步行训练对脊髓损伤大鼠神经功能恢复的影响及5-HT在其中的作用
|
摘要
目的：观察脊髓损伤大鼠经过步行训练后其后肢运动功能评分(BBB)、运动诱发电位和损伤脊髓中神经递质5-HT的表达变化,探讨5-HT在步行训练促进脊髓损伤大鼠神经功能恢复的机制。
材料与方法：SD成年雌鼠30只,体重220-250g, NYU法制备脊髓损伤模型,随机分为2组：实验组和对照组。实验组术后一周开始进行步行干预,开始速度为5m/min,持续15分钟,以后每周递增,共训练8周,每周5次。对照组不进行任何干预。期间每周对两组进行BBB评分记录,8周后对两组大鼠分别进行运动诱发电位检测、5-HT免疫荧光化学染色和5-HT高效液相检测。
结果：1.步行训练第2-8周实验组与同时间点对照组BBB评分比较均有提高,且第2周,4周,5周,6周,7周,8周组间比较均有显著性差异,训练后第2周对照组BBB评分为(2.4±2.63)分,实验组为(6.39±2.88)分,p<0.05。训练后4-8周,实验组较对照组BBB评分有显著提高,且实验组评分呈稳定增高趋势,第8周对照组评分为(10.10±2.12)分,实验组为(13.39±2.07),p<0.01,说明步行训练有利于改善脊髓损伤大鼠的后肢运动功能。
2.实验组大鼠诱发电位的潜伏期较对照组相比明显缩短,实验组潜伏期为(4.80±2.28)ms,对照组为(5.20±0.56)ms,p<0.05;波幅显著升高,实验组波幅为(0.97±0.21)uV,对照组为(0.48±0.18)uV,p<0.05,提示步行训练可有利于改善脊髓损伤大鼠神经功能的恢复。
3.诱发电位与BBB评分相关性分析表明,运动诱发电位的潜伏期与BBB评分成负相关,相关系数r=-0.50,对r进行检验p<0.01；波幅与BBB评分成正相关,相关系数为r=0.866,对r进行检验p<0.01。提示脊髓损伤大鼠的神经功能的改善表现为大鼠后肢运动功能的恢复,进一步证实了步行训练有利于大鼠神经功能的恢复。
4.5-HT免疫荧光化学染色结果显示,实验组5-HT阳性中间运动神经原数量较对照组明显增多,对照组(14.0±2.04,个／切片)实验组(32.5±6.12,个／切片)(p<0.05)说明步行训练可促进脊髓中间神经原可塑性和其5-HT的表达。
5.实验组大鼠后肢运动功能评分(BBB)与脊髓内5-HT表达相关性分析表明,5-HT与BBB运动功能评分成正相关,相关系数r=0.925,(p<0.05),说明步行训练可通过促进5-HT数量的增加,改善大鼠后肢运动功能；
6.运动诱发电位与脊髓内5-HT表达的相关性分析表明,实验组运动诱发电位的潜伏期与5-HT表达的相关系数r=-0.765,(p<0.05)；说明运动诱发电位与5-HT的表达成负相关；运动诱发电位的波幅与5-HT表达的相关系数r=0.892,对r进行检验(p<0.01),说明运动诱发电位与5-HT的表达成正相关；5-HT的表达增强了大鼠神经功能的传导。
[结论]1.步行训练可促进脊髓损伤大鼠神经功能的恢复。
2.步行训练可促进脊髓中间神经原可塑性及其5-HT的表达
Objective:Observation spinal cord injuries after the rat on the limb of the function of training, sports scores (BBB), sports cause potential and spinal cord injury in the present quality of 5-HT, explore training in 5-HT in treadmill training for spinal cord injury rats nerves function return mechanism.
Materials and Methods:SD 30 adult female rats, weighing 220-250g, NYU Preparation of spinal cord injury were randomly divided into 2 groups: experimental group and control group. The experimental group started walking a week after intervention began speed 5m/min, for 15 minutes, after increasing every week, training a total of 8 weeks,5 times a week. Control group without any intervention. During the week of the two groups BBB score records,8 weeks after the rats were exercise evoked potential and 5-HT immunofluorescence staining.
Result:1. Treadmill training 2-8 week, experimental group at the same time the grading BBB more have increased, and the 2,4,5,6,7,8 weeks groups have a significant gender difference is the second week, and training for the gradingBBB (2.63±2.4) points, and experimental group for (6.39±2.88), p <0.05. Training four to eight weeks, and experimental group is typed groupbbb a marked increase in grade ratings, and experimental group has become the trend of stable,8 weeks for the group test typed(10.10±2.12), experimental group for (13.39±2.07), p<0.01 and training to improve the spinal cord injury on a large limb of the functions of the movement.
2. Experimental rats evoked potential latency was significantly shorter than the control group compared with the experimental group incubation period (4.80±2.28) ms, in the control group (5.20±0.56) ms, p<0.05; amplitude increased significantly in amplitude as the experimental group (0.97±0.21) uV, the control group (0.48±0.18) uV, p<0.05, experimental group latency and amplitude compared with the control group, the data were statistically significant, suggesting that treadmill training can help to improve neurological function in rats with spinal cord injury recovery
3. Induced an bbb relevant analysis and test showed that the sports cause an incubation period and BBB grading of a negative, the correlation coefficient r=-0.50, r as in the inspection (p<0.01); volatility and BBB mark is in, the correlation coefficient of the r as the r=0.866 inspection(p<0.01). prompt spinal cord injury rats in the function of a large limb of a function of the motion and confirmed to the large mole on the training function of nerves.
4.5-HT immune fluorescent chemical dyeing experimental results show that motion and positive group5-HT of nerves with the original amount increased considerably, typed group (14.0±2.04, a slice) experimental group(32.5±6.12, a slice) (p<0.05) that training can promote spinal cord on the nerves of the plasticity and its a 5-HT of expression.
5. Experimental group after the amputation exercise the functions of rats mark (BBB) and spinal cord in 5-HT dependency analysis showed that the expression of 5-HT and BBB functions related to sports scores, is a correlation coefficient r=0.925(p<0.05) that training can walk through the promotion of 5-HT increasing number of amputation and improve the rats and exercise the functions.
6. Sports cause potential and spinal cord in 5-HT expression of the relevance of the analysis showed that experimental group sports cause potential of 5-HT incubation period with the correlation coefficient R=-0.765(p<0.05);the sports cause potential and 5-HT expression to their;sports cause potential of volatility and 5-HT the correlation coefficient r=0.892, as the r inspection (p< 0.01) that the motion and cause an expression of 5-HT is in the relevant; 5-HT expression of the large mole is a function of conduction.
conclusion:1. to promote training treadmill spinal cord injury rats nerves.
2. function of training treadmill can promote the middle of the spinal cord was the plasticity and 5-HT expression.
材料与方法：SD成年雌鼠30只,体重220-250g, NYU法制备脊髓损伤模型,随机分为2组：实验组和对照组。实验组术后一周开始进行步行干预,开始速度为5m/min,持续15分钟,以后每周递增,共训练8周,每周5次。对照组不进行任何干预。期间每周对两组进行BBB评分记录,8周后对两组大鼠分别进行运动诱发电位检测、5-HT免疫荧光化学染色和5-HT高效液相检测。
结果：1.步行训练第2-8周实验组与同时间点对照组BBB评分比较均有提高,且第2周,4周,5周,6周,7周,8周组间比较均有显著性差异,训练后第2周对照组BBB评分为(2.4±2.63)分,实验组为(6.39±2.88)分,p<0.05。训练后4-8周,实验组较对照组BBB评分有显著提高,且实验组评分呈稳定增高趋势,第8周对照组评分为(10.10±2.12)分,实验组为(13.39±2.07),p<0.01,说明步行训练有利于改善脊髓损伤大鼠的后肢运动功能。
2.实验组大鼠诱发电位的潜伏期较对照组相比明显缩短,实验组潜伏期为(4.80±2.28)ms,对照组为(5.20±0.56)ms,p<0.05;波幅显著升高,实验组波幅为(0.97±0.21)uV,对照组为(0.48±0.18)uV,p<0.05,提示步行训练可有利于改善脊髓损伤大鼠神经功能的恢复。
3.诱发电位与BBB评分相关性分析表明,运动诱发电位的潜伏期与BBB评分成负相关,相关系数r=-0.50,对r进行检验p<0.01；波幅与BBB评分成正相关,相关系数为r=0.866,对r进行检验p<0.01。提示脊髓损伤大鼠的神经功能的改善表现为大鼠后肢运动功能的恢复,进一步证实了步行训练有利于大鼠神经功能的恢复。
4.5-HT免疫荧光化学染色结果显示,实验组5-HT阳性中间运动神经原数量较对照组明显增多,对照组(14.0±2.04,个／切片)实验组(32.5±6.12,个／切片)(p<0.05)说明步行训练可促进脊髓中间神经原可塑性和其5-HT的表达。
5.实验组大鼠后肢运动功能评分(BBB)与脊髓内5-HT表达相关性分析表明,5-HT与BBB运动功能评分成正相关,相关系数r=0.925,(p<0.05),说明步行训练可通过促进5-HT数量的增加,改善大鼠后肢运动功能；
6.运动诱发电位与脊髓内5-HT表达的相关性分析表明,实验组运动诱发电位的潜伏期与5-HT表达的相关系数r=-0.765,(p<0.05)；说明运动诱发电位与5-HT的表达成负相关；运动诱发电位的波幅与5-HT表达的相关系数r=0.892,对r进行检验(p<0.01),说明运动诱发电位与5-HT的表达成正相关；5-HT的表达增强了大鼠神经功能的传导。
[结论]1.步行训练可促进脊髓损伤大鼠神经功能的恢复。
2.步行训练可促进脊髓中间神经原可塑性及其5-HT的表达
Objective:Observation spinal cord injuries after the rat on the limb of the function of training, sports scores (BBB), sports cause potential and spinal cord injury in the present quality of 5-HT, explore training in 5-HT in treadmill training for spinal cord injury rats nerves function return mechanism.
Materials and Methods:SD 30 adult female rats, weighing 220-250g, NYU Preparation of spinal cord injury were randomly divided into 2 groups: experimental group and control group. The experimental group started walking a week after intervention began speed 5m/min, for 15 minutes, after increasing every week, training a total of 8 weeks,5 times a week. Control group without any intervention. During the week of the two groups BBB score records,8 weeks after the rats were exercise evoked potential and 5-HT immunofluorescence staining.
Result:1. Treadmill training 2-8 week, experimental group at the same time the grading BBB more have increased, and the 2,4,5,6,7,8 weeks groups have a significant gender difference is the second week, and training for the gradingBBB (2.63±2.4) points, and experimental group for (6.39±2.88), p <0.05. Training four to eight weeks, and experimental group is typed groupbbb a marked increase in grade ratings, and experimental group has become the trend of stable,8 weeks for the group test typed(10.10±2.12), experimental group for (13.39±2.07), p<0.01 and training to improve the spinal cord injury on a large limb of the functions of the movement.
2. Experimental rats evoked potential latency was significantly shorter than the control group compared with the experimental group incubation period (4.80±2.28) ms, in the control group (5.20±0.56) ms, p<0.05; amplitude increased significantly in amplitude as the experimental group (0.97±0.21) uV, the control group (0.48±0.18) uV, p<0.05, experimental group latency and amplitude compared with the control group, the data were statistically significant, suggesting that treadmill training can help to improve neurological function in rats with spinal cord injury recovery
3. Induced an bbb relevant analysis and test showed that the sports cause an incubation period and BBB grading of a negative, the correlation coefficient r=-0.50, r as in the inspection (p<0.01); volatility and BBB mark is in, the correlation coefficient of the r as the r=0.866 inspection(p<0.01). prompt spinal cord injury rats in the function of a large limb of a function of the motion and confirmed to the large mole on the training function of nerves.
4.5-HT immune fluorescent chemical dyeing experimental results show that motion and positive group5-HT of nerves with the original amount increased considerably, typed group (14.0±2.04, a slice) experimental group(32.5±6.12, a slice) (p<0.05) that training can promote spinal cord on the nerves of the plasticity and its a 5-HT of expression.
5. Experimental group after the amputation exercise the functions of rats mark (BBB) and spinal cord in 5-HT dependency analysis showed that the expression of 5-HT and BBB functions related to sports scores, is a correlation coefficient r=0.925(p<0.05) that training can walk through the promotion of 5-HT increasing number of amputation and improve the rats and exercise the functions.
6. Sports cause potential and spinal cord in 5-HT expression of the relevance of the analysis showed that experimental group sports cause potential of 5-HT incubation period with the correlation coefficient R=-0.765(p<0.05);the sports cause potential and 5-HT expression to their;sports cause potential of volatility and 5-HT the correlation coefficient r=0.892, as the r inspection (p< 0.01) that the motion and cause an expression of 5-HT is in the relevant; 5-HT expression of the large mole is a function of conduction.
conclusion:1. to promote training treadmill spinal cord injury rats nerves.
2. function of training treadmill can promote the middle of the spinal cord was the plasticity and 5-HT expression.
引文
[1]Li JJ. Rehabilitation management of spinal cord injury in China present situation:Prospects for 21st Century. Presentation on First International Spinal Cord Injury Treatments & Trials Symposium.17-20 December 2005, Hong Kong.
[2]Schwab ME. Repairing the injured spinal cord. Science, February 2002:295(5557):1029-1031.
[3]Liu CN, Chambers WW.Intras Pinals Prouting of dorsal rootaxon.Areh Neurol Psyehia,1958, 79:46～61
[4]Gill RJ. Systemic administration of MK-801 protects against isehemia-induecd hippocampao neurodegeneration in the gerbil.Neuronsei,1987,7:3343-3349
[5]Armson PF.Retinal ganglion cell survival and neurite regeneperior colliculi dependence during development.Dev BrainRes,1987,32:207-218
[6]David S, Aguayo AJ.Axonal elongation into peripheral nervous System "briges" after central nervous system injury in adultrats.Science,1981,214:931-933
[7]Davies AM.Different factors from the central nervous System and periphery regulate the survival of sensory neurons.Nature,1986,319:497-499
[8]Devoogd TJ.Androgen can affect the morphology of mammalianCNS neurons in adulthood.TINS, 1987,10(9):34-35
[9]Harston CT.Enhancement of sprouting and putative regeneration of central noradrenergic fiber by morphine.Brain Res Bull,1980,5(4):421-424
[10]Landmesser L, Morris DG.The development of functional innervation In the hindlimb of the chiek embryo. JPhysiol,1975,249:301-326
[11]Wu LF, Petry-Battisti W, Goldberger ME,Murray M.Spared root deafferentation of cat spinal cord:anatomy recovery. SoeNeuroaei,1986:114
[12]Wu LF, Wang YM.The plasticity of synaptic terminal in spinal lamina Ⅱ of complete lumbosacral dorsal rhizotomy cat:electron microseopic quantitative study.(chin) J Anat,1990,13(suppl):230A
[13]Rodin BE, Kruger L.Absence of intraspinal sprouting in dorsal root Axons caudal to a partial spinal hemiection:a horseradish peroxidase transport study.Somatosens Res,1984,2:171-192
[14]Rondin BE, Sampogn SL, Kruger L.An examination of intraspinal Sprouting in dorsal root axons with the tracer horseradish peroxidase. J. Comp. Neurol,1982,215:187-198
[15]Hunt SP. Cytochemistry of the spinal cord.In P.C.Emson(Ed). Chemieal Neuroanatomy, Raven.NewYork,1983.
[16]Csillik B, Knyihar E. Degenerative atrophy and regenerative Proliferation in the rat spinal cord Z. Mikrosk. Anat.Forsch,1975,879:1099-1103
[17]Knyihar E.Fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase system of nociceptive dorsal root afferents.Experientia, 1974,27:1205-1207
[18]Knyihar E.Fine structure and fluoride resistant acid phosphatase activity of electron dense sinusoid terminals in the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi of the rat after dorsal root transaction.Exp BrainRes, 1974,19:520-544
[19]LenoirD, HoneggerP.Insulin-like growth factor-I(IGF-I) stimulates DNA synthesis if fetal rat brain cell cultures.Dev Brain,1983,17:205-213
[20]Basso,-D-M Neuroanatomieal substrates of functional recovery after experimental spinal cord injury.implieations of basic seience Research for human spinal cord injury.Phys-Ther,2000,80(8):808-17
[21]De-Leon,-R-D:Roy,-R-R:Edgorton,-V-R is the recovery of stepping following spinal cord injury mediated by modifying existing neural pathways or by generating new pathways?A perspective.Phys-Ther2001,81(12):1904-11
[22]WolPaw,-J-R;Tennissen,-A-M activity-dependent spinal cord plasticity in heath and disease.Annu-Rev-Neurosei,2001,24:807-43
[23]Mulligan SJ,Knapp E,et al.A method for assessing balance control in rodents[J].Biomed sci Instrum, 2002,38:77-82.
[24]Raineteau O, Schwab ME.Plasticity of motor systems after incomplete spinal cord injury.Nat Rev Neurosei,2001,2(4):263-73
[25]Ribotta,-M-G;Proveneher,-J;Feraboli-Lohnherr,-D:Rossingol,-S;Privat,-A;orsal,-D.Activation of locomotion in adult chronic spinal rats is achieved by transplantation of embryonic rpahe cells reinnervating a precise lumbar level.J-Neurosci,2000,20(13):5144-52
[26]孟步亮,李明,王延华,康复训练修复大鼠脊髓半横断损伤的实验研究。硕士研究生论文,2005
[27]Klintsova A Y, Scamra C,et al.TI:Therapeutic effects of complex motor training on motor performance defieits induced by neonatal binge-like alcohol exposure in rats:II.A quantitative stereologieal study of synaptic plastieity in female rat cerebellum.Brain-Res,2002,937(1-2):83-93
[28]McKenna JE, Whishaw IQ.Complete compensation in skilled reaching Success with associated impairments in limb synergies, after dorsal column lesion in the rat.J Neurosci, 1999,19(5):1885-94
[29]Scmara C.Locomotor training with functional electrical stimulation in chronic spinal cord injured subjcets:walking and reflex studies.Brain-Res-Brain-Res-Rev.2002Oct;40(1-3):274-91
[30]Jordan LM, Liu J, Hedlund PB,et al.Descending command systems for the initiation of locomotion in mammals.Brain Research Review.2008,57:183-191.
[31]Jacobs B L, Martin-Cora F J, Fornal C A. Activity of medullary serotonergic neurons in freely moving animals[J].B rain Res Rev,2002,40(1-3):45-52.
[32]朱粹青,李宽严,胡中庭,5-色胺能神经对横断损伤脊髓的再支配-脊髓内移植研究。解剖学杂志,1994(17)4：339-34
[33]Saruhashi Y, Young W, Perkins R. The recovery of 5-HT immunoreactivity in lumbosacral spinal cord and locomotor function aftert horacic hemisection[J]. Exp Neurol,1996,139:203-213
[34]张新,李建军,霍小林等,重复经颅磁刺激对截瘫后脊髓兴奋性作用的实验研究。中国康复理论与实践,2007(13)：240-242
[35]Jacobs BL, Martin FJ, Fornal CA.Activity of medullary serotonergic neurons in freely moving animals.[J]:Brain Res Brain Res Rev,2002,40(1-3):45.
[36]Jaeobs BL, Azmitia EC.Strueture and function of the brain serotonin system.[J].Physiol.Rev.1992, 72(2):165-229.
[37]Rubenstein J.L.Development of serotonergic neurons and their Projections.[J].Bioi.Psychiatry.1998, 44(1):145-150.
[38]Dahlstrom A, Fuxe K.Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system. Demonstration of monoaminesin the cell bodies of brainstemn neurons[J].Acta Physiol.Seand.1964,62:1-55.
[39]韩济生.神经科学原理-2版[M].北京：北京医科大学出版社.1999：521-25.
[40]Commissiong J.W, Spinal monoaminergic systems:an aspect of Somatic motor function, Fed.Proe.[J]1981,40:2771-2777.
[41]Jacobs B.L:Fornal C.A5-HT and motor contro J:a hypothesiS, [J].Trends Neurosci.1993,9:346-352.
[42]Fornal C.A, Martin-Cora F.J, JaeobsB.L. "Fatigue" of medullary but not mesencephalic raphe serotonergic neurons during locomotionin cats.[J].Brain Res.2006,1073:55-61.
[43]Gerin C, Privat ADirect evidence for the link between monoaminergic descending pathways and motor activity:ll.A study with microdialysis probes implanted in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.BrainRes1998 May 25;794(1):169-73.
[44]Gerin C, Legrand A, Privat A.Study of 5-HT release with achronieally implanted microdialysis probe in the ventral horn of the spinal cord of unrestrained rats during exercise on a treadmill.J Neurosci Methods.1994Jun;52(2):129-41.
[45]Kommalage M, Hoglund AU.Involvement of spinal serotonin receptors in the regulation of in traspoinal acetylcholine release.Eur J Pharmacol.2005 Feb 21;509(2-3):127-34.
[46]Schmidt BJ, Larry M. The role of serotonin in reflex modulation and locomotor rhythm production in the mammalian spinal cord[J].Brain Res,2000,53 (5):689-710.
[47]Beato M, Nist ri A. Serotonin induced inhibition of locomotor rhythm of the rat isolated spinal cord is mediated by the 5-HT1 receptor class[J]. Proc R Soc London B,1998,265:2073-2080.
[48]Bracci E, Beato M, Nist ri A. Ext racellular K induces locomotor like pat-terns in the rat cord invitro: Comparison wit h NMDA or 5-HT induced activity[J], Neurophysiol,1998,79:2643-2652.
[49]Sqalli2Houssaini Y, Cazalets J R, Clarac F. Oscillatory properties of the central pattern generator for locomotion in neonatal rats [J].Physiol,1993,70:803-813.
[50]Cowley, K.C., Schmidt, B.J.,1997. Regional distribution of the locomotor pattern-generating network in the neonatal rat spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol.77,247-259.
[51]Hashimoto T, Fukuda N. Contribution of serotonin neurons to thefunctional recovery after spinal cordinjury in rats [J]. Brain Res,1991,539:263-270.
[52]Engesser-Cesar C, Ichiyama RM, Nefas AL,ecWheel running following spinal cord injury improves locomotor recovery and stimulates serotonergic fiber growth[J] Eur J Neurosci.2007 25(7):1931-9
[53]Bassc DM, Battie MS, Brenahan JC, et al.MASCIS evaluaton of open field locomotor scores:Effects of experience and termwork on reliability.J Neurotrauma,1996,13(2):343-354
[54]Asso DM, Beattie MS, Bbresnahan JC.A sensitive and reliable locomotor rating seale for open field testing in rats.J Neurotrauma,1995,12(1):1-12
[55]郭世级,青少沙,主编.脊髓损伤基础与临床.北京人民卫生出版社,1990
[56]沈彬,宋跃明,运动诱发电位研究现状,中国脊柱脊髓杂志,1999,9(3)
[57]Machida M, Yamada T, Krain L,et al.J Spinal Disord,1991,4(2):123
[58]lassman SD, Zhang YP, Shields CB,et al.Spine,1995,20(16):1765.
[59]邸文禄,谢季生.脊髓损伤患者的步行训练[J]。中国康复理论与实践,2003,(9)：78-79
[60]陈舜喜,郑家鼎,陈新颖等,减重步行训练对脊髓损伤后步行能力的影响[J].中国康复,2004,19(1)：19-20
[61]Hicks AL, Martin Ginis KA,Treadmill training after spinal cord injury:It's not just about the walking.JRehabil Res Dev.2008;45(2):241-8.
[62]李华,李小萍,王玉龙等,减重步行训练对不完全脊髓损伤患者步行能力的影响[J].临床和实验医学杂志,2008,7(7)：69-73
[63]范晓华,纪树荣,周红俊等,减重平板步行训练对完全性脊髓损伤患者下肢骨骼肌萎缩与步行能力的影响[J].中国康复理论与实践,2008,1(14)：50-52
[64][73] Field-Fote EC.Combined use of body weight support,functional electric stimulation, and treadmill training to improve walking ability inindi vidualswith chronic incomp lete s p inal cord injury [J]. Arch PhysMed Rehabil,2001,82(6):818-824
[65]Edgerton VR,Courtine QGerasimenko YPcet. Training locomotor networks.2008,57(1):241-54.
[66]Harkema SJ.Neural plasticity after human spinal cord injury:application of locomotor training to the rehabilitation of walking. Neuroscientist 2001,7:455-468.
[67]Barbeau H, Visintin M. Optimal outcomes obtained with body-weight support combined with treadmill training in stroke subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003,84:1458-1465.
[68]Rossignol S Plasticity of connections underlying locomotor recoveryafter central and/or peripheral lesions in the adultmammals. Phil Trans RSoc B 2006,361:1647-1671.
[69]Plummer P, Behrman AL, Duncan PW, Spigel P, Saracino D,Martin J, Fox E,Thigpen M, Kautz SA. Effects of stroke severity and training duration on locomotor recovery after stroke:a pilot study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair2007,21:137-151
[70]王瑾,王红星,王彤。运动对脊髓损伤功能改善作用机制的研究进展[J].中国康复医学杂志,2008(23)：753-755
[71]Leon RD,Hodgson JA, Roy RR, EdgertonVR, Locomotor capacity attributable to step training versus spontaneous recovery after spinalization in adult cats. J Neurophysiol 1998,79:1329-1340.
[72]Fouad K,MetzGA,MerklerD,Dietz V, SchwabME.Treadmill train-ing in incomplete spinal cord injured rats. Behav Brain Res 2000,115:107-113.
[73]Gulino R, Dimartino M, Casabona A, Lombardo SA, Perciavalle V.Synaptic plasticity modulates the spontaneous recovery of locomotion after spinal cord hemisection. Neurosci Res 2007,57:148-156.
[74]Goldshmit Y, Lythgo N, Galea MP, Turnley AM. Treadmill training after spinal cord hemisection in mice promotes axonal sprouting and synapse formation and improves motor recovery. J Neurotrauma.2008 May;25(5):449-65.
[75]Stevens JE, Liu M, Bose P, O'Steen WA,Thompson FJ,Anderson DK,Vandenborne K.Changes in soleus muscle function and fiber morphology with one week of locomotor training in spinal cord contusion injured rats. J Neurotrauma.2008 May;25(5):567.
[76]Scivoletto G, Ivanenko Y, Morganti B, Grasso R, Zago M, Lacquaniti F, Ditunno J,Molinari M Plasticity of spinal centers in spinal cord injury patients: new concepts for gait evaluation and training.Neurorehabil Neural Repair.2007,21(4):358-65
[77][86]Jurkiewicz MT, Mikulis DJ, Mcllroy WE, Fehlings MG, Verrier MC. Sensorimotor cortical plasticity during recovery following spinal cord injury:a longitudinal fMRI study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair.2007 Nov-Dec;21(6):527-38.
[78]Gregory Barriere, Hugues Leblond, Janyne Provencher, and Serge Rossignol。 Prominent Role of the Spinal Central Pattern Generator in the Recovery of Locomotion after Partial Spinal Cord Injuries。 Neuroscience,2008 (15):3976-3987
[79]孟步亮,李明,王延华,康复训练修复大鼠脊髓半横断损伤的实验研究.2005：12-15
[80]Cha J, Heng C, Reinkensmeyer DJ, Roy RR, Edgerton VR, De Leon RD. Locomotor ability in spinal rats is dependent on the amount of activity imposed on the hindlimbs during treadmill training.J Neurotrauma.2007 Jun;24(6):1000-12
[81]Nessler JA, Minakata K, Sharp K, Reinkensmeyer DJ. Robot-assisted hindlimb extension increases the probability of swing initiation during treadmill walking by spinal cord contused rats. J Neurosci Methods. 2007 Jan 15;159(1):66-77
[82]Christine Gerin, Jean-Rene Teilhac,Kristin Smith,Alain Privat.Motor activity induces release of serotonin in the dorsal horn of the rat lumbar spinal cord, Neuroscience Letters 436(2008)91-95
[83]Gimenez y Ribotta, M., Provencher, J., Feraboli-Lohnherr, D.,Rossignol, S., Privat, A., Orsal, D.,2000. Activation of locomotion in adult chronic spinal rats is achieved by transplantation of embryonic raphe cells reinnervating a precise lumbar level. J. Neurosci.20,5144-5152.
[84]王易虎,张灿久.功能训练并神经生长因子对颅脑损伤患者的康复作用[J].中国临床康复,2003,7(10)：1593.
[85]Gomez-Pinilla F, Ying Z, Roy RR, et al. Voluntary exercise induces a BDNF-mediated mechanism that promotes neuroplas-ticity[J].J Neurophysiol,2002,88:2187-2195.
[86]Vaynman S, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Exercise induces BDNF and synapsin I to specific ippocampal subfields [J].J Neurosci Res,2004,76(3):356-362.
[87]Ding Y, Li J, Luan X, et al. Exercise pre-conditioning reducesbarin damage in ischemic rats that may be associated with regional angiogenesis and cellular overexpression of neurotrophin [J]. Neuroscience, 2004,124(3):593-91.
[88]杨惠林,孟斌,脊髓损伤模型的评价标准。国外医学.骨科学分册,2003,24(2)：74-76
[89]叶超群,孙天胜,脊髓的可塑性。中国康复理论与实践,2008,14(8)：707-907
[90]张子印,吕国蔚,脊髓损伤后感觉运动及电生理变化。中国应用生理学杂志,1991,7(1)：13-16
[91]Turbes,-C-C.Intercostal nerve neurouma(PNS) implantation in spinal cord bridging spinal cord transaction a functional internuncal pathway system result in recovery from paraplegia,Biomed-Sci-Instrum,2001,37:137-42
[92]Rossignol,-S;Giroux,-N;Chau,-C;et al.Pharmacological aids to locomotor training after spinal injury in the cat.J-Physiol,2001,533(Pt 1):65-74
[93]Curt A,Dietz,V.Eletrophysiological recordings in patients with spinal cord injury:Significance for predicting outcome[J]Spinal Cord,1999,37:157-165.
[94]王新家,叶卫莲,孔抗美,等。诱发电位改变与脊髓压迫程度关系的实验研究。陕西医学杂志,2004,33：483-485
[95]Allison, T.et al.A comparative analysis of shortlatency somatosensory evoked potentials in man, monkey, cat and rat.ExpNeurol,1975,72:592
[96]Reuter D G,Tacker W A,Badylak S F,et al.Correlation of motorevoked potential responses to ischemic spinal cord damage.J Thorac cardiovasc Surg,1992,104(2):262
[97].Matsui Y,Goh K,Shiiya N, et al.Clinical application of evoked spinal cord potentials elicited by direct stimulation of the cord during temporary occlusion of the thoracic aorta.J Thorac Cardiovas surg,1994, 107(6):1519
[98]Hurlbert R J, Koyangai I, Tator C H.Sensory evoked potentials for selective monitoring of the rat spinal cord;A cerebellar evoked potential to assess ventral cord intgerity.J Neurotrauma,1993,10(2):181
[99]Nashmi R,lmamura H, Tator C H, et al. Serial recording of somatosensory and myoelectric motor evoked potentials:role in assessing functional recovery after graded spinal cord injury in the rat.J neurotrauma1997,14(3):151
[100]潘映辐.临床诱发电位[M].第二版。北京：人民卫生出版社,2000.245-290
[101]Tucke SK,Noordeen MN,Pitt MC.Spinal cord monitoring in neuromuscular scoliosis[J],J Pediatr Orthop B,2001,10:1-5
[102]Haghighi SS.Monitoring of motor evoked potentials with high intensity repetitive transcranial electrical stimulation during spinal surgery[J].Clin Monit Comput,2002,17(5):301-308
[103]Hilibrand AS,Schwartz DM,Sethuraman V,el al.Comparison of transcranial electric motor and somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during cervical spine surgery[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am,2004,86-A(6):1248-1253
[104]Fehling M G.The relationships among the severity of spinal cord injury,residual neurlolgical function,axon counts,and counts of retrogradely labeled neurons after experimental spinal cord injury.EXP Neurol,1995,132-220
[105]Jason J,Robert H,Michael D,et al.Active Dendritic integration of inhibitory synaptic inputs in Vivo.Neurophysiol 2003,90(8):3617-3624
[106]Varlin KP,Jones KE,Jiang Z,et al.Dendritic L-type calcium currents in mouse spinal motoneurons:implications for bistability.[J].Eur Neurosci 2000b,12:1635-1646
[107]Saruhashi Y, Young W, Perkins R. The recovery of 5-HT immunoreactivity in lumbosacral spinal cord and locomotor function aftert horacic hemisection[J]. Exp Neurol,1996,139:203-213
[108]Gregory M. Holmes, Montina J. Van Meter.et al. Serotonergic fiber sprouting to external anal sphincter motoneurons after spinal cord contusion. Experimental Neurology 193 (2005) 29-42.
[109]Radich A, Meller ST, Gebhart GF. Responses of primary afferent and spinal dorsal horn neurons to thermal and mechanical stimuli before and during zymesan induced inflammation of the rat hind paw. Brain Res,1997,772:135-148
[110]Fuxe K,Agnati LF. Two principal modes of electrochemical communication in the brain:Volume versus wiring t ransmission [M].//K,Agnati L F.Volume Transmission in t he Brain:Novel THEROL E OF 52HT IN SPINAL MOTOR CONTROL 703 Mechanisms for Neural Transmission. New York:Raven Press,1991:1-9.
[111]Marlier L,Sandillon F,Poulat P, et al. Serotonin innervation of the dorsal horn of t he rat spinal cord:Light and elect ron microscopic immunocytochemical study[J]. Neurocytol,1991,20:310-322.
[112]S. Doly, J. Fischer, M.J. Brisorgueil, D. Verge, M. Conrath,5-HT5A receptor localization in the rat spinal cord suggests a role in nociception and control of pelvic floor musculature, J. Comp. Neurol.476 (1994)316-329.
[113]E. Jankowska, I. Hammar, B. Chojnicka, C.H. Heden, Effect of monoamines on interneurons in four spinal reflex pathways from group I and/or group II muscle afferents, Eur. J. Neurosci 12 (2000) 701-714.
[114]E. Jankowska, I. Hammar, L. Djouhri, C. Heden, Z. Szabo Lackberg, X.K.Yin, Modulations of responses of four types of feline ascending tract neurons by serotonin and noradrenaline, Eur. J. Neurosci.9 (1997)1375-1387.
[2]Schwab ME. Repairing the injured spinal cord. Science, February 2002:295(5557):1029-1031.
[3]Liu CN, Chambers WW.Intras Pinals Prouting of dorsal rootaxon.Areh Neurol Psyehia,1958, 79:46～61
[4]Gill RJ. Systemic administration of MK-801 protects against isehemia-induecd hippocampao neurodegeneration in the gerbil.Neuronsei,1987,7:3343-3349
[5]Armson PF.Retinal ganglion cell survival and neurite regeneperior colliculi dependence during development.Dev BrainRes,1987,32:207-218
[6]David S, Aguayo AJ.Axonal elongation into peripheral nervous System "briges" after central nervous system injury in adultrats.Science,1981,214:931-933
[7]Davies AM.Different factors from the central nervous System and periphery regulate the survival of sensory neurons.Nature,1986,319:497-499
[8]Devoogd TJ.Androgen can affect the morphology of mammalianCNS neurons in adulthood.TINS, 1987,10(9):34-35
[9]Harston CT.Enhancement of sprouting and putative regeneration of central noradrenergic fiber by morphine.Brain Res Bull,1980,5(4):421-424
[10]Landmesser L, Morris DG.The development of functional innervation In the hindlimb of the chiek embryo. JPhysiol,1975,249:301-326
[11]Wu LF, Petry-Battisti W, Goldberger ME,Murray M.Spared root deafferentation of cat spinal cord:anatomy recovery. SoeNeuroaei,1986:114
[12]Wu LF, Wang YM.The plasticity of synaptic terminal in spinal lamina Ⅱ of complete lumbosacral dorsal rhizotomy cat:electron microseopic quantitative study.(chin) J Anat,1990,13(suppl):230A
[13]Rodin BE, Kruger L.Absence of intraspinal sprouting in dorsal root Axons caudal to a partial spinal hemiection:a horseradish peroxidase transport study.Somatosens Res,1984,2:171-192
[14]Rondin BE, Sampogn SL, Kruger L.An examination of intraspinal Sprouting in dorsal root axons with the tracer horseradish peroxidase. J. Comp. Neurol,1982,215:187-198
[15]Hunt SP. Cytochemistry of the spinal cord.In P.C.Emson(Ed). Chemieal Neuroanatomy, Raven.NewYork,1983.
[16]Csillik B, Knyihar E. Degenerative atrophy and regenerative Proliferation in the rat spinal cord Z. Mikrosk. Anat.Forsch,1975,879:1099-1103
[17]Knyihar E.Fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase system of nociceptive dorsal root afferents.Experientia, 1974,27:1205-1207
[18]Knyihar E.Fine structure and fluoride resistant acid phosphatase activity of electron dense sinusoid terminals in the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi of the rat after dorsal root transaction.Exp BrainRes, 1974,19:520-544
[19]LenoirD, HoneggerP.Insulin-like growth factor-I(IGF-I) stimulates DNA synthesis if fetal rat brain cell cultures.Dev Brain,1983,17:205-213
[20]Basso,-D-M Neuroanatomieal substrates of functional recovery after experimental spinal cord injury.implieations of basic seience Research for human spinal cord injury.Phys-Ther,2000,80(8):808-17
[21]De-Leon,-R-D:Roy,-R-R:Edgorton,-V-R is the recovery of stepping following spinal cord injury mediated by modifying existing neural pathways or by generating new pathways?A perspective.Phys-Ther2001,81(12):1904-11
[22]WolPaw,-J-R;Tennissen,-A-M activity-dependent spinal cord plasticity in heath and disease.Annu-Rev-Neurosei,2001,24:807-43
[23]Mulligan SJ,Knapp E,et al.A method for assessing balance control in rodents[J].Biomed sci Instrum, 2002,38:77-82.
[24]Raineteau O, Schwab ME.Plasticity of motor systems after incomplete spinal cord injury.Nat Rev Neurosei,2001,2(4):263-73
[25]Ribotta,-M-G;Proveneher,-J;Feraboli-Lohnherr,-D:Rossingol,-S;Privat,-A;orsal,-D.Activation of locomotion in adult chronic spinal rats is achieved by transplantation of embryonic rpahe cells reinnervating a precise lumbar level.J-Neurosci,2000,20(13):5144-52
[26]孟步亮,李明,王延华,康复训练修复大鼠脊髓半横断损伤的实验研究。硕士研究生论文,2005
[27]Klintsova A Y, Scamra C,et al.TI:Therapeutic effects of complex motor training on motor performance defieits induced by neonatal binge-like alcohol exposure in rats:II.A quantitative stereologieal study of synaptic plastieity in female rat cerebellum.Brain-Res,2002,937(1-2):83-93
[28]McKenna JE, Whishaw IQ.Complete compensation in skilled reaching Success with associated impairments in limb synergies, after dorsal column lesion in the rat.J Neurosci, 1999,19(5):1885-94
[29]Scmara C.Locomotor training with functional electrical stimulation in chronic spinal cord injured subjcets:walking and reflex studies.Brain-Res-Brain-Res-Rev.2002Oct;40(1-3):274-91
[30]Jordan LM, Liu J, Hedlund PB,et al.Descending command systems for the initiation of locomotion in mammals.Brain Research Review.2008,57:183-191.
[31]Jacobs B L, Martin-Cora F J, Fornal C A. Activity of medullary serotonergic neurons in freely moving animals[J].B rain Res Rev,2002,40(1-3):45-52.
[32]朱粹青,李宽严,胡中庭,5-色胺能神经对横断损伤脊髓的再支配-脊髓内移植研究。解剖学杂志,1994(17)4：339-34
[33]Saruhashi Y, Young W, Perkins R. The recovery of 5-HT immunoreactivity in lumbosacral spinal cord and locomotor function aftert horacic hemisection[J]. Exp Neurol,1996,139:203-213
[34]张新,李建军,霍小林等,重复经颅磁刺激对截瘫后脊髓兴奋性作用的实验研究。中国康复理论与实践,2007(13)：240-242
[35]Jacobs BL, Martin FJ, Fornal CA.Activity of medullary serotonergic neurons in freely moving animals.[J]:Brain Res Brain Res Rev,2002,40(1-3):45.
[36]Jaeobs BL, Azmitia EC.Strueture and function of the brain serotonin system.[J].Physiol.Rev.1992, 72(2):165-229.
[37]Rubenstein J.L.Development of serotonergic neurons and their Projections.[J].Bioi.Psychiatry.1998, 44(1):145-150.
[38]Dahlstrom A, Fuxe K.Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system. Demonstration of monoaminesin the cell bodies of brainstemn neurons[J].Acta Physiol.Seand.1964,62:1-55.
[39]韩济生.神经科学原理-2版[M].北京：北京医科大学出版社.1999：521-25.
[40]Commissiong J.W, Spinal monoaminergic systems:an aspect of Somatic motor function, Fed.Proe.[J]1981,40:2771-2777.
[41]Jacobs B.L:Fornal C.A5-HT and motor contro J:a hypothesiS, [J].Trends Neurosci.1993,9:346-352.
[42]Fornal C.A, Martin-Cora F.J, JaeobsB.L. "Fatigue" of medullary but not mesencephalic raphe serotonergic neurons during locomotionin cats.[J].Brain Res.2006,1073:55-61.
[43]Gerin C, Privat ADirect evidence for the link between monoaminergic descending pathways and motor activity:ll.A study with microdialysis probes implanted in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.BrainRes1998 May 25;794(1):169-73.
[44]Gerin C, Legrand A, Privat A.Study of 5-HT release with achronieally implanted microdialysis probe in the ventral horn of the spinal cord of unrestrained rats during exercise on a treadmill.J Neurosci Methods.1994Jun;52(2):129-41.
[45]Kommalage M, Hoglund AU.Involvement of spinal serotonin receptors in the regulation of in traspoinal acetylcholine release.Eur J Pharmacol.2005 Feb 21;509(2-3):127-34.
[46]Schmidt BJ, Larry M. The role of serotonin in reflex modulation and locomotor rhythm production in the mammalian spinal cord[J].Brain Res,2000,53 (5):689-710.
[47]Beato M, Nist ri A. Serotonin induced inhibition of locomotor rhythm of the rat isolated spinal cord is mediated by the 5-HT1 receptor class[J]. Proc R Soc London B,1998,265:2073-2080.
[48]Bracci E, Beato M, Nist ri A. Ext racellular K induces locomotor like pat-terns in the rat cord invitro: Comparison wit h NMDA or 5-HT induced activity[J], Neurophysiol,1998,79:2643-2652.
[49]Sqalli2Houssaini Y, Cazalets J R, Clarac F. Oscillatory properties of the central pattern generator for locomotion in neonatal rats [J].Physiol,1993,70:803-813.
[50]Cowley, K.C., Schmidt, B.J.,1997. Regional distribution of the locomotor pattern-generating network in the neonatal rat spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol.77,247-259.
[51]Hashimoto T, Fukuda N. Contribution of serotonin neurons to thefunctional recovery after spinal cordinjury in rats [J]. Brain Res,1991,539:263-270.
[52]Engesser-Cesar C, Ichiyama RM, Nefas AL,ecWheel running following spinal cord injury improves locomotor recovery and stimulates serotonergic fiber growth[J] Eur J Neurosci.2007 25(7):1931-9
[53]Bassc DM, Battie MS, Brenahan JC, et al.MASCIS evaluaton of open field locomotor scores:Effects of experience and termwork on reliability.J Neurotrauma,1996,13(2):343-354
[54]Asso DM, Beattie MS, Bbresnahan JC.A sensitive and reliable locomotor rating seale for open field testing in rats.J Neurotrauma,1995,12(1):1-12
[55]郭世级,青少沙,主编.脊髓损伤基础与临床.北京人民卫生出版社,1990
[56]沈彬,宋跃明,运动诱发电位研究现状,中国脊柱脊髓杂志,1999,9(3)
[57]Machida M, Yamada T, Krain L,et al.J Spinal Disord,1991,4(2):123
[58]lassman SD, Zhang YP, Shields CB,et al.Spine,1995,20(16):1765.
[59]邸文禄,谢季生.脊髓损伤患者的步行训练[J]。中国康复理论与实践,2003,(9)：78-79
[60]陈舜喜,郑家鼎,陈新颖等,减重步行训练对脊髓损伤后步行能力的影响[J].中国康复,2004,19(1)：19-20
[61]Hicks AL, Martin Ginis KA,Treadmill training after spinal cord injury:It's not just about the walking.JRehabil Res Dev.2008;45(2):241-8.
[62]李华,李小萍,王玉龙等,减重步行训练对不完全脊髓损伤患者步行能力的影响[J].临床和实验医学杂志,2008,7(7)：69-73
[63]范晓华,纪树荣,周红俊等,减重平板步行训练对完全性脊髓损伤患者下肢骨骼肌萎缩与步行能力的影响[J].中国康复理论与实践,2008,1(14)：50-52
[64][73] Field-Fote EC.Combined use of body weight support,functional electric stimulation, and treadmill training to improve walking ability inindi vidualswith chronic incomp lete s p inal cord injury [J]. Arch PhysMed Rehabil,2001,82(6):818-824
[65]Edgerton VR,Courtine QGerasimenko YPcet. Training locomotor networks.2008,57(1):241-54.
[66]Harkema SJ.Neural plasticity after human spinal cord injury:application of locomotor training to the rehabilitation of walking. Neuroscientist 2001,7:455-468.
[67]Barbeau H, Visintin M. Optimal outcomes obtained with body-weight support combined with treadmill training in stroke subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003,84:1458-1465.
[68]Rossignol S Plasticity of connections underlying locomotor recoveryafter central and/or peripheral lesions in the adultmammals. Phil Trans RSoc B 2006,361:1647-1671.
[69]Plummer P, Behrman AL, Duncan PW, Spigel P, Saracino D,Martin J, Fox E,Thigpen M, Kautz SA. Effects of stroke severity and training duration on locomotor recovery after stroke:a pilot study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair2007,21:137-151
[70]王瑾,王红星,王彤。运动对脊髓损伤功能改善作用机制的研究进展[J].中国康复医学杂志,2008(23)：753-755
[71]Leon RD,Hodgson JA, Roy RR, EdgertonVR, Locomotor capacity attributable to step training versus spontaneous recovery after spinalization in adult cats. J Neurophysiol 1998,79:1329-1340.
[72]Fouad K,MetzGA,MerklerD,Dietz V, SchwabME.Treadmill train-ing in incomplete spinal cord injured rats. Behav Brain Res 2000,115:107-113.
[73]Gulino R, Dimartino M, Casabona A, Lombardo SA, Perciavalle V.Synaptic plasticity modulates the spontaneous recovery of locomotion after spinal cord hemisection. Neurosci Res 2007,57:148-156.
[74]Goldshmit Y, Lythgo N, Galea MP, Turnley AM. Treadmill training after spinal cord hemisection in mice promotes axonal sprouting and synapse formation and improves motor recovery. J Neurotrauma.2008 May;25(5):449-65.
[75]Stevens JE, Liu M, Bose P, O'Steen WA,Thompson FJ,Anderson DK,Vandenborne K.Changes in soleus muscle function and fiber morphology with one week of locomotor training in spinal cord contusion injured rats. J Neurotrauma.2008 May;25(5):567.
[76]Scivoletto G, Ivanenko Y, Morganti B, Grasso R, Zago M, Lacquaniti F, Ditunno J,Molinari M Plasticity of spinal centers in spinal cord injury patients: new concepts for gait evaluation and training.Neurorehabil Neural Repair.2007,21(4):358-65
[77][86]Jurkiewicz MT, Mikulis DJ, Mcllroy WE, Fehlings MG, Verrier MC. Sensorimotor cortical plasticity during recovery following spinal cord injury:a longitudinal fMRI study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair.2007 Nov-Dec;21(6):527-38.
[78]Gregory Barriere, Hugues Leblond, Janyne Provencher, and Serge Rossignol。 Prominent Role of the Spinal Central Pattern Generator in the Recovery of Locomotion after Partial Spinal Cord Injuries。 Neuroscience,2008 (15):3976-3987
[79]孟步亮,李明,王延华,康复训练修复大鼠脊髓半横断损伤的实验研究.2005：12-15
[80]Cha J, Heng C, Reinkensmeyer DJ, Roy RR, Edgerton VR, De Leon RD. Locomotor ability in spinal rats is dependent on the amount of activity imposed on the hindlimbs during treadmill training.J Neurotrauma.2007 Jun;24(6):1000-12
[81]Nessler JA, Minakata K, Sharp K, Reinkensmeyer DJ. Robot-assisted hindlimb extension increases the probability of swing initiation during treadmill walking by spinal cord contused rats. J Neurosci Methods. 2007 Jan 15;159(1):66-77
[82]Christine Gerin, Jean-Rene Teilhac,Kristin Smith,Alain Privat.Motor activity induces release of serotonin in the dorsal horn of the rat lumbar spinal cord, Neuroscience Letters 436(2008)91-95
[83]Gimenez y Ribotta, M., Provencher, J., Feraboli-Lohnherr, D.,Rossignol, S., Privat, A., Orsal, D.,2000. Activation of locomotion in adult chronic spinal rats is achieved by transplantation of embryonic raphe cells reinnervating a precise lumbar level. J. Neurosci.20,5144-5152.
[84]王易虎,张灿久.功能训练并神经生长因子对颅脑损伤患者的康复作用[J].中国临床康复,2003,7(10)：1593.
[85]Gomez-Pinilla F, Ying Z, Roy RR, et al. Voluntary exercise induces a BDNF-mediated mechanism that promotes neuroplas-ticity[J].J Neurophysiol,2002,88:2187-2195.
[86]Vaynman S, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Exercise induces BDNF and synapsin I to specific ippocampal subfields [J].J Neurosci Res,2004,76(3):356-362.
[87]Ding Y, Li J, Luan X, et al. Exercise pre-conditioning reducesbarin damage in ischemic rats that may be associated with regional angiogenesis and cellular overexpression of neurotrophin [J]. Neuroscience, 2004,124(3):593-91.
[88]杨惠林,孟斌,脊髓损伤模型的评价标准。国外医学.骨科学分册,2003,24(2)：74-76
[89]叶超群,孙天胜,脊髓的可塑性。中国康复理论与实践,2008,14(8)：707-907
[90]张子印,吕国蔚,脊髓损伤后感觉运动及电生理变化。中国应用生理学杂志,1991,7(1)：13-16
[91]Turbes,-C-C.Intercostal nerve neurouma(PNS) implantation in spinal cord bridging spinal cord transaction a functional internuncal pathway system result in recovery from paraplegia,Biomed-Sci-Instrum,2001,37:137-42
[92]Rossignol,-S;Giroux,-N;Chau,-C;et al.Pharmacological aids to locomotor training after spinal injury in the cat.J-Physiol,2001,533(Pt 1):65-74
[93]Curt A,Dietz,V.Eletrophysiological recordings in patients with spinal cord injury:Significance for predicting outcome[J]Spinal Cord,1999,37:157-165.
[94]王新家,叶卫莲,孔抗美,等。诱发电位改变与脊髓压迫程度关系的实验研究。陕西医学杂志,2004,33：483-485
[95]Allison, T.et al.A comparative analysis of shortlatency somatosensory evoked potentials in man, monkey, cat and rat.ExpNeurol,1975,72:592
[96]Reuter D G,Tacker W A,Badylak S F,et al.Correlation of motorevoked potential responses to ischemic spinal cord damage.J Thorac cardiovasc Surg,1992,104(2):262
[97].Matsui Y,Goh K,Shiiya N, et al.Clinical application of evoked spinal cord potentials elicited by direct stimulation of the cord during temporary occlusion of the thoracic aorta.J Thorac Cardiovas surg,1994, 107(6):1519
[98]Hurlbert R J, Koyangai I, Tator C H.Sensory evoked potentials for selective monitoring of the rat spinal cord;A cerebellar evoked potential to assess ventral cord intgerity.J Neurotrauma,1993,10(2):181
[99]Nashmi R,lmamura H, Tator C H, et al. Serial recording of somatosensory and myoelectric motor evoked potentials:role in assessing functional recovery after graded spinal cord injury in the rat.J neurotrauma1997,14(3):151
[100]潘映辐.临床诱发电位[M].第二版。北京：人民卫生出版社,2000.245-290
[101]Tucke SK,Noordeen MN,Pitt MC.Spinal cord monitoring in neuromuscular scoliosis[J],J Pediatr Orthop B,2001,10:1-5
[102]Haghighi SS.Monitoring of motor evoked potentials with high intensity repetitive transcranial electrical stimulation during spinal surgery[J].Clin Monit Comput,2002,17(5):301-308
[103]Hilibrand AS,Schwartz DM,Sethuraman V,el al.Comparison of transcranial electric motor and somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during cervical spine surgery[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am,2004,86-A(6):1248-1253
[104]Fehling M G.The relationships among the severity of spinal cord injury,residual neurlolgical function,axon counts,and counts of retrogradely labeled neurons after experimental spinal cord injury.EXP Neurol,1995,132-220
[105]Jason J,Robert H,Michael D,et al.Active Dendritic integration of inhibitory synaptic inputs in Vivo.Neurophysiol 2003,90(8):3617-3624
[106]Varlin KP,Jones KE,Jiang Z,et al.Dendritic L-type calcium currents in mouse spinal motoneurons:implications for bistability.[J].Eur Neurosci 2000b,12:1635-1646
[107]Saruhashi Y, Young W, Perkins R. The recovery of 5-HT immunoreactivity in lumbosacral spinal cord and locomotor function aftert horacic hemisection[J]. Exp Neurol,1996,139:203-213
[108]Gregory M. Holmes, Montina J. Van Meter.et al. Serotonergic fiber sprouting to external anal sphincter motoneurons after spinal cord contusion. Experimental Neurology 193 (2005) 29-42.
[109]Radich A, Meller ST, Gebhart GF. Responses of primary afferent and spinal dorsal horn neurons to thermal and mechanical stimuli before and during zymesan induced inflammation of the rat hind paw. Brain Res,1997,772:135-148
[110]Fuxe K,Agnati LF. Two principal modes of electrochemical communication in the brain:Volume versus wiring t ransmission [M].//K,Agnati L F.Volume Transmission in t he Brain:Novel THEROL E OF 52HT IN SPINAL MOTOR CONTROL 703 Mechanisms for Neural Transmission. New York:Raven Press,1991:1-9.
[111]Marlier L,Sandillon F,Poulat P, et al. Serotonin innervation of the dorsal horn of t he rat spinal cord:Light and elect ron microscopic immunocytochemical study[J]. Neurocytol,1991,20:310-322.
[112]S. Doly, J. Fischer, M.J. Brisorgueil, D. Verge, M. Conrath,5-HT5A receptor localization in the rat spinal cord suggests a role in nociception and control of pelvic floor musculature, J. Comp. Neurol.476 (1994)316-329.
[113]E. Jankowska, I. Hammar, B. Chojnicka, C.H. Heden, Effect of monoamines on interneurons in four spinal reflex pathways from group I and/or group II muscle afferents, Eur. J. Neurosci 12 (2000) 701-714.
[114]E. Jankowska, I. Hammar, L. Djouhri, C. Heden, Z. Szabo Lackberg, X.K.Yin, Modulations of responses of four types of feline ascending tract neurons by serotonin and noradrenaline, Eur. J. Neurosci.9 (1997)1375-1387.