstrom A,et al.Right ventricular dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as evidenced by the myocardial performance index[J].International Journal of Cardiology,2008,124(1):57-63.
[46]王心房主编.超声心动图学[M].第3版.北京:人民卫生出版社,1999.289-291.
[47]舒先红主编.临床超声心动图新技术[M].第1版.上海:复旦大学出版社,2004,241-242.
[48]LaCorte J C,Cabreriza SE,Rabkin DG,et a1.Correlation of the Tei index with invasive measurements of ventricular function in a porcine mode1[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2003,16:442-447.
[49] Tarkan T, Alper O, Ceyhun C, et al.Value of measuring myocardial performance index by tissue Doppler echocardiography in normal and diseased heart [J]. Jpn Heart J, 2003, 44(3):403-406.
[50] Vazquez Blanco M, Roisinblit J,Grosso ,O,et al.Left ventricular functionimpairment in pregnancy induced hypertension [J].Am J Hypertens,2001,14(3): 271-275.
[51]于波,鄂明艳等.多普勒超声心动图对慢型克山病诊断的综合评价.中国地方病学杂志,1997,l6(1):23-25.
[52]耿庆信,刘传玺,朱梅等.多普勒超声Tei指数评价心力衰竭患者螺内酯治疗时心功能的变化.中国超声医学杂志,2004,20:509-511.
[53]魏亚娟,刘保民.多普勒超声TEI指数评价克山病患者的左心功能.中国超声医学杂志.2006,22(12):914-916.
[54]杨继东,张召才等.左室TEI指数对老年人充血性心力衰竭的诊断价值.中华老年医学杂志.2005,24 (6): 418-420.
[55]Eidem BW,OLeary PW,Tei index C,et al.Usefulness of the myocardial performance index for assessing right ventricular function in congenital heart disease[J].Am J Cardiol,2000,86(6):654-658.
[56] Feldman A M,Combes A,Wagner D,et al.The role of tumor necrosis factor in the pathophysiology of heart failure[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2000,35(3);537-544.
[57]Torre-Amione G,Kapadia S,Lee J,et a1.Tumoral necrosis factor alpha and tumoral necrosis factor alpha receptors in the failing human heart.Circulation.1996;93:704-711.
[58] Ferrari R,Bachetti T,Confortini R,et a1.Tumor necrosis factor soluble receptors in patients with various degrees of chronic heart failure.Circulation.1995;92:1479-1486.
[59] Garza EH,et a1.Importance of tumor necrosis factor.Alpha in the pathogenesis of heart failure.Rev Esp Cardiol 2002;55(1):61-66.
[60]Oral H,Dorn II GW,Mann,DL.Sphingosine mediates the immediate negative inotropic effects of tumor necrosis factor-αin the adult mammalian cardiac myocyte.J.Biol.Chem.272,4836-4842.
[61]Jayadev S,Linardic CM,Hannun YA.Identification of arachidonic acid as a mediator of sphingomyelin hydrolysis in response to tumor necrosis factor-α.J.Biol.Chem.269,5757-5763.
[62]Vishal C , Vinod S , Jeffrey R , et a1 . Cytokines and cardiovascular disease.J.Leukoc.Biol.78:805-8l8:2005.
[63]汪明灯,高修仁.炎症细胞因子与慢性心力衰竭.新医学,2006,37(3): 200-202.
[64] Engel D,Peshock R Robert C,et a1.Cardiac myocyte apoptosis provokes adverse cardiac remodeling in transgenic mice with targeted TNF overexpression.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 287:H1303-H1311,2004.
[65]Thaik CM,Calderone A,Takahashi N.Interleukin-1βmodulates the growth and phenotype of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes.J Clin Invest.1995;96:l093—1099.
[66] Sivasubramanian N,Coker ML,Kurrelmeyer KM,et a1.Left ventricular remodeling in transgenic mice with cardiac restricted overexpression of tumor necrosis factor.Circulation.2001:104:826-831.
[67] Bryant D,Becker L,Richardson J,Shelton J,et a1.Cardiac failure in transgenic mice with myocardialexpression of tumor necrosis factor.Circulation.1998;97:1375-1381.
[68]王宏宇,胡大一.免疫反应与慢性心力衰竭.中国医刊, 2004,39(4): 60-61.
[69]Henriksen PA, Newby DE. Therapeutic inhibition of tumour necrosis factor alpha in patients with heart failure: cooling an inflamed heart.Heart,2003,89(1): 14-18.
[70]Janczewski AM, Kadokami T, Lemster B, et al.Morphological and functional changes in cardiac myocytes isolated from mice overexpressing TNF-alpha.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2003,284(3): H960-969.
[71]Bozkurt B, Kribba SB, CIubb FJ,et a1 . Pathaphysiological relevant concentration of tumor necrosis factor-αpromote progressive left ventricular clysfunction and remodeling in rats[J].Circulation,1998,97:1382-1391.
[72] Bachem MG, Sell KM, Meichilr R,et al.Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor–β(TGF-β1)stimulate fibronehin synthesis and the tansolitf erentiation of fat storing cells in rat liver myofibrobasts [J].Virchows Arch,1993,63(1):123.
[73]Takayoshi T,Atsuyuki W, Matsumoto T, et al.Relationship between tumor necrosis factor—Alpha production and oxidative stress in the failing hearts of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy[J].J Am Cardiol,2001,37:2086-2092.
[74]李茵,李淑琴等.冠心病患者循环血中肿瘤坏死因子、内皮素含量的测定及意义[J].中国实用内科杂志,1998,18(2):80.
[75]Comini L, Bachetti T, Agnoletti L, et al .Induction of functional inducible nitric oxide synthase in monocytes of patients with congestive heart failure [J] .Link with tumor necrosis factor-alpha .Eur Heart J,1999,20:1503.
[76]罗惠兰,何作云.bFGF、TGF—B在心肌细胞肥大中与cAMP、cGMP的关系研究[J].第三军医大学学报,2000,22(11):1046—1049.
[77]David J . Grainger . TGF-βand Atherosclerosis in Man [J] .Cardiovascular Research,2007,74:213-222 .
[78]Parker TG,Packer SE,Schneider MD.Peptide growth factors can provoke“fetal”contractile protein gene expression in rat cardiac myocytes[J].J Clin Invest,1990,85:507—514.
[79]Brand T,Schneider M D,TGF-β,et a1.superfamily in myocardium legand receptors.transduction and function[J].Mol Cell Cardiol.1995,27(1):5-18.
[80] Jungersten L, Ambring A,Wall B,et al.Both physical fitness and acute exercise regulate nitric oxide formation in healthy humans.J Appl Physiol 1997;82(3): 760-4
[81]王福文,胡志力.力竭性运动致运动性心肌损伤的产生机制[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(8):144-146.
[82]王晨等.采用CK- MB、肌钙蛋白评价运动导致的心肌损伤[ J] .中国运动医学杂志,2004, 23 ( 3):300-301.
[83] Maynard SJ,Menown IB,Adgey AA.Troponin T and I as cardiac markers in ischaemic heart disease[J].Heart,2000,83:371-373.
[84]刘凌,范启国.血清心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)在运动性心肌损伤检出中的应用.体育科学,2005,26(5):64-66.
[85] Koller A, Mertelseder S, Moser H.Is exercise- induced myocardial injury self-abating? Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2001, 33 ( 5):850-851.
[86]聂金雷.运动后血清心肌肌钙蛋白水平变化规律及心肌生理与病理变化研究[ J] .北京:北京体育大学,2005.
[87] Whyte GP, George K, Sharma S, et al.Cardiac fatigue following prolonged endurance exercise of differing distances.Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2000, 32 ( 6): 1067-1072.
[88] Shave R, Dawson E, Whyte G, et al.Altered Cardiac Function and Minimal Cardiac Damage during Prolonged Exercise.Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2004,36 ( 7): 1098-1103
[89] Bonetti A, Tirelli F, Albertni R, et al.Serum troponin T after repeated endurance exercise events [ J] Int J Sports Med,1996,17 ( 4): 259
[90]李鹏飞等.运动对心肌损伤标记物的影响及意义.中国微循环.2009,4(2) 115-116.
[91] Brugniaux JV,Schmitt L,Robach P.et a1.Living high-training low:tolerance and acclimatization in elite endurance athletes.Eur J Appl Physiol,2006,96(1):66-77.
[92]Reichek N,Devereux RB.Left ventricular hypertrophy:Relationship of anatomic,echocardographic and electrocardiographic findings[J].Circulation,1981,63(6):1391-1398.
[93]Calderone A,Murphy BJ,Lavoie J,Colombo F,Beliveau L TGF-beta(1)and prepro-ANP mRNAs are differentially regulated in exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy [J] .Appl Physiol,Aug 2001,91(2):771-776.
[94]吕远远,孙飙.不同强度游泳训练对大鼠心脏形态和功能的影响.南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2007,6(1):1-5.
[95]刘福玉,黄庆愿.模拟高原游泳运动对大鼠血液粘滞度及心功能的影响.中国应用生理学杂志,2004,20 (1):7-9.
[96]刘欣等.超声心动图在运动员心脏研究中的应用.体育科研,2009,30(6):67-69.
[97]刘金耀,钱蕴秋.负荷超声心动图在冠心病中的应用及进展[J].心血管病学进展,1996,17 (71):20 - 30.
[98]牟秀霞,王丽昀.超声心动图对运动员与青年学生的检查对比研究[J].中国超声诊断杂志,2003,4(3):181-183.
[99]王桂云.二维超声心动图测定运动员左心室功能的初步观察[J].中国运动医学杂志,1989,8(4);220—224.
[100]Wilber RL.Altitude training and athletic performance.Champaign,Illinois Human Kinetics.2004.50-62.
[101] Liu Y, S Tei index nacker JM,Dehnert C.et a1.Effect of“living high—training low”on the cardiac functions at sea level,Int J Sports Med,1998.19(6);380-384.
[102] Shave RE,Dawson E,Whyte G,et a1.Effect of prolonged exercise in a hypoxic environment on cardiac function and cardiac troponin T.Br J Sports Med,2004.38(1):86—88.
[103]常芸,马文辉.国家女子举重运动员的医学监督与研究.体育科学,2009,29(8):44-49.
[104]Bello,et a1. Left ventricular function during exercise in athletes and in sedentary men[J].Med.Sci Sport Exerc,1996,190-196.
[105]Rowland TH,Blum JW.Cardiac dynamics during upright cycle exercise in boys[J].Am.J . HumBLo,2000 (12):749-757.
[106]马继政,孙飙等.有氧运动和左心室的舒张功能[J] .中国临床康复,2004,8(6): 1138-1139.
[107]孙飙,马继政.恒定负荷运动中和运动后心脏形态和功能的变化[J] .中国临床康复,2003,7(30): 4058-4059.
[108]邓颖芳,张华山等.六分钟步行训练对慢性心力衰竭患者运动能力及射血分数的影响[J] .中国临床康复,2003,7(18):2542-3.
[109]朱杰,马灵芝等.有氧运动对老年心力衰竭患者运动耐力及左心室功能的影响[J] .中国临床康复,2002,6(7): 948-9.
[110] Keser N,Yildiz S,Kurtog N,et al.Modified Tei index:a promising parameter in essential hypertension [J].Echocardiggraphy,2005,22:296-304 .
[111]Tei C,Nishimura RA,Seward JB,et al.Non-invasive Doppler-derived myocardial performance index:Correlation with simultaneous measurements of cardiac catheterization measurements.Jam Soc Echocardiogr,1997,10 (2):169-178 .
[112] Gaibazzi N.Early detection by the Tei index of carvedilol-induced improved left ventricular function in patients with heart failure [J].Am J Cardiol,2005,96: 467 .
[113]舒庆兰,顾鹏.超声检测高血压左心室室功能常规指标与Tei指数指数比较研究.生物医学工程与临床2010,14(2):127-130.
[114]马延超,常芸,张缨.运动性心脏肥大发生过程中心房肌内皮素基因的表达[J] .体育学刊,2006,13(3):47-50.
[115]赵海军,邓树勋.运动心脏及其形成机制[J] .体育学刊,2002,9(2):121-123.
[116]Libonati,Joseph.(1999).Systolic and diastolic cardiac function time intervals and exercise capacity in women[J].Med.Sci.sports exerc,3l:258-263.
[117] Ullum H,Haahr PM,Diamant M,et al.Bicycle exercise enhances plasma IL-6 but does not change IL-1α, IL-1, IL-6,or TNF-αpre-Mrna in BMNC. J Appl Physiol 1994;77(1):93-7.
[118] Haahr PM, Pedersen BK,Fomsgaard A, et al.Effect of physical exercise on in vitro production of interleukin 6,tumor necrosis factor-alpha,interleukin 2 and interferon-gamma.Int J Sports Med 1991;12(2):223 -7.
[119] Suzuki K,Yamada M, Kurakake S,et al.Circulating cytokines and hormones with immunosuppressive but neutrophil priming potentials rise after endurance exercise in humans[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,2000,81(4): 281-287.
[120] Frank Zaldivar , Jessica WR , Dan Nemet , et al . Constitutive and anti-inflammatory cytokine and growth factor response to exercise in leukocytes [J]. Appl Physiol,2006,100: 1124-1133.
[121] Rhind SG,Gannon GA,Shephard RJ,et al.Indomethacin modulates circulatingcytokine responses to strenuous exercise in humans [J].Cytokine,2002,19(3): 153-158.
[122] Kimura H,Suzui M,Nagao F,et al.Highly sensitive determination of plasma cytokines by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay: effect of bicycle exercise on plasma level of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) [J].Anal Sci,2001,17(5):593-597.
[123] Weinstock C,Konig D,Harnischmacher R,et al.Effect of exhaustive exercise stress on the cytokine response [J] .Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1997,29(3):345-354.
[124] Dufaux B,Order U. Plasma elastase-alpha 1– antitrypsin, neopterin,tumor necrosis factor,and soluble interleukin-2 receptor after prolonged exercise.Int J Sports Med 1989;10:434-8
[125] Cannon JG,Meydani SN,Fielding RA,et al.Acute phase response in exercise.Ⅱ.Associations between vitamin E,cytokines,and muscle proteolysis.Am J Physiol 1991;260(6 Pt 2):R1235-40.
[126] Suzuki K,Nakaji S,Yamada M,et al.Systemic inflammatory response to exhaustive exercise [J].Cytokine Kinetics Exerc Immunol Rev,2002, 8: 46-48.
[127] Natelson BH,Zhou X,Ottenweller JE,et al.Effect of acute exhausting exercise on cytokine gene expression in men [J]. Int J Sports Med,1996, 17(4):299-302.
[128]Wenzel S,Taimor G,Piper HM,et al.Redox-Sensitive Intermediates Mediate AngiotensinⅡ-Induced p38 MAP Kinase activation, AP-1 Binding Activity, and TGF-Beta Expression in Adult Ventricular Cardiomyocytes [J] .FASEB J,2001,15: 2 291-293.
[129]罗惠兰,何作云等.人心肌肥大时碱性成纤维细胞生长因子和转化生长因子表达的变化及其意义[J].中华心血管病杂志,2001,29(7),402—405.
[130] Frangoginannis NG,Shimoni S,Chang SM,et al.Active Interstitial Remodeling: An Important Process in the Hibernating Human Myocardium [J] .J Am Coll Cardiol,2002,39:1468-1474.
[131]Power SK,Iocke And M,Demirel HA.Exercise, heat abock protein and myocardial protection from I-R injury[J] . Med Sic Sports Exerc , 2001 ,33(3):386-392.
[132]Paulus WJ.Cytokines and heart failure[J].Heart Fail Monit,2000,1(2):50-56.
[133]张钧,许豪文等.运动对心肌细胞凋亡的影响[J] .体育科学,2002,(5):92.
[134]袁海平.大鼠不同运动强度对心肌细胞凋亡及抗氧化能力的影响[J] .体育科学,2002,(1):107.
[135]王鑫,陈正东.力竭游泳运动对大鼠心肌细胞中间纤维和超微结构的影响.中国康复医学杂志,2007,22(11):968-970.
[2]吉洪书,孙飙.高住高练低训对男子大学生运动员安静状态下左心室室功能的影响.中国运动医学杂志,2007,26(6):669-673.
[3]翁庆章,陈一帆.高原训练对优秀游泳运动员的生理效应.中国运动医学杂志.1990,9(3):155-161.
[4] Haykowsky MJ,Smith DJ.Malley L,et a1.Effects of short term altitude training and tapering on left ventricular morphology in elite swimmers.Can J Cardiol,1998,14(5):678-681.
[5]李俊涛,曾凡星.高住高练低训对优秀女子中长跑运动员心功能的影响.中国运动医学杂志,2007,26(3):326-330.
[6]贾清秀.短期运动训练对运动员心脏功能的影响.河南师范大学学报(自然科学版)2007,35(3):146-148.
[7]贾清秀.对运动员集训前后安静状态下超声多普勒血流频谱的研究.河南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2008,36(1):125-127.
[8]周多奇,胡扬.高住高练低训对优秀男子橄榄球运动员心功能的影响.中国运动医学杂志,2009,28(2):127-130.
[9]Nearchou NS,Tsakiris Ak,Lolaka MD,et al.Influence of perindopril on left ventricular global performance during the early phase of inferior acute myocardial infaction: assessment by Tei index . Echocardiography,2003,20 (4):319-327 .
[10]张福华,何秀波.体育专业大学生与普通大学生心脏Tei指数比较.体育学刊[J].2009,16(11):105-108.
[11] Torre-Amione G, Kapadia S,Benedict C,et al.Proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction:a repot from the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD)[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,1996,27:1201-1206.
[12] Lubov T,Marmor A,Gorengerg M.Endothelin release:a marker for the severity of exercise-induced ischemia.Int J Cardiol 2001; 79(1): 19-24.
[13] Marcin Bujak, Nikolaos G.Frangogiannis.The Role of TGF-βSignaling in Myocardial Infraction and Cardiac Remodeling [J] .Cardiovascular Research, 2007,74:184-195.
[14]郭淼,心肌型脂肪酸结合蛋白在诊断早期心肌损伤的应用及法医学意义.医学教育探索,2008,7,(8): 892-894.
[15] Setsuta K, Seino Y, Ogawa T,et al.Use of cytosolic and myofibril markers in the detection of ongoing myocardial damage in patients with chronic heart failur[eJ].Am J Med, 2002,113:717-722.
[16]陶晓黎.游泳运动员高原训练某些生理生化指标的训练监控研究[J].体育科学研究,2005,9(1):80-84.
[17] Truijens MJ,Toussaint HM,Dow J,et a1.Effect of high—intensity hypoxic training on sea-level swimming performances.J Appl Physiol,2003,94(2):733-743.
[18] Kime R,Karlsen T,Nioka S,et a1.Discrepancy between cardiorespiratory system and skeletal muscle in elite cyclists after hypoxic training.Dyn Med,2003,2(1):4.
[19]王道等.2周低住高练对游泳运动员心肺功能和有氧运动能力的影响[J] .中国运动医学杂志,2006,5(3):309.
[20] Ganame J,Mertens L,Eidem BW,et a1.Regional myocardial deformation in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy : morphological and clinical correlations[J].Eur Hcart J,2007,28(23):2886-2894.
[21] Tumuklu MM,Etikan I,Cinar CS,et a1.Left ventriculer function in professional football phyers evaluated by tissue Doppler imaging and strain imaging[J].Int Cardiovasc Imaging,2008,24(1):25.
[22] Tanaka H,Kawai H,Tatsumi K,et a1.Improve regional myocardial diastolic function assessed by strain rate imaging in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention[J] . Am Soc Echocardiogr ,2006.19(6):756.
[23] Skulstad H,Urheim S,Edvardsen T,et a1.Grading of myocardial dysfuncfion by tissue Doppler erhocardiography:a comparison between velocity,displacement, and strain imaging in acute iachemia[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2006,47(8):1672-1682.
[24] Chan J,Hanekom L,Wong C,et a1.Differentiation of subendocardial and transmural infarction using two-dimensional strain rate imaging to assess short-axis and long-axis myocardial function[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2006,48(10):2026-2033.
[25]Hanekom L,Cho GY,Leano R,et a1.Comparison of two-dimensional speckle and tissue Doppler strain measurement during dobutamine stress echocardiography:an anglographic correlation[J].Eur Heart J,2007,28(14):1765—1772.
[26]张芸等.超声二维应变成像技术在评价扩张型心肌病患者左心收缩功能中的应用[J].中国超声医学杂志,2007,23(10):747-750.
[27]文利等.超声斑点跟踪成像对扩张型心肌病患者左室短轴二维应变的定量研究[J].临床超声医学杂志,2008,10(2):79-82.
[28] Gutierrez-Chieo JL,Zamorano JL,Perez de lsla L,et a1.Comparison of left ventrieular volumes and ejection fractions measured by three-dimensional echocardiography versus by two-dimensional echocardiography and cardiac magnetic rosonance in patients with various cardiomyopathies.Am J Cardiol,2005,95:809-813.
[29] Meluzin J,Spinarova L,Bakala J,et a1.Pulsed Doppler tissue imaging of the velocity of tricuspid a rmular systolic motion:a new,rapid,and noninvasive method of evaluating right ventricular systolic function[J].European Heart Journal.2001,22(4):340-348.
[30] Ueti OM,Carnargo EE,Ueti Ade A,et al.Assessment of right ventricular function with Doppler echoeardiographic indices derived from tricuspid annular motion: comparison with radionuclide angiography.[J]Heart.2002,88(3):244-248.
[31] Alam M,Wardell J,Andersson E,et a1.Characteristic of mitral and tricuspid annular velocities determined by pulsed wave Doppler tissue imaging in healthy subjects[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr.1999,12(8):618-628.
[32] Pirat B,McCulloeh ML,Zoghbi WA.Evaluation of global and regional right ventrieular systolic function in patients with pulmonary hypertension using a novel speckle tracking method.American Journal of Cardiology.2006,98(5):699-704.
[33]童春等.斑点追踪评价正常成人长轴心肌形变能力[J].中国医学影像技术.2007,23(11):1641—1643.
[34]Jennesseaux C,Metz D,Maes D,eta1.Acoustic quantification of right ventricular dimensions and systolic function.[Comparative Study.English Abstract.Journal Article]Archives des Maladies du Coeur et des Vaisseaux.1998,91(2):231—238.
[35] Geva T Andrew J,Elizabeth C,et a1.Evaluation of Regional Differences in Right Ventrieular Systolic Function by Acoustic Quantification Echocardiography and Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging.Circulation,1998,98(4):339-345.
[36]周智慧等.ICK和TDI技术定量评价心力衰竭患者右室舒张功能的可行性.中国医学影像技术,2005,21(12):1908-1911.
[37]苗雅等.超声声学定量技术对肺动脉高压患者右心室功能的评价.中国超声医学杂志,2004,20(3):182—185.
[38]秦石成,张瑞芳.多普勒超声心动图3种方法测量Tei指数的对比研究[J].中国超声医学杂志,2005,21(2):110-112.
[39]桂庆军,张赛丹等.多普勒心功能综合指数-Tei指数临床应用研究进展[J].中华超声影像学杂志,2004,13(10):793-795.
[40]于蕾,任卫东,李玉宏等.Tei指数评价原发性高血压患者左室收缩及舒张功能的临床研究[J].中国超声医学杂志,2005,21(7):506-508.
[41] Sun JP, Popovic ZB, Greenberg NL, et al . Noninvasive quantification of regional myocardial function using doppler derived velocity, displacement, strain rate, and strain in healthy volunteers: effects of aging [J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2004, 17: 132-138.
[42]林芙君等.Tei指数对老年原发性高血压患者左心功能评价的临床研究[J] .中国老年学杂志.2007,7(26):659-661.
[43] Otsuji Y, Kisanuki A, Toyonaga K, et al. Right ventricular stiffness measured by anew method without volume estimation in coronary artery disease [J]. Am J Cardiol, 1996, 78(3): 298-303.
[44]赵美丽,陈松旺.Tei指数对肺动脉高压患者右心室功能的研究[J].中困超声诊断杂志,2006.7(6):413-415.
[45]Morner S,Lindqvist P,Waldenstrom A,et al.Right ventricular dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as evidenced by the myocardial performance index[J].International Journal of Cardiology,2008,124(1):57-63.
[46]王心房主编.超声心动图学[M].第3版.北京:人民卫生出版社,1999.289-291.
[47]舒先红主编.临床超声心动图新技术[M].第1版.上海:复旦大学出版社,2004,241-242.
[48]LaCorte J C,Cabreriza SE,Rabkin DG,et a1.Correlation of the Tei index with invasive measurements of ventricular function in a porcine mode1[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2003,16:442-447.
[49] Tarkan T, Alper O, Ceyhun C, et al.Value of measuring myocardial performance index by tissue Doppler echocardiography in normal and diseased heart [J]. Jpn Heart J, 2003, 44(3):403-406.
[50] Vazquez Blanco M, Roisinblit J,Grosso ,O,et al.Left ventricular functionimpairment in pregnancy induced hypertension [J].Am J Hypertens,2001,14(3): 271-275.
[51]于波,鄂明艳等.多普勒超声心动图对慢型克山病诊断的综合评价.中国地方病学杂志,1997,l6(1):23-25.
[52]耿庆信,刘传玺,朱梅等.多普勒超声Tei指数评价心力衰竭患者螺内酯治疗时心功能的变化.中国超声医学杂志,2004,20:509-511.
[53]魏亚娟,刘保民.多普勒超声TEI指数评价克山病患者的左心功能.中国超声医学杂志.2006,22(12):914-916.
[54]杨继东,张召才等.左室TEI指数对老年人充血性心力衰竭的诊断价值.中华老年医学杂志.2005,24 (6): 418-420.
[55]Eidem BW,OLeary PW,Tei index C,et al.Usefulness of the myocardial performance index for assessing right ventricular function in congenital heart disease[J].Am J Cardiol,2000,86(6):654-658.
[56] Feldman A M,Combes A,Wagner D,et al.The role of tumor necrosis factor in the pathophysiology of heart failure[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2000,35(3);537-544.
[57]Torre-Amione G,Kapadia S,Lee J,et a1.Tumoral necrosis factor alpha and tumoral necrosis factor alpha receptors in the failing human heart.Circulation.1996;93:704-711.
[58] Ferrari R,Bachetti T,Confortini R,et a1.Tumor necrosis factor soluble receptors in patients with various degrees of chronic heart failure.Circulation.1995;92:1479-1486.
[59] Garza EH,et a1.Importance of tumor necrosis factor.Alpha in the pathogenesis of heart failure.Rev Esp Cardiol 2002;55(1):61-66.
[60]Oral H,Dorn II GW,Mann,DL.Sphingosine mediates the immediate negative inotropic effects of tumor necrosis factor-αin the adult mammalian cardiac myocyte.J.Biol.Chem.272,4836-4842.
[61]Jayadev S,Linardic CM,Hannun YA.Identification of arachidonic acid as a mediator of sphingomyelin hydrolysis in response to tumor necrosis factor-α.J.Biol.Chem.269,5757-5763.
[62]Vishal C , Vinod S , Jeffrey R , et a1 . Cytokines and cardiovascular disease.J.Leukoc.Biol.78:805-8l8:2005.
[63]汪明灯,高修仁.炎症细胞因子与慢性心力衰竭.新医学,2006,37(3): 200-202.
[64] Engel D,Peshock R Robert C,et a1.Cardiac myocyte apoptosis provokes adverse cardiac remodeling in transgenic mice with targeted TNF overexpression.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 287:H1303-H1311,2004.
[65]Thaik CM,Calderone A,Takahashi N.Interleukin-1βmodulates the growth and phenotype of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes.J Clin Invest.1995;96:l093—1099.
[66] Sivasubramanian N,Coker ML,Kurrelmeyer KM,et a1.Left ventricular remodeling in transgenic mice with cardiac restricted overexpression of tumor necrosis factor.Circulation.2001:104:826-831.
[67] Bryant D,Becker L,Richardson J,Shelton J,et a1.Cardiac failure in transgenic mice with myocardialexpression of tumor necrosis factor.Circulation.1998;97:1375-1381.
[68]王宏宇,胡大一.免疫反应与慢性心力衰竭.中国医刊, 2004,39(4): 60-61.
[69]Henriksen PA, Newby DE. Therapeutic inhibition of tumour necrosis factor alpha in patients with heart failure: cooling an inflamed heart.Heart,2003,89(1): 14-18.
[70]Janczewski AM, Kadokami T, Lemster B, et al.Morphological and functional changes in cardiac myocytes isolated from mice overexpressing TNF-alpha.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2003,284(3): H960-969.
[71]Bozkurt B, Kribba SB, CIubb FJ,et a1 . Pathaphysiological relevant concentration of tumor necrosis factor-αpromote progressive left ventricular clysfunction and remodeling in rats[J].Circulation,1998,97:1382-1391.
[72] Bachem MG, Sell KM, Meichilr R,et al.Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor–β(TGF-β1)stimulate fibronehin synthesis and the tansolitf erentiation of fat storing cells in rat liver myofibrobasts [J].Virchows Arch,1993,63(1):123.
[73]Takayoshi T,Atsuyuki W, Matsumoto T, et al.Relationship between tumor necrosis factor—Alpha production and oxidative stress in the failing hearts of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy[J].J Am Cardiol,2001,37:2086-2092.
[74]李茵,李淑琴等.冠心病患者循环血中肿瘤坏死因子、内皮素含量的测定及意义[J].中国实用内科杂志,1998,18(2):80.
[75]Comini L, Bachetti T, Agnoletti L, et al .Induction of functional inducible nitric oxide synthase in monocytes of patients with congestive heart failure [J] .Link with tumor necrosis factor-alpha .Eur Heart J,1999,20:1503.
[76]罗惠兰,何作云.bFGF、TGF—B在心肌细胞肥大中与cAMP、cGMP的关系研究[J].第三军医大学学报,2000,22(11):1046—1049.
[77]David J . Grainger . TGF-βand Atherosclerosis in Man [J] .Cardiovascular Research,2007,74:213-222 .
[78]Parker TG,Packer SE,Schneider MD.Peptide growth factors can provoke“fetal”contractile protein gene expression in rat cardiac myocytes[J].J Clin Invest,1990,85:507—514.
[79]Brand T,Schneider M D,TGF-β,et a1.superfamily in myocardium legand receptors.transduction and function[J].Mol Cell Cardiol.1995,27(1):5-18.
[80] Jungersten L, Ambring A,Wall B,et al.Both physical fitness and acute exercise regulate nitric oxide formation in healthy humans.J Appl Physiol 1997;82(3): 760-4
[81]王福文,胡志力.力竭性运动致运动性心肌损伤的产生机制[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(8):144-146.
[82]王晨等.采用CK- MB、肌钙蛋白评价运动导致的心肌损伤[ J] .中国运动医学杂志,2004, 23 ( 3):300-301.
[83] Maynard SJ,Menown IB,Adgey AA.Troponin T and I as cardiac markers in ischaemic heart disease[J].Heart,2000,83:371-373.
[84]刘凌,范启国.血清心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)在运动性心肌损伤检出中的应用.体育科学,2005,26(5):64-66.
[85] Koller A, Mertelseder S, Moser H.Is exercise- induced myocardial injury self-abating? Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2001, 33 ( 5):850-851.
[86]聂金雷.运动后血清心肌肌钙蛋白水平变化规律及心肌生理与病理变化研究[ J] .北京:北京体育大学,2005.
[87] Whyte GP, George K, Sharma S, et al.Cardiac fatigue following prolonged endurance exercise of differing distances.Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2000, 32 ( 6): 1067-1072.
[88] Shave R, Dawson E, Whyte G, et al.Altered Cardiac Function and Minimal Cardiac Damage during Prolonged Exercise.Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2004,36 ( 7): 1098-1103
[89] Bonetti A, Tirelli F, Albertni R, et al.Serum troponin T after repeated endurance exercise events [ J] Int J Sports Med,1996,17 ( 4): 259
[90]李鹏飞等.运动对心肌损伤标记物的影响及意义.中国微循环.2009,4(2) 115-116.
[91] Brugniaux JV,Schmitt L,Robach P.et a1.Living high-training low:tolerance and acclimatization in elite endurance athletes.Eur J Appl Physiol,2006,96(1):66-77.
[92]Reichek N,Devereux RB.Left ventricular hypertrophy:Relationship of anatomic,echocardographic and electrocardiographic findings[J].Circulation,1981,63(6):1391-1398.
[93]Calderone A,Murphy BJ,Lavoie J,Colombo F,Beliveau L TGF-beta(1)and prepro-ANP mRNAs are differentially regulated in exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy [J] .Appl Physiol,Aug 2001,91(2):771-776.
[94]吕远远,孙飙.不同强度游泳训练对大鼠心脏形态和功能的影响.南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2007,6(1):1-5.
[95]刘福玉,黄庆愿.模拟高原游泳运动对大鼠血液粘滞度及心功能的影响.中国应用生理学杂志,2004,20 (1):7-9.
[96]刘欣等.超声心动图在运动员心脏研究中的应用.体育科研,2009,30(6):67-69.
[97]刘金耀,钱蕴秋.负荷超声心动图在冠心病中的应用及进展[J].心血管病学进展,1996,17 (71):20 - 30.
[98]牟秀霞,王丽昀.超声心动图对运动员与青年学生的检查对比研究[J].中国超声诊断杂志,2003,4(3):181-183.
[99]王桂云.二维超声心动图测定运动员左心室功能的初步观察[J].中国运动医学杂志,1989,8(4);220—224.
[100]Wilber RL.Altitude training and athletic performance.Champaign,Illinois Human Kinetics.2004.50-62.
[101] Liu Y, S Tei index nacker JM,Dehnert C.et a1.Effect of“living high—training low”on the cardiac functions at sea level,Int J Sports Med,1998.19(6);380-384.
[102] Shave RE,Dawson E,Whyte G,et a1.Effect of prolonged exercise in a hypoxic environment on cardiac function and cardiac troponin T.Br J Sports Med,2004.38(1):86—88.
[103]常芸,马文辉.国家女子举重运动员的医学监督与研究.体育科学,2009,29(8):44-49.
[104]Bello,et a1. Left ventricular function during exercise in athletes and in sedentary men[J].Med.Sci Sport Exerc,1996,190-196.
[105]Rowland TH,Blum JW.Cardiac dynamics during upright cycle exercise in boys[J].Am.J . HumBLo,2000 (12):749-757.
[106]马继政,孙飙等.有氧运动和左心室的舒张功能[J] .中国临床康复,2004,8(6): 1138-1139.
[107]孙飙,马继政.恒定负荷运动中和运动后心脏形态和功能的变化[J] .中国临床康复,2003,7(30): 4058-4059.
[108]邓颖芳,张华山等.六分钟步行训练对慢性心力衰竭患者运动能力及射血分数的影响[J] .中国临床康复,2003,7(18):2542-3.
[109]朱杰,马灵芝等.有氧运动对老年心力衰竭患者运动耐力及左心室功能的影响[J] .中国临床康复,2002,6(7): 948-9.
[110] Keser N,Yildiz S,Kurtog N,et al.Modified Tei index:a promising parameter in essential hypertension [J].Echocardiggraphy,2005,22:296-304 .
[111]Tei C,Nishimura RA,Seward JB,et al.Non-invasive Doppler-derived myocardial performance index:Correlation with simultaneous measurements of cardiac catheterization measurements.Jam Soc Echocardiogr,1997,10 (2):169-178 .
[112] Gaibazzi N.Early detection by the Tei index of carvedilol-induced improved left ventricular function in patients with heart failure [J].Am J Cardiol,2005,96: 467 .
[113]舒庆兰,顾鹏.超声检测高血压左心室室功能常规指标与Tei指数指数比较研究.生物医学工程与临床2010,14(2):127-130.
[114]马延超,常芸,张缨.运动性心脏肥大发生过程中心房肌内皮素基因的表达[J] .体育学刊,2006,13(3):47-50.
[115]赵海军,邓树勋.运动心脏及其形成机制[J] .体育学刊,2002,9(2):121-123.
[116]Libonati,Joseph.(1999).Systolic and diastolic cardiac function time intervals and exercise capacity in women[J].Med.Sci.sports exerc,3l:258-263.
[117] Ullum H,Haahr PM,Diamant M,et al.Bicycle exercise enhances plasma IL-6 but does not change IL-1α, IL-1, IL-6,or TNF-αpre-Mrna in BMNC. J Appl Physiol 1994;77(1):93-7.
[118] Haahr PM, Pedersen BK,Fomsgaard A, et al.Effect of physical exercise on in vitro production of interleukin 6,tumor necrosis factor-alpha,interleukin 2 and interferon-gamma.Int J Sports Med 1991;12(2):223 -7.
[119] Suzuki K,Yamada M, Kurakake S,et al.Circulating cytokines and hormones with immunosuppressive but neutrophil priming potentials rise after endurance exercise in humans[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,2000,81(4): 281-287.
[120] Frank Zaldivar , Jessica WR , Dan Nemet , et al . Constitutive and anti-inflammatory cytokine and growth factor response to exercise in leukocytes [J]. Appl Physiol,2006,100: 1124-1133.
[121] Rhind SG,Gannon GA,Shephard RJ,et al.Indomethacin modulates circulatingcytokine responses to strenuous exercise in humans [J].Cytokine,2002,19(3): 153-158.
[122] Kimura H,Suzui M,Nagao F,et al.Highly sensitive determination of plasma cytokines by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay: effect of bicycle exercise on plasma level of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) [J].Anal Sci,2001,17(5):593-597.
[123] Weinstock C,Konig D,Harnischmacher R,et al.Effect of exhaustive exercise stress on the cytokine response [J] .Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1997,29(3):345-354.
[124] Dufaux B,Order U. Plasma elastase-alpha 1– antitrypsin, neopterin,tumor necrosis factor,and soluble interleukin-2 receptor after prolonged exercise.Int J Sports Med 1989;10:434-8
[125] Cannon JG,Meydani SN,Fielding RA,et al.Acute phase response in exercise.Ⅱ.Associations between vitamin E,cytokines,and muscle proteolysis.Am J Physiol 1991;260(6 Pt 2):R1235-40.
[126] Suzuki K,Nakaji S,Yamada M,et al.Systemic inflammatory response to exhaustive exercise [J].Cytokine Kinetics Exerc Immunol Rev,2002, 8: 46-48.
[127] Natelson BH,Zhou X,Ottenweller JE,et al.Effect of acute exhausting exercise on cytokine gene expression in men [J]. Int J Sports Med,1996, 17(4):299-302.
[128]Wenzel S,Taimor G,Piper HM,et al.Redox-Sensitive Intermediates Mediate AngiotensinⅡ-Induced p38 MAP Kinase activation, AP-1 Binding Activity, and TGF-Beta Expression in Adult Ventricular Cardiomyocytes [J] .FASEB J,2001,15: 2 291-293.
[129]罗惠兰,何作云等.人心肌肥大时碱性成纤维细胞生长因子和转化生长因子表达的变化及其意义[J].中华心血管病杂志,2001,29(7),402—405.
[130] Frangoginannis NG,Shimoni S,Chang SM,et al.Active Interstitial Remodeling: An Important Process in the Hibernating Human Myocardium [J] .J Am Coll Cardiol,2002,39:1468-1474.
[131]Power SK,Iocke And M,Demirel HA.Exercise, heat abock protein and myocardial protection from I-R injury[J] . Med Sic Sports Exerc , 2001 ,33(3):386-392.
[132]Paulus WJ.Cytokines and heart failure[J].Heart Fail Monit,2000,1(2):50-56.
[133]张钧,许豪文等.运动对心肌细胞凋亡的影响[J] .体育科学,2002,(5):92.
[134]袁海平.大鼠不同运动强度对心肌细胞凋亡及抗氧化能力的影响[J] .体育科学,2002,(1):107.
[135]王鑫,陈正东.力竭游泳运动对大鼠心肌细胞中间纤维和超微结构的影响.中国康复医学杂志,2007,22(11):968-970.